地理專業(yè)英語詞匯剖析

1、01地理學(xué)總論地理學(xué)geography統(tǒng)一地理學(xué)unifiedgeography普通地理學(xué)generalgeography系統(tǒng)地理學(xué)systematicgeography區(qū)域地理學(xué)regionalgeography理論地理學(xué)theoreticalgeography應(yīng)用地理學(xué)appliedgeography元地理學(xué)metageography地文學(xué)physiography地質(zhì)學(xué)chorography古地理學(xué)paleogeogpraphy地理學(xué)體系geographicalsystem地理環(huán)境geographicalenvironment地理因子geographicalfactors地理過程geogr

2、aphicalprocess地理分布geographicaldistribution地理界線geographicalboundary地理綜合geographicalsynthesis地理考察geographicalsurvey綜合考察integratedsurvey區(qū)域分析regionalanalysis區(qū)域分異regionaldifferentiation生存空間livingspace生存承載能力life-carryingcapacity環(huán)境決定論environmentaldeterminism災(zāi)變論catastrophetheory地球earth地球表面earthsurface地球表層ep

3、igeosphere地理系統(tǒng)geosystem地理圈geographicalsphere景觀圈landscapesphere巖石圈lithosphere水圈hydrosphere大氣圈atmosphere土壤圈pedosphere生物圈biosphere地圈geosphere智能圈noonsphere技術(shù)圈technosphere北半球northernhemisphere南半球southernhemisphere地球體geoid地理緯度latitude地理經(jīng)度longitude北極NorthPole南極SouthPole極圈ArcticCircle北回歸線TropicofCancer南回歸線T

4、ropicofCapricorn赤道equator時(shí)區(qū)timezone日界線dateline極晝polarday極夜polarnight洲continent大陸ocean洋sea內(nèi)陸inland地理單元geographicalunit區(qū)劃regionalization帶belt地帶zone區(qū)域region地區(qū)area小區(qū)district02自然地理學(xué)自然地理學(xué)綜合自然地理學(xué)普通自然地理學(xué)自然綜合體地域自然綜合體自然地理過程自然生產(chǎn)潛力進(jìn)展因素殘留因素三維地帶性水平地帶垂直地帶地帶性physicalgeographyintegratedphysicalgeographygeneralphysic

5、algeographynaturalcomplexterritorialnaturalcomplexphysicalgeographicprocessnaturalpotentialproductivityprogressivefactorrelicfactorthreedimensionzonalityhorizontalzoneverticalzonezonality非地帶性azonality水平地帶性horizontalzonality垂直地帶性verticalzonality地方性locality坡向exposure陽坡adret,sunnyslope陰坡ubac,shadyslope

6、山體效應(yīng)Massenerhebungseffekt（德）,綜合自然區(qū)劃integratedphysicogeographicalregionalization雪帶nivalbelt亞雪帶subnivalbelt高山alpine亞咼山subalpine山地mountains荒漠desert荒漠化desertification沙漠sandydesert巖漠rockydesert礫漠graveldesert泥漠a(chǎn)rgillaceousdesert鹽漠saltdesert戈壁gobi綠洲oasis景觀學(xué)landscapescience景觀landscape相facies自然景觀naturallands

7、cape土地land土地系統(tǒng)landsystem土地分類landclassification土地類型landtype土地單元landunit土地要素landelement土地刻面landfacet刻面聯(lián)合體facetcombination土地屬性terraincharacteristics生態(tài)地理學(xué)ecogeography地生態(tài)學(xué)geoecology景觀生態(tài)學(xué)landscapeecology生態(tài)系統(tǒng)ecosystem生態(tài)平衡ecologicalbalance生態(tài)區(qū)域ecoregion生態(tài)小區(qū)ecodistict生態(tài)地段ecosection生態(tài)區(qū)ecotope生態(tài)點(diǎn)ecosite自然資源natu

8、ralresources可再生資源renewableresources非可再生資源nonrenewableresources災(zāi)害地理學(xué)hazardgeography自然災(zāi)害naturalhazard03地貌學(xué)地貌學(xué)地貌地貌年代學(xué)地貌成因geomorphologylandformgeomorphochronologygeomorphogenesis,landformgenesislandformformingprocess地貌形成作用氣候地貌學(xué)動(dòng)力地貌學(xué)地貌量計(jì)學(xué)人工地貌平原低地高地丘陵climaticgeomorphologydynamicgeomorphologygeomorphometry

9、anthropogeniclandformsplainlowlandhighlandhill山mountain山脈mountainrange,mountainchain嶺range,ridge峰peak,mount山麓piedmont半島peninsula島嶼island群島archipelago海峽strait地峽isthmus海拔（高度）altitude,heightabovesealevel相對高度relativeheight山嘴mountainspur盆地basin山間盆地intermountainbasin山間盆地intermountainbasin山峰mountainpeak崖cl

10、iff,scarp山麓平原piedmontplain高原plateau峽谷gorge,canyon谷valley溝谷ravine沖溝gully山形mountainforms山志orography階地terrace臺地tableland,platform洼地depression坡地slope坡度slope,gradient甘基巖bedrock地貌過程geomorphologicalprocess侵蝕作用erosion雨滴侵蝕raindroperosion剝蝕作用denudation刻蝕corrasion溶蝕corrosion沖刷wash,erosion片蝕sheeterosion溯源侵蝕head

11、warderosion下切侵蝕downcutting,incision,verticalerosion側(cè)向侵lateralerosion掏蝕侵蝕基準(zhǔn)面總侵蝕基準(zhǔn)面局部侵蝕基準(zhǔn)面裂點(diǎn)沉積作用堆積作用堆積物加積作用沉積相地貌世代地貌序列地形基面地貌組合正地貌undercuttingbaseleveloferosiongeneralbaselevellocalbaselevelknickpointsedimentation,depositiondeposition,accumulationdepositaggradationsedimentaryfaciesgenerationoflandforms

12、landformsseriesbaselevellandformassemblagepositivelandform負(fù)地貌negativelandform正常地貌normallandform倒置地貌invertedlandform地貌倒置inversionoflandform刻蝕地貌erosionallandform夷平作用planationsurface夷平面peneplain準(zhǔn)平面denudationsuface剝蝕面erosionsurface山麓侵蝕面pediment山麓侵蝕平面pediplain山頂面summitplane侵蝕循環(huán)erosioncycle回春作用rejuvenatio

13、n相關(guān)沉積correlatedsediments地殼均衡isostasy新構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)neotectonicmovement構(gòu)造地貌學(xué)structuralgeomorphology,tectonicgeomorphology丹霞地貌“Danxia”landform構(gòu)造高原structuralplateau構(gòu)造階地structuralterrace單面山cuesta（西）方山mesa豬背脊hogbackridge線形現(xiàn)象lineament斷層崖faultscarp斷層線崖fault-linescarp斷層三角面triangularfacet斷層谷triangularfacet斷塊山faultvall

14、ey火山blockmountain火山作用volcano風(fēng)化作用weathering物理風(fēng)化作用physicalweathering化學(xué)風(fēng)化作用chemicalweathering生物風(fēng)化作用biologicalweathering機(jī)械風(fēng)化作用mechanicalweathering差異風(fēng)化作用differentialweathering風(fēng)化層regolith殘積土residualsoil殘積物eluvium殘積層eluvium風(fēng)化殼weatheredcrust正殘積風(fēng)化殼orthoeluvialweatheredcrust碎屑型風(fēng)化殼clasticweatheredcrust硅鋁粘土型風(fēng)化殼

15、siallite-clayweatheredcrust硅鋁碳酸鹽型風(fēng)化殼siallite-carbonateweatheredcrust硅鋁一氧化物一硫酸鹽風(fēng)化殼siallite-chloride-sulphatewea-theredcrust硅鋁一鐵質(zhì)和富鋁型風(fēng)化殼siallite-ferriteandallitewea-theredcrustexfoliation,desquamation剝落exfoliation頁狀剝落crumbling塊狀崩落incrustation結(jié)殼作用crumbling塊狀崩落incrustation結(jié)殼作用talus鹽屑堆taluscone鹽屑錐山麓堆積tal

16、us坡積物slopedeposit坡水堆積物deluvium土體蠕動(dòng)soilcreep滑塌collapse滑坡landslide,landslip泥石流debrisflow泥流mudflowJdLt1-J-J巖朋rockfall流水地貌學(xué)fluvialgeomorphology流水地貌fluviallandform沖積物alluvium,alluvialdeposit沖積層alluvium沖積錐alluvialcone沖積扇alluvialfan洪積物proluvium，proluvialdeposit洪積層proluvium洪積扇proluvialfan河床riverbed河漫灘floodp

17、lain匯水區(qū)catchmentarea流域drainagearea，basin分水嶺waterdivide，divide，watershed辮狀河braidedstream曲流meander天然堤naturallevee濱河床沙壩channelbar，sandbar凸岸壩pointbar牛軛湖ox-bowlake離堆山meandercore，meanderspur河流階地riverterrace河流襲奪rivercapture河流錯(cuò)位riveroffset河流偏移riverdeflection風(fēng)口windgap縱谷longitudinalvalley橫谷transversevalley風(fēng)蝕w

18、inderosion吹蝕deflation沙丘sanddune新月形沙丘crescentdune流動(dòng)沙丘mobiledune，wanderingdune固定沙丘fixeddune半固定沙丘semifixieddune縱向沙丘longitudinaldune橫向沙丘transversedune拋物線沙丘parabolicdune蜂窩狀沙丘honeycombdunes沙垅sandridge風(fēng)棱石wind-facetedstones，ventifact風(fēng)蝕脊yardang沙暴sandstorm風(fēng)蝕坑blowoutpit風(fēng)蝕洼地deflationhollow干鹽湖playa基巖扇rockfan島山in

19、selberg漠漆desertvarnish巖漆rockvarnish漠蓋層desertpavement黃土loess黃土地貌loesslandform黃土塬“yuan,loesstableland黃土梁“l(fā)iang,loessridge黃土峁“mao,loesshill劣地badland咯斯特karst咯斯特地貌學(xué)karstgeomorphology咯斯特地貌karstlandform咯斯特化karstification溶斗doline溶蝕谷polje溶蝕盆uvala落水洞sinkhole溶溝karren干谷dryvalley豎井shaft潛蝕作用undergrounderosion洞穴堆積

20、cavedeposit咯斯特平原karstplain峰林peakforest石林stonepinacles洞穴學(xué)speleology假咯斯特pseudokarst類咯斯特parakarst泉華沉積sinterdeposition石灰華tufa海岸seacoast濱shore海岸地貌學(xué)coastalgeomorphology海蝕作用marineerosion海蝕龕wave-cutnotch海蝕洞seacave海蝕臺abrasionplatform海蝕崖seacliff海蝕柱seastack岬角cape巖灘bench潮灘tidalflat潮汐通道tidalchannel，tidalinlet潮溝t

21、idalcreek舄湖lagoon三角洲delta河口灣estuary海灘coastalbeach灘脊beachridge灘脊型潮灘chenier灘脊型潮灘平原chenierplain沙嘴sandspit障壁壩barrier濱外壩off-shorebar尖形灘cuspateforeland尖形壩tuspatebar連島壩tombolo陸連島tomboloisland沿濱泥沙流longshoredrift海岸階地coastalterrace，marineterrace全球性海面升降eustaticmovement珊瑚礁coralreef岸礁fringingreef堡礁barrierreef環(huán)礁a

22、toll大陸架continentalshelf大陸坡continentalslope洋盆oceanicbasin海隆rise海嶺oceanicridge平頂海山guyot海溝trench海淵abyssaldeep04氣候?qū)W氣候?qū)Wclimatology氣候climate氣候資源climateresources太陽輻射solarradiation反照射albedo積溫accumulatedtemperature無霜期frost-freeperiod降水precipitation蒸發(fā)evaporation干燥度aridity熱水平衡heat-waterbalance風(fēng)向winddirection風(fēng)速

23、windspeed氣候?yàn)?zāi)害climatedamage，climatichazard旱災(zāi)droughtdamage水災(zāi)flooddamage風(fēng)災(zāi)winddamage雹災(zāi)haildamage濕害wetdamage熱害heatdamage凍害freezingdamage冷害colddamage氣候分類climaticclassification氣候區(qū)劃climaticregionalization氣候帶climaticzone氣候區(qū)climaticregion氣候型climatictype赤道帶equatorialzone熱帶tropicalzone亞熱帶subtropicalzone溫帶tempe

24、ratezone寒帶coldzone濕潤氣候humidclimate干燥氣候aridclimate熱帶雨林氣候tropicalrainforestclimate薩瓦納氣候savannaclimate森林氣候forestclimate草原氣候steppeclimate荒漠氣候desertclimate苔原氣候tundraclimate極地氣候polarclimate高原氣候plateauclimate山地氣候mountainclimate大陸度continentality大陸性氣候continentalclimate海洋性氣候maritimeclimate地中海氣候Mediterraneancl

25、imate地形氣候?qū)Wtopoclimatology區(qū)域氣候regionalclimate地方氣候localclimate小氣候microclimate氣候系統(tǒng)climaticsystem行星風(fēng)系planetarywindsystem信風(fēng)tradewind，trades季風(fēng)monsoon梅雨Meiyu,，plumrain臺風(fēng)typhoon寒潮coldwave海陸風(fēng)sea-landbreeze山谷風(fēng)mountain-valleybreeze干熱風(fēng)dry-hotwind焚風(fēng)foehn雨影rainshadow氣候變遷climaticchange古氣候palaeoclimate歷史氣候historica

26、lclimate年輪氣候?qū)Wdendroclimatology物候?qū)Wphenology自然歷naturalcalendar城市氣候urbanclimate城市熱島urbanheatisland氣候志climatography05水文地理學(xué)水文地理學(xué)hydrogeography水文學(xué)hydrology水體waterbody水團(tuán)watermass河流學(xué)potamology水利學(xué)hydraulics水利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)hydroeconomics水化學(xué)hydrochemistry森林水文學(xué)foresthydrology都市水文學(xué)urbanhydrology水文物理學(xué)hydrophysics古水文學(xué)palaeoh

27、ydrology土壤水文學(xué)pedohydrology水文情勢hydrologicalregime水文過程hydrologicalprocess水文測驗(yàn)hydrometry流域形態(tài)watershedmorphology流域分水線basindivide河道坡降channelgradient河道等級channelorder閉合盆地closedbasin河網(wǎng)密度drainagedensity總蒸發(fā)evapotranspiration水平衡waterbudget，waterbalance陸面蒸發(fā)landevaporation水面蒸發(fā)watersurfaceevaporation分岔系數(shù)forkfacto

28、r河源headwaters水道網(wǎng)hydrographicnet支流tributary過程線hydrograph流量過程線分割separationofhydrograph瀑布waterfall水平降水horizontalprecipitation水循環(huán)watercycle水量交換waterexchange徑流runoff徑流系數(shù)runoffcoefficient年正常徑流量annualnormalrunoff基流baseflow河床變形riverbeddeformation河流補(bǔ)給riverfeeding暴發(fā)洪水flashflood洪水flood流水過程fluvialprocesses層間流in

29、teraquiferflow壤中流interflow河流數(shù)目定律lawofstreamnumbers疊加定律lawofsuperposition流量discharge坡面流overlandflow洪峰流量peakdischarge產(chǎn)流runoffgeneration匯流flowconcentration產(chǎn)沙率rateofsedimentproduction退水曲線recessioncurve徑流模數(shù)runoffmodulus產(chǎn)水量wateryield懸移質(zhì)suspendedload泥沙運(yùn)動(dòng)sedimentmovement產(chǎn)沙量sedimentyield水位waterstage洪水位floodl

30、evel警戒水位warningstage水土流失waterandsoilloss水土保持waterandsoilconservation澇waterlogging暴雨徑流stormflow輸沙能力transportabilityofsediments徑流變率variabilityofrunoff地下水文學(xué)groundwaterhydrology承壓地下水confinedgroundwater水力傳導(dǎo)度hydraulicconductivity入滲土壤水含水層自流水盆地深層地下水裂隙水地下水位礦泉地下河飽和帶湖沼學(xué)湖泊水文學(xué)湖流水質(zhì)湖泊富營養(yǎng)化infiltrationsoilwateraquif

31、erartesianbasindeepphreaticwaterfissuredwaterwatertablemineralspringundergroundriversaturationzonelimnologylakehydrologylakecurrentwaterqualitylakeeutrophication人工湖man-madelake鹽湖saltlake咸水湖salt-waterlake淡水湖freshwaterlake構(gòu)造湖tectoniclake，structurallake層結(jié)湖stratifiedlake季節(jié)性湖泊seasonallake火山湖volcaniclake高

32、山湖alpinelake游移湖wanderinglake熱湖warmlake微咸湖brackish-waterlake干涸湖extinctlake完全混和湖holomixedlake湖盆lakecirculation湖水環(huán)流lakecirculation湖泊畜水量lakestorage冰川補(bǔ)給alimentationofglacier積雪水文學(xué)alimentationofglacier融雪水文學(xué)snowhydrology融雪徑流snowrunoff有潮河口tidalestuary無潮海tidelesssea波浪侵蝕waveerosion地下水庫groundwaterreservoir水資源wa

33、terresources供水Watersupply水能hydropower06生物地理學(xué)生物地理學(xué)biogeography生物分布學(xué)chorology生物分布biochores分布區(qū)areal分布區(qū)中心areakcenter分布區(qū)間斷arealdisjunction分布區(qū)型arealtype擴(kuò)散中心dispersalcenter殘遺種區(qū)refugium種群population生物群biota生物地理群落biogeocoenosis生境habitat小生境niche，microhabitat群落生境biotope植物地理學(xué)phytogeography植物區(qū)系flora生活型lifeform生活型

34、譜lifeformspectrum水生植物hydrophyte濕生植物hygrophyte中生植物mesophyte旱生植物xerophyte指示植物indicatorplant指示群落indicatorcommunity植被vegetation植物群落plantcommunity群叢association群系formation植被型vegetationtype頂級群落climax演替succession針葉林coniferousforest泰加林taiga落葉林deciduousforest常綠闊葉林evergreenbroad-leavedforest硬葉林sclerophyllousfo

35、rest照葉林laurelforest季風(fēng)雨林monsoonforest雨林rainforest紅樹林mangrove苔原tundra森林草原foreststeppe草原steppe冋草草原prairie薩瓦納savanna普那高原puna草甸meadow高山矮曲林alpinekrummholz森林上限upperforestlimit樹線timberline動(dòng)物地理學(xué)zoogeography動(dòng)物區(qū)系fauna地理阻障geographicalbarriers動(dòng)物傳布synzoochory華萊士線wallacesline動(dòng)物群落animalcommunity泛北極Holarctic古北界Palae

36、arctic新北界Neoarctic舊熱帶界Palaeotropic新熱帶界Neotropic東洋界Oriental澳洲界Australasian07土壤地理學(xué)土壤地理學(xué)pedogeography土被soilmantle土鏈soilcatena土壤組合soilassociation土壤復(fù)區(qū)soilcomplex土壤氣候soilclimate土壤資源soilresources土壤退化soildegradation土壤侵蝕soilerosion古土壤paleosoil森林土壤forestsoil草原土壤desertsoil荒漠土壤desertsoil高山土壤highmountainsoil幼年土壤

37、youngsoil成熟土壤m(xù)aturesoil頂級土壤climaxsoil灰化土podzolicsoil棕壤brownearth褐土cinnamonsoil黃壤yellowearth紅壤redearth磚紅壤laterite黑鈣土chernozem栗鈣土chestnutsoil棕鈣土brownsoil灰漠土graydesertsoil棕漠土browndesertsoil土卜+HTf1.堿土solonchaksolonertz水成景觀aqueouslandscape,aquallandscapeelementarylandscape單兀景觀biogeniclandscape生源景觀abiogen

38、iclandscape非生源景觀aerialmigration大氣遷移aqueousmigration水遷移biologicalmigration生物遷移mechanicalmigration機(jī)械遷移chemicalmigration,physico-chemical化學(xué)遷移migrationtypomorphicelement標(biāo)型兀素typomorphiccompound標(biāo)型化合物typomorphicion標(biāo)型離子chemicaldenudation化學(xué)剝蝕08化學(xué)地理學(xué)化學(xué)地理學(xué)景觀地球化學(xué)地球化學(xué)景觀自成景觀從屬景觀殘積景觀水上景觀水下景觀chemicalgeographylandsc

39、apegeochemistrygeochemicallandscapeautonomiclandscapeauxiliarylandscapeeluviallandscapesuperaquallandscapesubaquallandscape10環(huán)境地理學(xué)環(huán)境地理學(xué)environmentalgeography環(huán)境地球化學(xué)environmentalgeochemistry自然環(huán)境naturalenvironment社會(huì)環(huán)境socialenvironment區(qū)域環(huán)境regionalenvironment海洋環(huán)境marineenvironment環(huán)境系統(tǒng)environmentalsystem環(huán)境

40、結(jié)構(gòu)environmentalstructure環(huán)境要素environmentalelement環(huán)境演化environmentalevolution環(huán)境背景值environmentalbackgroundvalue環(huán)境異常environmentalabnormality環(huán)境自凈environmentalself-purification環(huán)境容量environmentalcapacity景觀損害landscapedamage環(huán)境退化environmentaldegradation環(huán)境效應(yīng)environmentaleffect環(huán)境污染environmentalpollution大氣污染atmosp

41、hericpollution水污染waterpollution土壤污染soilpollution海洋污染marinepollution環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)environmentaleconomy環(huán)境管理environmentalmanagement環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)environmentalstandard環(huán)境質(zhì)量environmentalquality環(huán)境質(zhì)量參數(shù)environmentalqualityparameter環(huán)境質(zhì)量指數(shù)environmentalqualityindex環(huán)境質(zhì)量評價(jià)environmentalqualityevaluation環(huán)境影響評價(jià)environmentalimpactassess

42、ment環(huán)境質(zhì)量綜合評價(jià)environmentalqualitycomprehensiveevaluation環(huán)境保護(hù)environmentalprotection環(huán)境規(guī)劃environmentalplanning環(huán)境區(qū)劃environmentalregionalization環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)environmentaldesign自然保護(hù)conservationofnature自然保護(hù)區(qū)naturereserve自然資源保護(hù)conservationofnaturalresources生物資源保護(hù)livingresourcesconservation水資源保護(hù)protectionofwaterresou

43、rces國家公園nationalpark地面沉降landsubsidence公害publicnuisance公害病publicnuisancedisease水悮病minamatadisease痛痛病itai-itaidisease11冰川學(xué)冰川學(xué)glaciology積雪snowcover粒雪firn粒雪化作用firnification粒雪盆firnbasin雪線snowline吹雪snowdrift雪崩avalanche雪蝕nivation陸冰landice冰山iceberg冰川glacier冰蓋icesheet冰原icefield冰川化glacierization冰川作用glaciation冰川物質(zhì)平衡glaciermass-balance消融區(qū)ablationarea積累區(qū)accumulationarea冰川隙crevasse冰川地質(zhì)學(xué)glacial