怎樣準備文獻綜述課件

1、怎樣準備文獻綜述你們的時間很有限, 所以不要將他們浪費在重復其他人的生活上。不要被教條束縛,那意味著你和其他人思考的結(jié)果一起生活。不要被其他人喧囂的觀點掩蓋你真正的內(nèi)心的聲音。求知若饑 虛心若愚科學和藝術(shù)之間不存在對立。任何一種真正的科學作品就是一件藝術(shù)品，不是藝術(shù)家的人，將是一個貧乏的科學人任何一個獨立的研究者都必須像任何一個原創(chuàng)性藝術(shù)家創(chuàng)造其技巧一樣來創(chuàng)造自己的研究方法。使用別人的方法的人，就像使用別人的技巧一樣，可能是一個偉大的徒弟，但也僅僅是一個徒弟而已，他將繼續(xù)做他師傅的工作，卻不會從頭開始獨立思考和工作的人才總是會追尋與其個性相適宜的新的方法和技巧對文獻綜述寫作的啟示是什么？“文之

2、不可絕于天地間者，曰明道也，紀政事也，察民隱也，樂道人之善也。若此者，有益于天下，有益于將來，多一篇，多一篇之益。若夫怪力亂神之事，無稽之言，剿襲之說，諛佞之文，若此者，有損于己，無益于人，多一篇，多一篇之損?！?顧亭林之文須有益于天下“書愈多而愈舛漏，愈速而愈不傳，所以然者，其視成書太易，而急于求名故也?！?顧炎武之著書之難 “士當求實學”Know your hobbies and webHave something significant to sayStand on the shouldersBe inclusive: show deep knowledge of relevant li

3、teratureBe transparent: dont try to hide weaknessesDont pester the editor or his/her staff or play gamesTips on writing文獻綜述與研究問題研究目標文獻綜述研究問題研究方法研究效度Questions force you to find answers; topics invite you to talk about things.文獻綜述的概念研究綜述是指在全面收集相關資料的基礎上，經(jīng)過歸納整理、分析鑒別、對一定時期內(nèi)某個專題或是問題的研究成果和進展進行系統(tǒng)、全面的敘述和評論“綜

4、”對資料進行綜合分析、歸納整理，使材料更精煉明確、更有邏輯層次“述”對綜合整理后的資料進行比較專門的、全面的、深入的、系統(tǒng)的評述綜述的特點：概括性強、內(nèi)容全面、語言簡練 提供辯護啟發(fā)選擇資料來源文獻綜述的目標說明對某一知識體系熟悉的程度，并且建立研究者對研究領域的信用。一篇文獻回顧可以告訴讀者，研究者了解某個領域中的研究，并知道哪些是主要的議題。呈現(xiàn)前人的研究路線，以及目前的研究與前人研究的關系。一篇文獻回顧提綱挈領地告訴讀者有關某個問題研究的發(fā)展方向，并呈現(xiàn)出知識發(fā)展過程，說明其與某個知識體系的相關性。整合并概括某個領域內(nèi)已知的事物。一篇文獻回顧會匯集各種不同的研究結(jié)果，并進行綜合分析。一篇

5、好的文獻回顧，要指出前人研究中贊同什么或反對什么，以及還有哪些問題尚待解決，指出未來研究發(fā)展的方向。向他人學習并刺激新想法的產(chǎn)生。一篇文獻回顧告訴讀者其它學者已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)的事物，這樣研究者便可從他人的研究中獲益。一篇好的文獻回顧指出目前研究的誤區(qū)，并提出重新研究的建議和假設，指出值得仿效的程序、技術(shù)和研究設計，以便研究者能更好地聚焦假設，并獲得新的啟發(fā)。文獻的檢索準備與查找檢索的準備我的主題和哪些學科有關如何聚焦主題，以使研究精確可以借鑒哪些索引和摘要如何記錄文獻文獻的檢索期刊網(wǎng)圖書館文獻參考書目導師文獻檢索的注意事項與撰寫原則文獻檢索的注意事項文獻檢索、理應全面注重文獻的代表性、可靠性與科學性不

6、應遺漏重要文獻不可忽視文獻來源貴在資料詳實撰寫文獻的注意事項尊重文獻焦點明確避免簡單的描述完成論文后，進行重新評估難以找到文獻？If , Very little thereYou could be right at the cutting edge of something new and its not surprising theres little around.You could be limiting yourself to too narrow an area and not appreciating that relevant material could be just aro

7、und the corner in a closely related field.Unfortunately theres another possibility and this is that theres nothing in the literature because it is not a worthwhile area of research.文獻要全面文獻閱讀與評述的步驟Judge the Quality of LiteraturesIs the problem clearly spelled out? Are the results presented new? Was t

8、he research influential in that others picked up the threads and pursued them?How convincing is the argument made?Are the generalisations justified by the evidence on which they are made? What is the significance of this research?Is the methodology well justified as the most appropriate to study the

9、 problem?注重文獻的質(zhì)量文獻閱讀與評述的步驟Pilot reading With research question in mindRead more about it to see what is there Find out what aspects of itFind what have been exhausted, what neglectedWhat the main ideas, issues and controversies are in the areaConsult with your supervisor and friendsIf you need some

10、changes, read again文獻閱讀與評述的步驟Making sense of the literature First passGet a starting pointGet a background picture get a feel for the whole area, an idea of its scope, starting to appreciate the controversies, to see the high pointsbecome more familiar with the major players. 文獻閱讀與評述的步驟Making sense

11、of the literature Second psssAt this stage there seems to be masses of literature relevant to your research. As you read, think about and discuss articles and isolate the issues youre more interested in. In this way, you focus your topic more and more. The more you can close in on what your research

12、 question actually is, the more you will be able to have a basis for selecting the relevant areas of the literature. bring it down to a manageable size. 文獻閱讀與評述的步驟How to evaluate critically?Suppose you are doing this experiments, conducting your studies and analysing texts or other data.Look for the

13、 strengths of certain studies and the significance and contributions made by researchers. You are also looking for limitations, flaws and weaknesses of particular studies, or of whole lines of enquiry.You may need to embark on very detailed analyses of parts of the literature while maintaining the g

14、eneral picture.Indeed, if you take this critical approach to looking at previous research in your field, Follow this way, your final literature review will not be a compilation of summaries but an evaluation. 文獻閱讀與評述的步驟Making sense of the literature Final pssslooking back to place your own research

15、within the field.Understand how your research has grown out of previous work.you may be able to identify points or issues that lead directly to your research.you can see how its limitations motivates your own research. 文獻閱讀與評述的步驟 Introductory section“Despite the undisputed success of quantum mechani

16、cs, many important fundamental problems and questions remain unanswered (see for example X, 1973): the measuring process cannot be satisfactorily described in QM formalism; there are great mathematical stumbling blocks to attempt to make QM consistent with the assumptions of pecial relativity.” This

17、 is basically an introductory section, which starts with a statement of the problem in very broad terms, alerting us to the fact that not everything is rosy, and proceeds to sketch in specific aspects.文獻閱讀與評述的步驟 specify issuesWithout doubt, one of the most widely discussed of these is this closes in

18、 on what the focus of the problem is Like most fundamental issues in physics, this question leads to challenges at several levels of thought. At the philosophicallevel this issue poses questions about. At the Physical level we are forced to examine. At the mathematical level many questions are raise

19、d about the completeness and logical consistency.The text moves on to specify issues at various levels. Although the focus is sharper, the coverage at the same time opens out文獻閱讀與評述的步驟 Problem situation“An important instance in which all of these challenges converge occurs with the concept of angle

20、in the description of quantum systems”Thus the text has set up the situation where all aspects of the problem-theoretical, practical, etc.-are brought together文獻閱讀與評述的步驟WrongGreen (1975) discovered .;In 1978, Black conducted experiments and discovered that .;Later Brown (1980) illustrated this in ;RightThere seems to be general agreement on x, (for example, White1987, Brown 1980, Black 1978, Green 1975) but Green (1975) sees x as a consequence of y, while Black(1978) puts