大學(xué)英語句子寫作U3-句子多樣性句子的擴(kuò)展

1、Lecture Three The SentenceOutlineComplete Sentences and Sentence FragmentsTypes of SentencesEffective SentencesSkills in Writing SentencesCommon Mistakes Correction Complete Sentences and Sentence FragmentsA grammatically complete sentence is one that contains at least a subject and a predicate verb

2、; if the verb is transitive, there must be an object; if the verb is a link verb, there must be a predicative or complement.Attributes and adverbials, though they are not essential elements of a sentence, help to make the meaning clear or complete：He came. He came to the classroom very early.She wro

3、te a letter. She wrote a long letter to her parents.Dr. Smith is a professor. Dr. Smith is a well-known professor of physics. A complete sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period. Do not separated complete sentences with commas.Faulty: It was raining hard, they could not work in t

4、he fields.Improved: It was raining hard; they could not work in the fields.It was raining hard. They could not work in the fields.It was raining so hard that they could not work in the fields.They could not work in the fields because it was raining hard.It was raining hard, so they could not work in

5、 the fields.As it was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.Faulty: I was born in a small town, in the town there was only one school, I studied there for six years.Improved: In the small town where I was born, there was only one school. I studied there for six years.I was born in a small

6、town, where there was only one school. I studied there for six years.I studied for six years at the only school in the small town where I was born.Some people think its not a big question, they think it is nothing for society.Some people think its not a big question and will not harm the society.In

7、order to be a sentence, a group of words must meet three criteria:It must contain a subject;It must contain a predictive verb;It must make a complete thought.Sentence Fragment a sentence fragment is a part of a sentence; it is a group of words not complete in itself Sentence Fragment Fragments That

8、Do Not Contain a Subject or a Verb I opened the door. Expecting to see my brother standing on the porch. I opened the door, expecting to see my brother standing on the porch.I opened the door. I was expecting to see my brother standing on the porch.Fragments That Contain a Subject and a Verb but Do

9、Not Express a Complete ThoughtDonald was checking his trap. He saw an enormous black bear.While Donald was checking his trap. He saw an enormous black bear.Some students in order to get a better job after graduation.Some students study English hard in order to get a better job after graduation.Have

10、better skills in English means have more chances to get jobs. Having better skills in English means having more chances to get jobs. Having better skills in English means to have more chances to get jobs.Having better skills in English means one can have more chances to get jobs.Types of SentencesDe

11、clarative Interrogative Imperative ExclamatorySimple Compound Complex Compound-ComplexMakes an assertion or a statementAsks a questionExpresses a command or a requestExpresses a strong felling or emotionone subject and one predicate-verband, but, or, ; , etcone main clause and one or more dependent

12、clausesa combination of a compound and a complex sentence(1) The young pilot was on his first overseas training.(2) He felt very uneasy.(a) The young pilot on his first overseas training felt very uneasy.(b) The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training.(c) The young pilots fir

13、st overseas training made him feel very uneasy.(d) Extreme uneasiness seized the young pilot on his first overseas training.(e) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, feeling very uneasy.(f) It being his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy.(g) The young pilot was o

14、n his first overseas training and felt very uneasy.(h) The young pilot, who was on his first overseas training, felt very uneasy.(i) When the young pilot was on his/first overseas training, he felt very uneasy.(j) As the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy.(k) The you

15、ng pilot was on his first overseas training, so that hefelt very uneasy. Loose 松散句It puts first things first, and lets the reader know what it is mainly about when he has read the first few words. Periodic 圓周句The main idea is expressed at or near the end, and it is not grammatically complete until t

16、he end is reached. The workers here are mostly diligent, though not all.The workers here are mostly, though not all, diligent. He will go abroad if he has enough money.If he has enough money, he will go abroad. Balanced 平行結(jié)構(gòu)Contains two or more parts of the same form and grammatical function.We can

17、gain knowledge by reading, by reflection, by observation or by practice. Short and Long SentencesShort sentences are usually emphatic, whereas long sentence are capable of expressing complex ideas. Short sentences are suitable for the presentation of important facts and ideas, and long sentences of

18、the explanation of views and theories, or the description of things with many details. We need a larger police force for public protection. We need a modernized fire department. We need an enlarged library. We need to increase the pay scale of teachers in the public schools. We need to improve our w

19、ater supply. For all these needs there is but one solution. We must see that the bond issue is approved by the voters in the November election. I have often wondered whether some people，who had no intention of making a purchase，would take advantage of this privilege One day I asked this question to

20、the shop girl， and I learned it was indeed the case。Effective SentencesUnityCoherenceConcisenessEmphasisVarietyUnity （統(tǒng)一）A unified sentence expresses a single complete thought. It does not contain ideas that are not closely related, nor does it express a thought that is not complete by itself.Faulty

21、: Born in a small town in South China in the early 50s, he grew up to be a famous musician. Revised: He was born in a small town in South China in the early 50s. In his childhood he liked to sing songs. Later he entered a conservatory. In the 70s he became a famous musician. Coherence （連貫）Coherence

22、means clear and reasonable connection between parts.Faulty: A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds. Revised: A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does. A man is judged not only by his words but also by his deeds. Faulty: We thought she was charming, in

23、telligent, and a very capable young woman. Revised: We thought she was charming, intelligent, and very capable. We thought she was a charming, intelligent, and very capable young woman.Faulty: We have great faith and high hopes for her. Revised: We have great faith in and high hopes for her. Faulty:

24、 She told my sister that she was wrong. Revised: “Im wrong,” she said to my sister. She admitted that she was wrong and said so to my sister. “Youre wrong,” she said to my sister. My sister was told that she was wrong.Faulty: The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. Revised: Fr

25、esh water is the most important things of the earth.Conciseness （簡潔）A sentence should contain no unnecessary words. If the idea is fully expressed, the fewer words are used, the better.Wordy: It was blue in color. Mary is a quiet and careful woman. He returned in the early part of the month of Augus

26、t. In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him. I liked him in spite of his laziness. For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need. Diligent and caring people use money only to buy what they need. Emphasis （強(qiáng)調(diào)）When there is an important

27、 idea, it should be expressed with emphasis. In writing there are ways for placing emphasis on sentences or words that should be emphasized. Emphatic Sentences The sky was overcast. A north wind was blowing. It threatened to rain at any moment. A gloomy day. The poet was born poor, and poor he remai

28、ned all his life. Dont move! / How nice! Didnt I tell you that you mustnt touch this machine? I didnt get a ticket for the opera. How could I? There were so many errors in the performance that the result was not a tragedy, but a comedy. Government of the people, by the people, for the people shall n

29、ot perish from the earth. 2. Emphasis within the Sentencesa. Placing. The beginning and the end, especially the end, of a sentence are the two places that attract the readers attention.There is a big tree, which is said to be 300 years old, in the temple.In the temple there is a big tree, which is s

30、aid to be 300 years old.b. Repetition. Unnecessary repetition should be avoided. But in a proper context repeating a word or an idea in different words may be a means of emphasis.Bright, very bright, were the stars over the wild, dark Yenan hills.The good old days were gone forever, could never be g

31、ot back again.2. Emphasis within the Sentencesc. The verb and the active voice. When describing actions, one had better use verbs instead of nouns denoting actions. At the sight of the disorderly crowd, he was aware that something bad would be possible.The moment he saw the disorderly crowd, he knew

32、 that something bad would happen.e. Subordination. Putting a minor idea in a dependent element of the sentence so as to give the main idea a prominent position. The professor walked into the classroom and he carried a bag of books with him.The professor walked into the classroom, carrying a bag of b

33、ooks with him.The professor walked into the classroom with a bag of books under his arm.The professor walked into the classroom, a bag of books under his arm. They were waiting for the meeting to begin. They talked with each other. They talked about the womens football team. The team had won victori

34、es in Guangzhou.While waiting for the meeting to begin, they talked about the victories won by the womens football team in Guangzhou.e. Emphatic words and phrases. This is the very dictionary I have been looking for.The director himself told me this news.His latest novel is by far the best he has ev

35、er written.What on earth are the children doing in the next room?I dont like the play at all.This theatre is far better than the one we went to last time.Im so hungry that Ill eat whatever food I can find.Variety （多樣）Variety is essential to good writing. A series of sentences of the same structure a

36、nd length, beginning with the same noun or pronoun as the subject, would sound monotonous.Variety is achieved when short sentences are used in between long ones, simple sentences in between compound and complex one. 試比較以下兩個(gè)段落（1）We can imagine the beautiful surroundings. (2) There are many trees alon

37、g the streets. (3) There is a clean river in the city. (4) There are many fishes in the river. (5) There are willow trees on the one side. (6) There are some pieces of grassland on the other side. (7) There are many flowers on them.(1) Just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we have made our citi

38、es greener. (2) Green trees line the streets. (3) A clean river winds through the city, in which a lot of fishes abound. (4) On the one side stand rows of willow trees. (5) On the other side lies a stretch of grassland sprinkled with many yellow and red flowers. 一些被濫用的句型There isThere are fewer and f

39、ewer citizens who like to see films.Films are now losing their appeal for many citizens.There are many people who complain of severe housing shortages.Housing shortages become the source of great complaint. 一些被濫用的句型IfIf you compare the two tables carefully, you will find the difference.Careful compa

40、rison of the two tables will show you the difference.If we only apply book knowledge, we will not get good result.Book knowledge only will not be sufficient for us to get good result. If there is no pollution, man can certainly survive.Man can certainly survive without pollution. 一些被濫用的句型In order to

41、In order to prevent the problem becoming too serious to solve, we must take an immediate step.An immediate step must be taken before the problem becomes too serious to solve.一些被濫用的句型More and moreMore and more people now prefer to stay at home and watch TV.People in increasing numbers prefer to stay

42、at home and watch TV.More and more people who become more and more rich can afford a motorcycle.The growing number of people who become increasingly rich can now afford a motorcycle.More and more teenagers smoke cigarettes in recent years. Teenage smoking is on the rise in recent years.More and more

43、 teachers are needed with the development of economy.There is an increasing demand for teachers with the development of economy.More and more trees have disappeared in the city.There is a sharp decline in the number of trees in the city.With the development of information technology, more and more E

44、-books appear in our lives.The number of E-books is constantly on the rise as a result of the rapid development of information technology.Nowadays, more and more young people delay having children. There is a growing trend toward delayed childbearing among young couples. 一些被濫用的句型It is 或 It is thatIt

45、 is necessary to make out why agriculture has drawn so much attention.Why has agriculture drawn so much attention.It is reported that the sum of capital flowing to China ranks 2nd in the world.The capital flowing to China is the second largest in the world.It is a matter of fact that more and more s

46、tudents especially college students take part-time jobs in their spare time or in holidays, the most ordinary form of which is to act as a tutor. Many students are taking on part-time jobs such as tutoring younger students.It is the common sense that fake commodities are harmful to us.Common sense t

47、ells us that pirated goods are not beneficial in the long run.練習(xí)1：Rewrite the following by putting the short sentences into compound or complex sentences, or sentences with participial, prepositional, or other phrasesThe girl began to learn to play the piano. At that time she was a child. Her mother

48、 was a famous pianist.The girl, whose mother was a famous pianist, began to learn to play the piano when she was a child. Because her mother was a famous pianist, the girl began to learn to play the piano very early. Being a daughter of a famous female pianist, the girl began to learn to play the pi

49、ano when she was very young. Her mother being a famous female pianist, the girl began to learn to play the piano very early.The young dancer appeared on the stage. A stormy applause broke forth.A stormy applause broke forth because the young dancer appeared on the stage. A stormy applause broke fort

50、h when the young dancer appeared on the stage. The young dancer received a stormy applause during her appearance on the stage. The young dancer appeared on the stage, receiving a stormy applause.A stormy applause broking forth, the dancer appeared on the stage.He returned to his hometown. He had bee

51、n away for twelve years. He looked in vain for the familiar landmarks.He looked in vain for the familiar landmarks when he returned to his hometown which he had been away from for twelve years. He returned to his hometown which he had been away from for twelve years, looking in vain for the familiar

52、 landmarks.He looked in vain for the familiar landmarks in his hometown which he had been away for twelve years. Having been away from his hometown for twelve years, he looked in vain for the familiar landmarks.He returned to his hometown which he had been away for twelve years only to find the unfa

53、miliar landmarks. We have made some progress. We still have a long way to go.We have made some progress but we still have a long way to go.We still have a long way to go although we have made some progress.Some progress having been made, we still have a long way to go.Having made some progress, we s

54、till have a long way to go. The gypsies are really a nomadic people from India. They migrated into Europe. Once they were thought to be Egyptians. Before migrating into Europe, the gypsies are a nomadic people from India but once they were thought to be Egyptians. Originally being a nomadic people f

55、rom India, the gypsies migrated into Europe but once they were thought to be Egyptians. The gypsies, whose ancestors are nomadic people from India and later migrated into Europe were once thought to be Egyptians.Professor Li had great concern for us. She often came to help us.As Professor Li had gre

56、at concern for us, she often came to help us. Professor Li had great concern for us, so she often came to help us.Professor Li often came to help us because she had great concern for us. Professor Li, who had great concern for us, often came to help us.Professor Li, having great concern for us, ofte

57、n came to help us.Having great concern for us, Professor Li often came to help us.Professor Li had great concern for us and therefore often came to help us.練習(xí)2：Rewrite the following sentences, emphasizing the main idea in each.Huang, who is over two meters tall, is the tallest man of the team.Huang,

58、 the tallest man of the team, is over two meters tall.Social position, reputation, even life itself, and friends, were no longer interesting to him after he went bankrupt. After bankruptcy, he no longer interested in anything, such as social position, reputation, even life itself and friends. He dec

59、ided to take the job, and it was something unexpected.Out of expectation, he decided to take the job.China will not be the first to use nuclear weapons under any circumstances.Under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. Yang alone can do the work, and there are twenty stud

60、ents in the class. There are twenty students in the class, but Yang alone can do the work. China has changed a great deal as a result of reform and the open policy during the past 20 years. It is the reform and open policy that made China changed a great deal.練習(xí)3：Rewrite the following passage, givin