肌組織與神經(jīng)組織(英文版)課件

1、Welcome my students,my friends! He shaojian何少健He shaojian廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)組胚教研室辦公地點(diǎn)：104館三樓關(guān)于教學(xué)改革的幾點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充教學(xué)模式滿堂灌、全部點(diǎn)啟發(fā)式教學(xué)方式教師講授、歸納學(xué)生全盤(pán)筆記教師拋磚引玉學(xué)生自學(xué)為主學(xué)習(xí)方式被動(dòng)式主動(dòng)式學(xué)習(xí)方法死記硬背理解式記憶教學(xué)目的以通過(guò)考試為目的通過(guò)考試檢驗(yàn)學(xué)習(xí)效果Constitution of human body from macroscopy to microscopyhuman body systemsorganstissuescells and intercellularMaterials間質(zhì)s

2、ubcellularstructuresEMMolecules分子atomsatomic nucleus electron Neutron中子Proton質(zhì)子研究正常機(jī)體的細(xì)微結(jié)構(gòu)及其相關(guān)功能的科學(xué)。組織學(xué)上皮組織結(jié)締組織肌組織神經(jīng)組織基本組織EPITHELIAL TISSUE andCONNECTIVE TISSUE （review）He shaojian（何少?。〦PITHELIAL TISSUE * Covering Epithelium SimpleEpith.Simple Squamous Epith.Simple Cuboidal Epith.Simple Columnar Epi

3、th. Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epith.StratifiedEpith. Stratified Squamous Epith.Stratified Columnar Epith.Transitional Epith.* Glandular Epithelium and Glands* Specialized Structure of Epithelial CellEPITHELIAL TISSUE * Covering Epithelium * Glandular Epithelium and Glands* Specialized Struc

4、ture of Epithelial CellFree Specialization Lateral 側(cè)面Spec.Basal Spec.MicrovilliCilia Tight Junction Intermediate JunctionDesmosome Gap Junction Basement Membrane Plesma Membrane InfoldingHemidesmosomeCONNECTIVE TISSUE*Connective Tissues Proper * Blood and Lymph* Cartilage and BoneLoose Connective Ti

5、ssueDense Connective TissueAdipose TissueReticular TissueCellsFibers GroundSubstanceFibroblastsPlasma CellsMacrophagesMast CellsAdipose Cells未分化的間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞 白細(xì)胞 Collagen FibersReticular FibersElastic FibersProteoglycan (forming molecular sieve)GlycoproteinTissue FluidMesenchyme*Shape *Structuer*FunctionCO

6、NNECTIVE TISSUE*Connective Tissues Proper* Blood and Lymph* Cartilage and BoneLoose Connective Tissue Dense Connective Tissue Adipose TissueReticular TissueDense Regular Connective TissueDense Irregular Connective TissueElastic TissueWhite Adipose TissueBlown Adipose TissueReticular CellsReticular F

7、ibersMatrixCONNECTIVE TISSUE* Cartilage And BoneHyaline CartilageFibrous CartilageElastic Cartilage* Connective Tissues Proper* Blood and LymphBone TissueLong BoneCartilage（1）Bone（2）Bone developmentIntramembranous Ossification Endochondral OssificationMUSCLE TISSUEHe shaojian (何少健)NERVOUS TISSUE&MUS

8、CLE TISSUE（0）* Skeletal Muscle Ultrastructure & Molecular ConstitutionMyofibrils （2）Thick filaments（3）Thin filaments Myosin（肌球蛋白）Actin（肌動(dòng)蛋白）Tropomyosin（原肌球蛋白）Troponin（肌鈣蛋白）MUSCLE TISSUE（0）* Skeletal Muscle* Cardiac Muscle* Smooth Muscle Structuer Under L.M Ultrastructure & Molecular Constitution Mec

9、hanism Of Contraction（5） Types of Skeletal Muscle FibersMyofibrils Transverse tubules(T-tubules)（4）Sarcoplasmic reticulum, (L-tubules)MUSCLE TISSUE* Skeletal Muscle* Cardiac Muscle* Smooth Muscle Structuer Under L.MUltrastructure & Molecular ConstitutionTransverse tubules (T-tubules) Sarcoplasmic re

10、ticulum (L-tubules)Thick filamentsThin filamentsStructuer Under L.M.Ultrastructure & Molecular ConstitutionMechanism of ContractionNERVOUS TISSUE （0） Neuron Synapse Neuroglia cell Neural Stem Cell Nerve Fiber and Nerve Nerve ending Degeneration and Regeneration of Nerve FiberShape （1）Structure （2）Cl

11、assification SomaNeuriteMembraneNucleusPerikaryon The Numbers of Neurite Long or Short Axon Function Releasing the Sorts of NeurotransmittersDendritesAxonNERVOUS TISSUEClassificationof Neurons （3） The Number of Neurites Long or Short Axon Function Releasing the Sorts of Neurotrans- mittersPseudounip

12、olar NeuronBipolar NeuronMultipolar NeuronGolgi type I NeuronGolgi type II NeuronSensory NeuronInterneuron Motor NeuronCholinergic NeuronAminergic NeuronPeptidergic NeuronNERVOUS TISSUESynapse(1)NeuronTypesClassifi-cationStructure of Chemical SynapsesAxodendritic SynapseAxospinous SynapseAxosomatic

13、SynapseAxoaxonal SynapseDendrodendritic SynapseElectrical SynapseChemical SynapsePresynaptic Element (Synaptic Bouton)Synaptic Cleft Postsynaptic ElementStructure Influence OnNext Cell Excitatory SynapseInhibitory SynapseNeuronSynapseNeuroglia or glial Cell Nerve Fiber and Nerve Nerve ending Degener

14、ation and Regeneration of Nerve FiberNERVOUS TISSUESelf-replication Differentiated potency( labeled protein nestin )Neural Stem CellNERVOUS TISSUENerve Fiber and NerveNeuronSynapseNeuroglia CellNeural Stem CellNerve Fiber（1）NerveMyelinated N. F. In the Peripheral Nervous SystemMyelinated N. F. In th

15、e Central Nervous SystemNerve Ending Degeneration and Regeneration of Nerve FiberMye-linated N. F.（2）Unmye-linated N. F.Unmyelinated N. F. In the Peripheral Nervous SystemUnmyelinated N. F. In the Central Nervous SystemNERVOUS TISSUEDegeneration and Regeneration of Nerve Fiber*Neuron *Synapse *Neuro

16、glia Cell*Neural Stem Cell*Nerve Fiber and Nerve *Nerve EndingDegenerationRegeneration組織學(xué)總論自習(xí)與思考 1、通過(guò)組織學(xué)總論的學(xué)習(xí)，你對(duì)組織學(xué)有何認(rèn)識(shí)？2、請(qǐng)將每一基本組織的框架列出。3、各基本組織的知識(shí)點(diǎn)有哪些？4、各基本組織的知識(shí)點(diǎn)如何構(gòu)成各基本組織 的內(nèi)容？ 5、你如何理解結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的關(guān)系（舉例說(shuō)明）？ OVERCONNECTIVE TISSUE*CartilageandBoneHyaline Cartilage Fibrous Cartilage Elastic Cartilage* Connect

17、ive Tissues Proper* Blood and LymphCartilage Tissue PerichondriumFormation and Growth of CartilageCartilage MatrixChondrocyteInterstitial GrowthAppositional GrowthCONNECTIVE TISSUE* BoneBone Tissue Long Bone* Connective Tissues Proper* Blood and Lymph* CartilageBone MatrixBone CellsOsteoprogenitor C

18、ellOsteoblastsOsteocytesOsteoclastsSpongy BoneCompact BonePeriosteum(Outer/inner) Circumferential LamellaeOsteon or Haversian SystemInterstitial LamellaeCONNECTIVE TISSUE BloodNeutrophilic Granulocyte (Neutrophils) Eosinophilic Granulocyte (Eosinophils) Basophilic Granulocyte (Basophils)Monocytes Ly

19、mphocytesErythrocytesLeukocytesBlood Platelets*Shape *Structuer*Function*Shape *Structuer*Function*Shape *Structuer*FunctionOVERVIEWComponents（組成）： Muscle cells and a litter of L.C.T. 2. Types ： Skeletal muscle （骨骼?。?Cardiac muscle （心肌） Smooth muscle （平滑?。㎡VERVIEW3. The Several Terminology：Muscle fi

20、ber/cell（肌纖維/肌細(xì)胞）： Because of their shape like the fiber.Sarcolemma（肌膜）： The membrane of the muscle cell.Sarcoplasm（肌質(zhì)/漿）： The plasma of the muscle cell.Sarcoplasmic Reticulum（肌質(zhì)/漿網(wǎng)）： The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell.（1） Shape & Size（2） Nucleus（3） SarcoplasmShape & Structure of Sk

21、eletal Muscle CellUnder Light Microscope（1） Shape & Size： long cylinder 1 40 mm in the length 10100 m in diameterShape & Structure of Skeletal Muscle CellUnder Light Microscope（2） Nucleus (Nuclei )： polynucleation peripheral flat-ellipse (扁橢圓形)Shape & Structure of Skeletal Muscle CellUnder Light Mic

22、roscope（3）Sarcoplasm： Sarcoplasm is full of longitudinal myofibrils, and among them there are many organelles such as mitochondria.Shape & Structure of Skeletal Muscle CellUnder Light MicroscopeMyofibril（肌原纖維）： Each myofibril is composed of repeating subunits called sarcomeres，which are composed of

23、myofilaments.Shape & Structure of Skeletal Muscle CellUnder Light MicroscopeSkeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle Fibers（longitudinal section）MyofibrilCross StriationMuscle Satellite CellSkeletal Muscle Fibers（transverse section）Muscle Cell MyofibrilNucleiMuscle Fiber and MyofibrilMuscle FiberMyofibril I b

24、and A bandCross StriationMuscle Fiber and MyofibrilMuscle FiberMyofibril I band A bandCross StriationI band.(I/明帶) A band.(A/暗帶) Band Patterns of the MyofibrilMuscle Fiber and MyofibrilMuscle FiberMyofibril I band A bandCross StriationMyofibrilI bandA band線Myofibril（electronic microscope）A band band

25、 lineI bandlineline I band.(明帶): Z line. Thin line in middle of the I band, caused by the presence of the Z disk. Band Patterns of the Myofibril線Myofibril（electronic microscope）A band band lineI bandlineline A band.(暗帶): H band M line Band Patterns of the Myofibril線Myofibril（electronic microscope）A

26、band band lineI bandlineline A band.(暗帶): H band. The central region of the A band, which is slightly lighter in appearance because it does not have thin filaments in it. Band Patterns of the Myofibril A band.(暗帶): M line There is a central dark line in A band. there are structural proteins at the l

27、ocation that bind to thick filaments to keep them in register. Band Patterns of the Myofibril線Myofibril（electronic microscope）A band band lineI bandlinelineSarcomere(肌節(jié)) A segment of myofibril between two neighbor Z line. I band + A band + I band The basal contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle ce

28、lls.Location:Structure:Function:MyofibrilI bandA bandlineline bandSarcomere lineMyofibrillinelineThick FilamentThin Filamentline lineline H band I band(thin filament only)A band(thick filament only)thin & thick filamentsCross bridge Molecule Myosin（bean-bud shape）Head（ATPase）RodTroponin肌鈣（原）蛋白Actin肌

29、動(dòng)蛋白Tropomyosin原肌球蛋白Thin FilamentComposed mainly of the protein actin. Smaller amounts of tropomyosin and troponin are present. The pointcombined with myosina pair of spiral chains of molecule actinActin肌動(dòng)蛋白Single molecule actin Tropomyosin 原肌球蛋白a pair of spiral chains of multipeptideTroponin 肌鈣（原）蛋白

30、（three subunites）Troponin 肌鈣（原）蛋白Composed of three spherical subunites, namely, TnT、TnI、TnC.TnTTnITnCcombined with Ca2+regulate mutual link between actin and myosinhelp troponin adhere to tropomyosinTransverse Tubule(T-tubule,橫小管) The plasma membrane has tubular invaginations, called T-tubules, that

31、 run into the cytoplasm, branching and surrounding myofibrils. T-tubulesMyofibrilSarcoplasmT-tubulesA bandI bandThin & Thick FilamentsTerminal CisternaTransverse Tubule(T-tubule,橫小管) Their function is to carry the action potential(動(dòng)作電位) into the cell interior. They associate closely with the SER in

32、the cell.Transverse Tubule(T-tubule,橫小管) Their location is at the interface between I band and A band in skeletal muscle cell.Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (肌質(zhì)/漿網(wǎng))Longitudinal Tubule ( L- tubule,縱小管 ) It forms a network between and around the myofibrils. At level of A band - I band interface, there are ter

33、minal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that flank a T-tubule. Usually two terminal cisternae /per T tubule: therefore this complex is called a triad(三連體). Two triads/per sarcomere. It can reserve calcium ions.T-tubules&L-tubulesMyofibrilSarcoplasmT-tubulesA bandI bandThin & Thick FilamentsL-t

34、ubulesTerminal CisternaN沖動(dòng) 肌膜 橫小管 終池及縱小管，釋放鈣離子骨骼肌的收縮機(jī)制（滑動(dòng)學(xué)說(shuō)）鈣離子與肌鈣蛋白結(jié)合 細(xì)肌絲構(gòu)形改變，暴露出肌動(dòng)蛋白的結(jié)合位點(diǎn)骨骼肌的收縮機(jī)制（滑動(dòng)學(xué)說(shuō)）粗、細(xì)肌絲接觸 肌球蛋白分子頭ATP酶被激活，分解ATP釋放能量 粗肌絲拉著細(xì)肌絲向M線方向滑動(dòng)，肌節(jié)縮短。收縮結(jié)束后，鈣離子被泵回肌漿網(wǎng)，肌鈣蛋白等恢復(fù)原狀，肌纖維松弛。M線 肌球蛋白頭肌動(dòng)蛋白肌鈣蛋白TC原肌球蛋白松弛時(shí)Z線Z線收縮時(shí)：肌節(jié)Z線Z線Z線H帶 M線松弛時(shí)：肌絲滑動(dòng)，各帶變化模式圖肌絲滑動(dòng)模式圖* Nerve Cells（Neurons）： They are the ba

35、sal structural and functional unite. They can receive stimulations, integrate informations and transmit nervous impulses. Some neurons has the endocrine function.* Neuroglia Cells（Neuroglia）： They play an important role in the support , the nutrition, the protection and the insulation for neurons.Co

36、nstitution of Nervous TissueNeuronNeuritesSomaAxonDendritesShape of Neurons (section)H.E stain silver stainThe soma includes the nucleus and the perikaryon. Nucleuslarge, round, clear, and having distinct nucleolus PerikaryonContains rich organelles The special organelles areNeuron H.E high mag.Niss

37、ls bodiesNeurofibrilStructure of NeuronNissls bodies （尼氏體 ）Definition:The basalphilic substances in the cytoplasm of neuron.Component：Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, RER. &Free RibosomesFunction：synthesize protein.Neuron H.E high mag.Neurofibrils（神經(jīng)原纖維）Definition:They are the filaments, which can be de

38、monstrated with silver stain, in cytoplasm.Component：They consists of aggregate of microtubules and neurofilaments. Function：They support the neurons as a cell skeleton and are also involved in the transportation of substances.Neuron silver stain, high mag.Classification of Neurons1、According to the

39、 number of their processesMultipolar NeuronBipolar NeuronPseudounipolar Neuron2、 According to the size of soma and the length of axon:Golgi type:Large soma and long axon Golgi type:Small soma and short axonAxonClassification of Neurons3、 According to the functions: Sensory Neuron(or Afferent )Motor

40、Neuron(or Efferent )Interneuron Model of nerve reflex circleClassification of Neurons4、According to releasing the sorts of neurotransmitters or neuromodulators:Classification of Neurons Cholinergic Neurons（膽堿能神經(jīng)元） Aminergic Neurons（胺能神經(jīng)元） Peptidergic Neurons（肽能神經(jīng)元） In general, a neuron can only release a kind of n