2022年考研考博-考博英語-中國人民大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號18

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-中國人民大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Ithasbeenarguedthatwhereschoolsbecomebureaucratized,theybecomeboundupwiththetechniquesandimplementationofthemanagerialprocess,andmayconcentrateonconcernwithpositionandself-advancement.Insodoing,theymayneglectthepurposeforwhichtheyweresetup.

Thus,theydonotfacilitatethedevelopmentofthosewhoarepartoftheschoolcommunity,andtendtoneglectthedesiresofchildren,parentsandsocietyatlarge.

Itisbecauseofsuchcriticismsthattherehasbeenanincreasinginfluenceinpoliticalrhetoricandlegislationoffree-markettheoriesoforganizationandsociety.Suchtheoriessuggestthatamuchmoremarket-oriented,competitiveapproachisrequiredsothatschoolsreorientthemselvestowardstheir“clients”.Bysodoing,itisclaimed,notonlydotheyonceagainaddresstheneedsofthosewithwhomtheyshouldbeprimarilyconcerned,butsuchanapproachalsounleashesthebenefitsofindividualresponsibility,freedomofchoice,andreward.

Thoughmuchofthissoundsattractive,ithasitsrootsasmuchinaneconomicbodyofthoughtasinsocialandpoliticaltheory,andthismustraisethequestionofwhetheritcanbeviablytransferredtoaneducationalcontext.Indeed,ifby“educational”wemeanthedevelopmentofallwithintheschoolcommunity,thenfree-markettheorymaymissthemarkbyconcentratingononlyonesection,“theconsumers”.Ifteachersareseenaspartofthiscommunity,thentheirdevelopmentisjustasimportant.

Ifbureaucraticformsofmanagementfacetheproblemofexplaininghowtheirvaluescanbeobjectivewhentheyareinfacttheproductofaparticularvalueorientation,theformsofmanagementderivedfromfree-markettheories,suggestinganopennesstotheadoptionofdifferentsetsofvalues,aresubjecttothechargeofrelativism.Inotherwords,free-markettheories,grantedthattheyarearguingthatindividualsshouldbeallowedtopursuetheirownends,mustexplainwhyanysetofvalues,includingtheirown,ispreferabletoanother.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,criticismofschoolsarisesfrom（）.

2.The“schoolcommunity”(Line3,Para.4)theauthorreferstowouldprobablyinclude（）.

3.Thetransferoffreemarketideastotheschoolsmayfailbecause（）.

4.Accordingtothetext,criticismoffreemarketsolutionsineducationarisefromthefactthat（）.

5.The“chargeofrelativism”mentionedinthelastparagraphismeanttoshow（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.concernsthatschoolsdeliberatelyneglectstudents

B.thehighcostofeducationduetobureaucracy

C.aperceptionofthemasself-servingandbureaucratic

D.amisunderstandingofschoolsofficials

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.students

B.studentsandparents

C.students,parentsandteachers

D.teachersandstudents

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.schoolshavenorealclients

B.theyconcentrateonlyontheconsumeranddonotincludeteachers

C.schoolsaretotallydifferentfromthefreemarket

D.theyhavenosolidpurposeintheiraims

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theydonotexplainwhytheirsetofvaluesarebetterthanothers

B.theirvaluesaretoosubjective

C.theirvaluesaretoodifferentfromthosewithinaneducationalcontext

D.theeducationalcontextisnotafreemarket

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.thevaluesaretoonarrow-minded

B.thevaluesarenotspecificenough

C.thevaluesaretooself-serving

D.thevaluesarenotstronglyheld

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容可知，有人認(rèn)為，學(xué)校變得官僚化，忽視他們成立的目的。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。選項(xiàng)B中的教育成本高在文中沒有提及，所以不正確。

2.語義題。根據(jù)第四段的內(nèi)容可知，schoolcommunity包括consumers和teachers。再根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容可知，schoolcommunity還包括students和parents，也就是consumers，所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第四段倒數(shù)第二句“free-markettheorymaymissthemarkbyconcentratingononlyonesection,“theconsumers”.”自由市場理論可能只關(guān)注“消費(fèi)者”這一部分而沒有切中要害。而這個(gè)要害即下文提到的“teachers”,所以選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

4.細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句，盡管自由市場理論認(rèn)為個(gè)人應(yīng)該被允許追求自己的目標(biāo)，但它們必須解釋為什么任何一套價(jià)值觀，包括他們自己的價(jià)值觀，都比另一套更可取。也就是說，自由市場理論沒有解釋為什么自己的價(jià)值觀比別人的好。選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

5.語義題。原文最后一段最后一句即是對“chargeofrelativism”的解釋。由此可以看出，自由市場理論的價(jià)值觀太自私，所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

2.單選題

Britishfoodhasagoodreputation,butEnglishcookinghasabadone.Itisdifficulttoexplainthereasonforthis.Unfortunately,however,superbrawingredientsareoftenminedfromthekitchensothattheycometothetablewithoutanyofthenaturalflavorandgoodness.

ThisbadreputationdiscouragesalotofpeoplefromeatinginanEnglishrestaurant.Iftheydogotoone,theyareusuallyfullofprejudiceagainstthefood.Itisapity,becausethereareexcellentcooksinEngland,excellentrestaurants,andexcellenthome-cooking.How,then,hasthebadreputationbeenbuiltup?

PerhapsonereasonisthatBritain’sIndustrialRevolutionoccurredveryearly,inthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury.Asaresult;thequalityoffoodchangedtoo.ThiswasbecauseBritainstoppedbeingalargelyagriculturalcountry.Thepopulationofthetownsincreasedenormouslybetween1840and1870,andpeoplecouldnolongergrowtheirownfood,orbuyitfleshfromafarm.Hugequantitiesoffoodhadtobetakentothetowns,andalotofitlostitsfreshnessontheway.

Thislackoffreshnesswasdisguisedby“dressingup”thefood.Therichmiddleclassesate16ngelaboratemealswhichwerecookedforthembyFrenchchefs.Frenchbecame,andhasremained,theofficiallanguageofthediningroom.Out-of-seasondelicacieswereservedinspiteoftheirexpense,fortherewerealargenumberofextremelywealthypeoplewhowantedtoestablishthemselvessocially.The“l(fā)ook”ofthefoodwasmoreimportantthanitstaste.

Inthe1930s,thesupplyofservantbegantodecrease.Peoplestilltriedtoproducecomplicateddishes,however,buttheyeconomizedonthepreparationtime.TheSecondWorldWarmadethingsevenworsebymakingrawingredientsextremelyscarce.Asaresult,thereweremanywomenwhoneverhadtheopportunitytochooseapieceofmeatfromawell-stockedbutcher’sshop,butwerecontentandgratefultoacceptanythingthatwasofferedtothem.

FoodrationingcontinuedinBritainuntiltheearly1950s.Itwasonlyafterthishadstopped,andbutter,eggsandcreambecamemoreplentiful,anditwaspossibletotravelabroadagainandtasteotherwaysofpreparingfood,thattheEnglishdifferencetoeatingbecamereplacedbyanewenthusiasmforit.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,itisdifficulttoexplain（）.

2.ThenegativeeffectofBritain’sIndustrialRevolutiononEnglishcookingisthat（）.

3.AsaresultoftheIndustrialRevolution,（）.

4.TheSecondWorldWarworsenedtheproblembecause（）.

5.AnewenthusiasmforeatingemergedinBritain（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.whyexcellentingredientsarespoiledintheprocessofcooking

B.whypeopledonotlikeEnglishcooking

C.whyBritishfoodoftenhasanaturalflavor

D.whypeoplepreferhome-cookingtoreadymadefood

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thepopulationinthecountrysidedecreaseddramatically

B.peoplenolongergrewtheirownfoodontheirownfarms

C.thefreshnessoffoodwaslostonthewaytothecities

D.Britainwasnolongeranagriculturalcountry

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.moreattentionwasgiventothelookofthefood

B.FrenchbecametheofficiallanguageinEnglishrestaurants

C.alargenumberofextremelywealthypeopleateinFrenchrestaurants

D.out-of-seasondelicaciesbecameveryexpensive

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.therewasanincreasingdemandforservants

B.therewasalackofrawingredientsupply

C.manywomenrefusedtochoosemeatfrombutcher’sshops

D.FrenchchefsdominatedEnglishrestaurants

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.whenmanywomenfinallyhadtheopportunitytopurchasefleshmeatfromawell-stockedbutcher’sshop

B.whenbutter,eggsandcreambecameavailable

C.whenpeoplestartedtravelingtoothercities

D.aftertheearly1950s

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段的一二句“Britishfoodhasagoodreputation,butEnglishcookinghasabadone.Itisdifficulttoexplainthereasonforthis.”可知，很難解釋的是為什么人們不喜歡英國的烹飪。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

2.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“IndustrialRevolution”定位到第三段，根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容可知，英國工業(yè)革命對英國烹飪產(chǎn)生的一個(gè)負(fù)面影響是“Hugequantitiesoffoodhadtobetakentothetowns,andalotofitlostitsfreshnessontheway.”大量的食物被運(yùn)到城鎮(zhèn)，食物在運(yùn)輸?shù)倪^程中不再新鮮。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

3.根據(jù)第四段最后一句“The“l(fā)ook”ofthefoodwasmoreimportantthanitstaste.”工業(yè)革命使得人們更注重食物的外觀而不是口感。選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

4.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“TheSecondWorldWar”定位到倒數(shù)第二段第三句“TheSecondWorldWarmadethingsevenworsebymakingrawingredientsextremelyscarce.”二戰(zhàn)使得原材料極度匱乏，情況更加糟糕。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

5.根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容可知，在1950年以后，英國出現(xiàn)了一種新的飲食熱潮。選項(xiàng)D正確。

3.單選題

TheInternethasbeenaroundforanalmostequalamountoftimeasmostformsofmedia,butonlyrecently（）apopularwayofretrievinginformation.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.hasitbecome

B.ithasbecame

C.itbecomes

D.doesitbecome

【答案】A

【解析】語法知識。根據(jù)only可知這里應(yīng)該用倒裝，首先排除選項(xiàng)B和C；填空處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響，所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

4.翻譯題

但是，對于所有的正在進(jìn)行的激動人心的工作而言，科學(xué)遠(yuǎn)沒有達(dá)到一個(gè)能塑造完美的人或者甚至一個(gè)完美的番茄的美好新世界的境地。在基因治療普及之前，仍然需要做大量研究。如果許多疾病真的可以治療的話，那將花上數(shù)十年的時(shí)間。

就短期而言，基因篩選將是運(yùn)用新技術(shù)的最可行的辦法。醫(yī)生們能在治療各種DNA缺陷之前檢測到它們。在某些情況下，這些信息可以延緩疾病的發(fā)作或是減輕它的病癥。例如，一個(gè)有著遺傳性易患心臟病體質(zhì)的人可以進(jìn)行低脂肪的飲食。如果科學(xué)家由于制造一種重要蛋白質(zhì)的基因存在缺陷從而導(dǎo)致這種蛋白質(zhì)失去的話，也許科學(xué)家就可以給這位病人提供人工蛋白質(zhì)。然而，在其他的情況下，對于阻止由于基因突變而導(dǎo)致的不幸?guī)缀鯚o能為力。

【答案】Forallthefeveredworkbeingdone,however,scienceisstillfarawayfromtheBraveNewWorldvisionofengineeringaperfecthumanorevenaperfecttomato.Muchmoreresearchisneededbeforegenetherapybecomescommonplace,andmanydiseaseswilltakedecadestoconquer,iftheycanbeconqueredatall.

Intheshortrun,themostpracticalwaytousethenewtechnologywillbeingeneticscreening.DoctorswillbeabletodetectallsortsofflawsinDNAlongbeforetheycanbefixed.Insomecasestheknowledgemayleadtotreatmentsthatdelaytheonsetofthediseaseorsoftenitseffects.Someonewithageneticpredispositiontoheartdisease,forexample,couldfollowalow-fatdiet.Andifscientistsdeterminethatavitalproteinismissingbecausethegenethatwassupposedtomakeitisdefective,theymightbeabletogivethepatientanartificialversionoftheprotein.Butinotherinstances,almostnothingcanbedonetostoptheravagesbroughtonbygeneticmutations.

5.單選題

Twoofthechildrenhavetosleepinonebed,buttheotherthreehave（）ones.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.similar

B.singular

C.different

D.separate

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。句意：兩個(gè)孩子必須睡在一張床上，而另外三個(gè)孩子睡在不同的床上。根據(jù)語境可知，這里指分開的獨(dú)立的床，選項(xiàng)D符合語境。

6.單選題

TheculturesofChinaandJapanhavesharedmanyfeatures,buteachhasusedthemaccordingtoitsnational（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.personality

B.temperament

C.interest

D.destiny

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。句意：中日兩國文化有許多共同的特點(diǎn)，但兩國都根據(jù)各自的國情發(fā)揮了這些特點(diǎn)。Nationaltemperament指“國情”，為常用搭配。選項(xiàng)B正確。

7.寫作題

Writeanessayinnolessthan200wordswiththetitle“MyUnderstandingofGlobalization”.

【答案】MyUnderstandingofGlobalization8.單選題

Acompletelynewsituationisboundto（）whentheexaminationsystemisintroduced.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.rise

B.arise

C.raise

D.arouse

【答案】B

【解析】近義詞辨析。句意：當(dāng)考試制度被引入時(shí)，必然會出現(xiàn)一個(gè)全新的局面。arise沒有“上升”之意，多指“產(chǎn)生、發(fā)生和出現(xiàn)”，常用于抽象事物。所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

9.單選題

Theinstructionsonhowtousethenewmachine（）thatnobodyseemedtobeabletounderstand.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.wereverysimplistic

B.wasveryconfused

C.weresoconfusing

D.wassosimplistic

【答案】C

【解析】根據(jù)下文句意，沒人能理解，首先排除選項(xiàng)A和D；confused的主語是人；confusing的主語是物。本句的主語是instructions，所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

10.單選題

Howcanyou（）andwatchthecountrygotoruin?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.standby

B.standfor

C.standup

D.standupfor

【答案】A

【解析】動詞詞組辨析。standby袖手旁觀，站在旁邊；standfor代表，象征；standup站起來，堅(jiān)持；standupfor支持，擁護(hù)。句意：你怎么能袖手旁觀，看著這個(gè)國家走向毀滅呢?選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

11.單選題

Thesoldierwas（

）ofrunningawaywhentheenemyattacked.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.scolded

B.charged

C.accused

D.punished

【答案】C

【解析】固定搭配。scold和punish一般與介詞for搭配；charge一般指具有法律效應(yīng)的控告；accuse一般指指控，指責(zé)。beaccusedof為固定搭配，意為“被指控”。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

12.單選題

Televisionhasbecomequiteavigorousactivity.Sittingupisexhaustingsomostpeople（）downwhilewatchingtelevision.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.lay

B.lie

C.lying

D.lied

【答案】B

【解析】形近詞辨析。根據(jù)句意可知這里應(yīng)填入動詞且意為“躺”,首先排除選項(xiàng)A和C；句子時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

13.單選題

Duringhertwo-weekstayinBeijing,Elizabethnever（）achrome(chance)topracticeherChinese.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.passedby

B.passedon

C.passedout

D.passedup

【答案】D

【解析】passby經(jīng)過，走過；passon去世，傳遞；passout昏倒，失去知覺；passup拒絕，錯(cuò)過。passupachancetodosth.錯(cuò)過或放棄做某事的機(jī)會。句意：在北京逗留的兩周中，Elizabeth從未錯(cuò)過任何一個(gè)練習(xí)漢語的機(jī)會。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

14.單選題

Toensureitssustainedprogressineconomy,thegovernmenthas（）aseriesofpolicies.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.reserved

B.issued

C.delivered

D.expressed

【答案】B

【解析】動詞詞義辨析。句意：為確保經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)發(fā)展，政府出臺了一系列政策。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

15.單選題

Themosturgentthingistofindadumpforthosetoxicindustrialwastes.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.imminent

B.recyclable

C.smelly

D.poisonous

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。toxic指有毒的，所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

16.寫作題

Writealetterofinvitationofabout100wordstoyourclosefriendTom,askinghimtocomeandstayforaweek-endwithyourfamilyatyourriversidecottage:

(a)youhavenotseenhimforalongtime;

(b)thecountryairwilldohimgood;

(c)hecancatchatrainafterworkonFriday;

(d)youaskhimtoletyouknowthetimeofhisarrival;

(e)youwillmeethimatthestation.

【答案】DearTom,

IthasbeenalongtimesinceIlastseeyou!Howareyou,mydearfriend!

Recently,Iheardthatyouhavebeenthoughaterribletimeoflosingyourwife,allmyfamilyisverysadaboutthisgrievousnews.Weareallworryingaboutyou!

WerecentlyboughtariversidecottageatXXX,andbecauseitisspringnowandtheflowersarebloominghere,wesincerelyinviteyoutocomeheretohaveawonderfulweekend,wearesurethatthecountryairwillbegoodforyou.

YoucancatchatrainafterworkonFridayifyouwillcomehereandpleaseletmeknowtheexacttimeofyourarrival,Iwouldbeexpectingyouatthetrainstation.

Sincerely,yours17.單選題

Peopleinnately（

）forsuperiorityovertheirpeersalthoughitsometimestakestheformofanexaggeratedlustforpower.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.strive

B.ascertain

C.justify

D.adhere

【答案】A

【解析】固定搭配。strivefor意為“爭取,奮斗”；選項(xiàng)B為及物動詞；選項(xiàng)C和D通常與介詞to搭配。所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

18.單選題

The（

）emphasisonexaminationsisbyfartheworstformofcompetitioninschools.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.negligent

B.edible

C.fabulous

D.disproportionate

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。negligent疏忽的；edible可食用的；fabulous極好的；disproportionate不成比例的。句意：過分強(qiáng)調(diào)考試是學(xué)校里最糟糕的競爭形式。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

19.單選題

Banknotesarenotusually（）intogoldnowadays.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.inverted

B.revertible

C.convertible

D.diverting

【答案】C

【解析】形近詞辨析。句意：現(xiàn)在的紙幣通常不能兌換成黃金。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

20.單選題

Whentheairinacertainspaceissqueezedtooccupyasmallerspace,theairissaidtobe（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.commenced

B.compressed

C.compromised

D.compensated

【答案】B

【解析】commenced開始；compressed壓縮；compromised妥協(xié)；compensated補(bǔ)償。句意：當(dāng)某一空間的空氣被擠壓以占據(jù)更小的空間時(shí)，我們說空氣被壓縮了。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

21.單選題

Remembertoaskfora（）ofqualityforthesegoods;otherwisetheywillnotofferanymaintenance.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.warranty

B.promise

C.certificate

D.receipt

【答案】A

【解析】上下文語義。句意：記得要為這些貨物要求質(zhì)量保證；否則他們不會提供任何維修。選項(xiàng)A符合語境。

22.單選題

The（）emphasisonexamsisbyfarthewontformofcompetitioninschools.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.negligent

B.edible

C.fabulous

D.disproportionate

【答案】D

【解析】negligent疏忽的；edible可食用的；fabulous極好的；disproportionate不成比例的。句意：到目前為止，過分強(qiáng)調(diào)考試是學(xué)校競爭的慣常形式。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

23.單選題

Theencouragingfactoristhatthe（

）majorityofpeoplefindtheideaofchangeacceptable.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.numerous

B.vast

C.most

D.massive

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。thevastmajorityof指“絕大部分，絕大多數(shù)”。選項(xiàng)B正確。

24.單選題

TomandAlice（）havinganewcartoreplacetheiroldoneforyears.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.hasbeendreamingof

B.havebeendreamingof

C.hasdreamed

D.willhavedreamed

【答案】B

【解析】根據(jù)句意可知謂語應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)，首先排除選項(xiàng)A和C，再根據(jù)“foryears”可知，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

25.單選題

TomJones,who（）aroundtheworld,willcometoAsianextmonth.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.willbetouring

B.havetoured

C.hadbeentouring

D.hasbeentouring

【答案】D

【解析】根據(jù)句意可知，這里是已經(jīng)開始并持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動作，所以應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。選項(xiàng)D正確。

26.單選題

BritishPrimeMinisterTonyBlairpromisedtheelectoratethatgunswouldnotbefiredwithoutanattempttowinafurtherU.N.sanction.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.allies

B.delegates

C.voters

D.juries

【答案】C

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。electorate的前綴為elect-（選-），可以推測出electorate意為“選民”，所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

27.單選題

Tonyhasnottheleast（）ofgivinguphisresearchwork.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.intention

B.interest

C.wish

D.desire

【答案】A

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。句意：Tony絲毫沒有放棄其研究工作的打算。選項(xiàng)A符合語境。

28.單選題

Hetoldastoryabouthissisterwhowasinasad（）whenshewasillandhadnomoney.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.plight

B.polarization

C.plague

D.pigment

【答案】A

【解析】plight困境；polarization兩極分化；plague瘟疫，災(zāi)禍；pigment顏料，色素。inasadplight指處于困境。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

29.單選題

Thesecretarydidn’tknowwhohewas,orshe（）himmorepolitely.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.willbetreating

B.wouldhavetreated

C.wastreating

D.wouldhavebeentreated

【答案】B

【解析】句子是對過去發(fā)生的事進(jìn)行推測，所以應(yīng)該用虛擬語氣，首先排除選項(xiàng)A和C；根據(jù)句意可知，主語是she，是動作的執(zhí)行者，所以為主動語態(tài)，選項(xiàng)B正確。

30.單選題

Internationalsportshouldcreategoodwillbetweenthenations,butinthepresentorganizationoftheOlympicssomehowencourages（

）

patriotism.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.obsolete

B.aggressive

C.harmonious

D.amiable

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“but”可知前后表達(dá)的意思應(yīng)該相反，由此可推斷填空處應(yīng)該與“goodwill”意思相反，選項(xiàng)B更符合原文語境。

31.單選題

Ifeachofusdoesourpartlittlebylittle,wecan（）thelifespanofourplanetandourselves.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.enlarge

B.expand

C.increase

D.grow

【答案】C

【解析】考查近義詞辨析。enlarge擴(kuò)大，放大；expand擴(kuò)張，使膨脹；increase增加，延長；grow發(fā)展，生長。句意：如果我們每一個(gè)人都能夠一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地做好我們的本職工作，那么我們賴以生存的星球和我們自己本身的壽命會延長。本題想表達(dá)的是壽命的延長，increase有“延長”的意思，故答案C。

32.單選題

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.sentup

B.sentoff

C.sentout

D.sentin

【答案】D

【解析】動詞詞組辨析。sendup使上升；sendoff寄出，派遣；sendout發(fā)送；sendin遞送，呈報(bào)。根據(jù)句意可知，這里指“遞交辭呈”，所以選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

33.單選題

AdamSmith,writinginthe1770s,wasthefirstpersontoseetheimportanceofthedivisionoflaborandtoexplainpartofitsadvantages.HegivesasanexampletheprocessbywhichpinsweremadeinEngland.

“Onemandrawsoutthewire;anotherstrengthensit;athirdcutsit;afourthpointsit;afifthgrindsitatthetoptoprepareittoreceivethehead.Tomaketheheadrequirestwoorthreeoperations.Toputitonisaseparateoperation,topolishthepinsisanother.Andtheimportantbusinessofmakingpinsis,inthismanner,dividedintoabouteighteenoperations,whichinsomefactoriesareallperformedbydifferentpeople,thoughinothersthesamemanwillsometimesperformtwoorthreeofthem.”

Tenmen,Smithsaid,inthisway,turnedouttwelvepoundsofpinsadayorabout4,800pinsperworker.Butifallofthemhadworkedseparatelyandindependentlywithoutdivisionoflabor,noneofthemcouldhavemadetwentypinsinadayandperhapsnotevenone.

Therecanbenodoubtthatdivisionoflaborisanefficientwayoforganizingwork.Fewerpeoplecanmakemorepins.AdamSmithsawthisbuthealsotookitforgrantedthatdivisionoflaborisinitselfresponsibleforeconomicgrowthanddevelopmentandthatitaccountsforthedifferencebetweenexpandingeconomiesandthosethatstandstill.Butdivisionoflaboraddsnothingnew;itonlyenablespeopletoproducemoreofwhattheyalreadyhave.

1.Accordingtothepassage,AdamSmithwasthefirstpersonto（）.

2.AdamSmithsawthatthedivisionoflabor（）.

3.AdamSmithmentionedthenumber4,800inorderto（）.

4.Accordingtothewriter,AdamSmith’smistakewasinbelievingthatdivisionoflabor（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingcouldserveasanappropriatetitleforthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.takeadvantageofthedivisionoflabor

B.introducethedivisionoflaborintoEngland

C.understandtheeffectsofthedivisionoflabor

D.explainthecausesofthedivisionoflabor

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.enabledeachworkertomakepinsmorequicklyandmorecheaply

B.increasedthepossibleoutputperworker

C.increasedthenumberofpeopleemployedinfactories

D.improvedthequalityofpinsproduced

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.showtheadvantagesofthedivisionoflabor

B.showtheadvantagesoftheoldcraftsystem

C.emphasizehowpowerfultheindividualworkerwas

D.emphasizetheimportanceofincreasedproduction

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.wasanefficientwayoforganizingwork

B.wasanimportantdevelopmentinmethodsofproduction

C.certainlyledtoeconomicdevelopment

D.increasedtheproductionofexistinggoods

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.AdamSmith,theEnglishEconomist

B.TheTheoryofDivisionofLabor

C.DivisionofLabor,anEfficientWayofOrganizingWork

D.AdamSmith,theLastDiscovererofDivisionofLabor

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第一段第一句可知，AdamSmith是第一個(gè)認(rèn)識到勞動分工的重要性并解釋其部分優(yōu)勢的人。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

2.細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句“Fewerpeoplecanmakemorepins.”可知，勞動分工增加了每個(gè)工人盡可能多的產(chǎn)量，所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，如果沒有進(jìn)行分工，沒有工人能在一天內(nèi)完成二十枚別針，甚至連一枚都做不成，而通過分工合作，相當(dāng)于每個(gè)工人生產(chǎn)4800枚別針，作者是想通過這一數(shù)字來說明分工的優(yōu)勢。選項(xiàng)A正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。最后一段第三句“AdamSmithsawthisbuthealsotookitforgrantedthatdivisionoflaborisinitselfresponsibleforeconomicgrowthanddevelopment...”但他也理所當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為，勞動分工本質(zhì)上對經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和發(fā)展負(fù)責(zé)。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

5.主旨題。結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要講的是勞動分工，重點(diǎn)不是在于AdamSmith也不是講述理論，所以選項(xiàng)C最能概括全文。

34.單選題

Foranyonewhohasexperiencedanearthquake,theexperiencecanbefrighteningandtraumatic.Inadditiontothemovementoftheground,peopleneedtobeconcernedwithcollapsingbuildingsandfallingdebris,suchasflyingglass.Themajorityoftheinjuriesanddeathsthatoccurfromtheearthquakesareduetofallingobjectsandstructures.Theeffectofanearthquakecanalsocausedangerouslandslides,fires,gaslineexplosionsandflood-watersfromcollapsingdam.ThegoalofseismologistsistounderstandtheearthquakeandotherseismicactivityonEarth.Thisinformation,whensharedwithpeopleinearthquake-proneareas,canhelpdecreasethenumberofdeathsandinjuriesthatmayoccur.

Oneofthemostdestructiveeffectsofearthquakeistsunami.Tsunami,giantoceanwaves,fromafteranearthquakehasoccurredontheoceanfloor.Ifthetsunamicrashesintoland,itmaycausedestruction.Thedifficultywithprotectingpeoplefromtsunamiisthattheymaycomewithoutwarningandatanextremelyhighspeed.Onceunderseaearthquakesoccur,theoceanfloorrisesandsinks.Thisiswhentsunamimaybegintoform.Alongwiththisshiftingoftheoceanfloor,thereisalsoalargemassofseawaterthatmaydroporrise.Toadjustthesuddenchangeinsealevel,themassofwatermovesupwardanddownward.Asitismoving,aseriesofreactionscomelong.Lowwavesbegintomovefromthepointoftheepicenteroutward.Thesewaveswillincreaseinheightastheycomeclosertotheshore.Underwaterlandslidescausedbyearthquakesmayalsoformtsunamis.

Onland,thefocusofanearthquake’sdestructionisusuallybuildingsandproperty.Mostofthebuildingstodayarebuiltusingstrictbuildingcodes.Thesecodesrequirethatthebuildingcanwithstandtheswayingmotionofthegroundduringanearthquake.However,therebuildings,likeskyscrapers,mayswaysoviolentlythattheymaytipoverandcausedamagetolowerstructuresnearby.Onefactorthataffectstheintensityofanearthquakeisthelocalgeology.Thetypeoflandthatbeneaththebuildingscandeterminethewaythebuildingsrespondtoanearthquake.Buildingsareconstructedonloosesoilandrock.Likelysoilandrockvibrateasiftheywerejelly.Whenbuildingsareconstructedonthistypeofland,theytendtohaveanexaggeratedmotionandtoswayviolently.

1.Thisarticleisconcernedwith（）.

2.Theword“seismologists”(Line5,Paragraph1)refersto（）.

3.Theterm“earthquake-pronearea”(Line6,Paragraph1)probablymeans（）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,tsunamisarecausedby（）.

5.Fromthelastparagraphofthearticle,wecaninferthattheintensityofanearthquakeiscloselyrelatedto（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.earthquakesonly

B.tsunamisonly

C.bothearthquakesandtsunamis

D.variousnaturaldisasters

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.expertswhoareinterestedinbuildings

B.peoplewhoactasrescueswhenearthquakesoccur

C.peoplewhohaveabilitytopredicttsunamis

D.expertswhostudyearthquakesandrelatedphenomena

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.aplacewhereearthquakesaremorelikelytohappen

B.aregionthattsunamisaremorelikelytooccur

C.anareathatismoresuitablefortheconstructionofskyscrapers

D.azoneinwhichearthquakesareverylikelytohappen

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.extremeclimaticchangeduetoglobalwarming

B.destructionofthebalanceoftheecology

C.earthquakes

D.risingsealeveloftheoceanaswellascarbondioxideemission

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.structuresofthebuilding

B.solidityofthebuilding

C.theheightofthebuilding

D.thelocalgeology

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨思想題。結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要講的是地震及其影響，并著重介紹了其最具破壞性的影響之一——海嘯。所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

2.信息推斷題。根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第二句“ThegoalofseismologistsistounderstandtheearthquakeandotherseismicactivityonEarth.”可知，seismologists的目標(biāo)是了解地球上的地震及其引發(fā)的其他活動。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

3.信息推斷題。結(jié)合上下文“...canhelpdecreasethenumberofdeathsandinjuriesthatmayoccur.”分享這些信息能夠幫助減少可能發(fā)生的死亡和受傷人數(shù)。由此可以推斷，“earthquake-pronearea”指容易發(fā)生地震的地方，選項(xiàng)A正確。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段的一二句可知，地震最具破壞性的影響之一是海嘯。海嘯是巨大的海浪，發(fā)生在海底地震后。由此可知，海嘯是由地震導(dǎo)致的，選項(xiàng)C正確。

5.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)最后一段第五句“Onefactorthataffectstheintensityofanearthquakeisthelocalgeology.”影響地震強(qiáng)度的一個(gè)因素是當(dāng)?shù)氐牡刭|(zhì)條件。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

35.單選題

What（）aboutthatarticleinthenewspaperwasthatitswritershowedallattitudecoolenough,professionalenoughand,therefore,cruelenoughwhenfacingthattragedy.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.workedmeout

B.knockedmeout

C.broughtmeup

D.putmeforward

【答案】B

【解析】workout算出，解決；knocksb.out把某人打昏，使疲勞；bringsb.up把某人撫養(yǎng)大；putforward提出。句意：報(bào)紙上那篇文章讓我大吃一驚的是，它的作者在面對那場悲劇時(shí)，表現(xiàn)出了足夠冷靜、足夠?qū)I(yè)的態(tài)度，因此也足夠殘忍。選項(xiàng)B符合語境。

36.翻譯題

Itgoeswithoutsaying,then,thatlanguageisalsoapoliticalinstrument,means,andproofofpower.Itisthemostvividandcrucialkeytoidentity:itrevealstheprivateidentity,andconnectsonewith,ordivorcesonefrom,thelargerpublic,orcommunalidentity.Therehavebeen,andare,times,andplaces,whentospeakacertainlanguagecouldbedangerous,evenfatal.Or,onemayspeakthesamelanguage,butinsuchawaythatone’santecedentsarerevealed,or(onehopes)hidden.ThisistrueinFrance,andisabsolutelytrueinEngland:Therange(andreign)ofaccentsonthatdamplittleislandmakeEnglandcoherentfortheEnglishandtotallyincomprehensibleforeveryoneelse.ToopenyourmouthinEnglandis(ifImayuseblackEnglish)to“putyourbusinessinthestreet”:Youhaveconfessedyourparents,youryouth,yourschool,yoursalary,yourself-esteem,and,alas,yourfuture.

【答案】不言而喻，語言也是一種政治工具、手段和力量的象征。對于身份而言語言是極其形象并且至關(guān)重要的，因?yàn)樗梢酝嘎秱€(gè)人的身份，也可以將個(gè)人與公眾或公共的身份聯(lián)系起來或與其分離開。在某些時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)講某種語言可能是危險(xiǎn)的，甚至是致命的。這種情況過去發(fā)生過，現(xiàn)在也存在?；蛘吣橙丝赡苤v一種語言，但是這樣就會泄露自己的身份，也可能像他所希望的那樣而隱瞞。這種情況在法國如此，在英國尤其如此：在這片濕氣襲人的小島上，英式口音的影響及統(tǒng)治范圍使英國僅與帶有英國口音的英國人和諧共存，卻不適合其他人在此生活。在英國開口說英語（如果我可以使用黑人英語）相當(dāng)于把你的全部都公之于眾，包括你的父母、青年時(shí)期、所受的教育、薪水、自尊，天啊，甚至你的未來都被一覽無余。

37.翻譯題

Physicistsallovertheworld,backin1895,wereprettymuchagreeingthatthegreatworkofphysicshadallbeendone.Someofthemmournedpubliclythat