PREP破解版語法注釋分析2007816

PAGEPAGE229PREP 語法筆記編著：鬧鬧、綠洲、yingying、findjuhlVer：1.00前言在GMAT考試于2006年更換出題方之后，GMAT考試尤其是其中的語法部分，出題思路和以往GWD中語法題存在著較大的不同，考察語法點(diǎn)的方式更加靈活多變，以往GWD語法部分前人總結(jié)的各種規(guī)律與新的GMAT語法考試中出現(xiàn)了很多違背或者背離的情況，比如說，對SC題的邏輯判斷考察更加突出。以上種種在我2006年12月總結(jié)GMAT官方模考軟件PREP中的語法題目的時候就發(fā)現(xiàn)變化的明顯。以往單純依靠相對考察方式比較簡單的OG11和已經(jīng)和真實(shí)考題有些出入的GWD語法，已經(jīng)不足以反映當(dāng)前GMAT考試的語法部分難度了。由此，為了方便國內(nèi)廣大考生復(fù)習(xí)備考GMAT考試，我一直希望能將PREPSC的語法部分全部加以總結(jié)，能夠?qū)MAT語法考試的完整思路呈現(xiàn)出來。但由于本人時間、能力都十分有限，這個想法一直未能實(shí)現(xiàn)。近期，在CD版上大大的牛人，鬧鬧（GMAT困境版版主）、綠洲（語法版版主）、Lala（JJ版版主）的全力支持和協(xié)助下，借著CD前人CRACK的320道PREPSC題為基礎(chǔ)，我們幾人分工對目前這320道題進(jìn)行了認(rèn)真而翔實(shí)的整理，盡量分析新的出題思路和語法考點(diǎn)的變化，并將其結(jié)集成為了目前的這個小冊子。整個小冊子以全部320道題目的講解為核心，包括原題、考點(diǎn)、選項分析、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、補(bǔ)充語法知識說明等幾個部分，全部題目的審稿和校驗(yàn)由鬧鬧完成。GMAT語法是目前世界上最難的語法知識，我們學(xué)識有限，必然有考慮不周，能力所不及的地方，題目的解釋歡迎各位同學(xué)在CD網(wǎng)站語法版進(jìn)行探討，我們會在今后陸續(xù)更新新的內(nèi)容。同時各種意見、建議也請歡迎來信指正。來信請郵寄至：prepsc@備注：本語法筆記版權(quán)內(nèi)容歸著作者和CD論壇共有，嚴(yán)禁任何未經(jīng)允許的商業(yè)使用。Findjuhl（談毅）2007年7月27日于洛杉磯PracticeTest#1SentenceCorrection1. (24465-!-item-!-188;#058&000982)Tomeettherapidlyrisingmarketdemandforfishandseafood,suppliersaregrowingfishtwiceasfastastheirnaturalgrowthrate,cuttingtheirfeedallotmentbynearlyhalfandraisingthemonspecialdiets.(A)theirnaturalgrowthrate,cuttingtheirfeedallotment(B)theirnaturalgrowthrate,theirfeedallotmentcut(C)growingthemnaturally,cuttingtheirfeedallotment(D)theygrownaturally,cuttingtheirfeedallotment(E)theygrownaturally,withtheirfeedallotmentcut考點(diǎn): 平行對稱（Parallelism） 邏輯表達(dá)（LogicalPredication）1)比較對象必須要概念對等3) 用and連接的對象必須是平行對象(A)asfastas的前后是一個動作(aregrowing)和一個名詞(growthrate)進(jìn)行比較,比較概念不對等(B)比較概念不對等.后一個分句的allotmentcutandraising不對等.(C) 邏輯意思不正確,原句的意思是供應(yīng)商養(yǎng)殖魚類的生長速度和魚類自然生產(chǎn)速度作比較,該選項中g(shù)rowingthem和growingfish構(gòu)成平行,將原句的意思更改為供應(yīng)商養(yǎng)殖魚類的生長速度和供應(yīng)商自然養(yǎng)殖魚類的速度做比較,(D) 正確,正確的表現(xiàn)了原句的邏輯意思,既供應(yīng)商養(yǎng)殖魚類的生長速度和魚類自然生產(chǎn)速度作比較(E) 后一個分句中andraisingthem沒有平行的對象.句子結(jié)構(gòu):Tomeet…,suppliersaregrowingfishtwiceasfastas…補(bǔ)充說明:1、代詞的指代問題: 在OG中經(jīng)常會認(rèn)為一個句子中如果出現(xiàn)兩個以上上的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,則復(fù)數(shù)代詞會出現(xiàn)指代不清的錯誤,然而在實(shí)戰(zhàn)中是不能僅僅憑這一個準(zhǔn)則來判斷句子的正誤.在指代原則中有一條就近指代原則:當(dāng)一個句子中出現(xiàn)兩個以上的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時,復(fù)數(shù)代詞優(yōu)先指代離它近的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,這條原則用樣適用于單數(shù)名詞.2、伴隨狀語的幾種表達(dá)方式一、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做伴隨狀語：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是由一個名詞或代詞（作為該短語結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語），加上一個分詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式或介詞短語（作為該短語結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯謂語）構(gòu)成. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)放在句首或句尾,起狀語作用,表伴隨原因﹑條件﹑狀態(tài)等1)一般獨(dú)立主格,與主句形成松散的邏輯關(guān)系,形式為:n．+n.;n.+-ed/ing形式;n.+ 介詞短語;n.+形容詞短語2)with型獨(dú)立主格,與主句形成緊密的邏輯聯(lián)系,形式為:由“with ＋賓語＋賓補(bǔ)”構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中可作狀語，表示伴隨。這一結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語補(bǔ)足語可由現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、形容詞、副詞或介詞短語等來充當(dāng)Visitorstotheparkhaveoftenlookedintotheleafycanopyandseenmonkeyssleepingonthebranches,witharmsandlegshanginglikesocksonaclothesline.3)each型獨(dú)立主格,強(qiáng)調(diào)句尾名詞,形式為:句子+ 復(fù)數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾,each+ 介詞短語/形容詞短語/-ed形式/-ing形式。二、分詞短語做伴隨狀語：現(xiàn)在分詞短語和過去分詞短語都可以做伴隨狀語，現(xiàn)在分詞短語表示與主句的主語在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系，即表主動意義；而過去分詞短語則表示與主句的主語在邏輯上是動賓關(guān)系，即被動意義。例如：1．“Can'tyouread？”Marysaidangrilypointingtothenotice．瑪麗生氣地指著通知說：“難道你不識字嗎？”2．Hesentmeane-mailhopingtogetfurtherinformation．他給我發(fā)了一封電子郵件，希望得到更多信息。3．Hehurriedtothehall，followedbytwoguards．他匆忙進(jìn)了大廳，后面跟著兩個警衛(wèi)。三、形容詞短語做伴隨狀語：形容詞短語做伴隨狀語時，通常表狀態(tài)。例如：1．Fullofapologies，themanagerapproachedus．經(jīng)理向我們走來，嘴里不停地說著抱歉的話。2．Hewastooexcited，unabletosayaword．他太激動了，一句話也說不出來。3．Hestaredatthefootprint，fulloffear．他盯著腳印，滿心恐懼。四、單個形容詞做伴隨狀語：單個形容詞做伴隨狀語也表示狀態(tài)，不表動作。例如：1．Hesatthere，silent．他一聲不響地坐在那兒。2．Breathless，sherushedinthroughthebackdoor．穿過后門，他氣喘吁吁地沖了進(jìn)來。3．Hewenttobed，coldandhungry．他又冷又餓地上床睡覺了。2. (24511-!-item-!-188;#058&001020)Organizedin1966bytheFishandWildlifeService,theBreedingBirdSurveyusesannualroadsidecountsalongestablishedroutesformonitoringofpopulationchangesofasmanyas,orofmorethan250birdspecies,including180songbirds.(A)formonitoringofpopulationchangesofasmanyas,orof(B)tomonitorpopulationchangesofasmany,or(C)tomonitorchangesinthepopulationsof(D)thatmonitorspopulationchangesof(E)thatmonitorschangesinpopulationsofasmanyas,or考點(diǎn): 有效用詞（Diction） 比較（Comparison）1) 用todo結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)目的更加有效,實(shí)戰(zhàn)中用fordoing表達(dá)目的的選項一般都做為迷惑選項，和todo進(jìn)行對比2)GMAT考試中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)將相等比較as...as和more...than...形式比較合并在一起寫的錯誤或者故意復(fù)雜化的表示方法;正確表達(dá)應(yīng)該是:atleastasgreatas或者asgreatasorgreaterthan，或者直接用greaterthan。(A) 用fordoing表示目的不如不定式todo有效.ofasmanyas,orofmorethan結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜笨拙,改為ofasmanyasormorethan更好.(B) 調(diào)換changes和population中心詞的位置使得ofmorethan250birdspecies錯誤的修飾了changes而不是population;asmany結(jié)構(gòu)不完整,應(yīng)改為ofasmanyasormorethan(C) 正確,用todo 結(jié)構(gòu)有效的表達(dá)目的,使用有效的比較結(jié)構(gòu)并且morethan正確的修飾了population(D) 用that限定從句修飾routes失去了目的的意味,且monitors錯誤的使用了單數(shù)形式,因?yàn)閠hat指代的是routes;changes和population位置互換,犯了B同樣的錯誤(E) 用that限定從句修飾routes失去了目的的意味,且monitors錯誤的使用了單數(shù)形式,因?yàn)閠hat指代的是routes;句子結(jié)構(gòu):Organizedin…,theBreedingBirdSurveyuses…tomonitor…3. (24557-!-item-!-188;#058&001027)Lessthan35yearsafterthereleaseofAfricanhoneybeesoutsideSaoPaulo,descendants,popularlyknownaskillerbees,hadmigratedasfarnorthassouthernTexas.(A)Lessthan35yearsafterthereleaseofAfricanhoneybeesoutsideSaoPaulo,(B)Inlessthan35yearssincereleasingAfricanhoneybeesoutsideSaoPaulo,(C)Inlessthanthe35yearssinceAfricanhoneybeeshadbeenreleasedoutsideSaoPaulo,Brazil,(D)Ittooklessthan35yearsfromthereleaseofAfricanhoneybeesoutsideSaoPaulo,when(E)Ittooklessthanthe35yearsafterthetimethatAfricanhoneybeeswerereleasedoutsideSaoPaulo,考點(diǎn): 邏輯表達(dá)（LogicalPredication）、動詞形式（VerbForm）、指代一致（Agreement）1) 分詞短語在句首起狀語作用,邏輯主語等于句子主語2)it不能指代介詞短語,it可以指代主語從句和不定式結(jié)構(gòu):Itisdifficulttodothisresearch.Itisimportantthatwefinishontime. 在這兩個例子中it分別指代todothisresearch和that從句3) 現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears…(A) 正確,after+n.結(jié)構(gòu)避免了邏輯主語問題;lessthan35yearsafter…符合習(xí)慣用法(B)sincereleasing放在句首,邏輯主語等于句子的主語theirdescendants, 不符合邏輯;since是現(xiàn)在完成時的標(biāo)志和hadmigrated矛盾;since的使用不符合習(xí)慣用法(C)since是現(xiàn)在完成時的標(biāo)志和hadmigrated矛盾;since的使用不符合習(xí)慣用法(D)it不能指代介詞短語fromtherelease…(E)it不能指代介詞短語fromtherelease…句子結(jié)構(gòu):Lessthan35yearsafter…theirdescendants,…,hadmigrated…補(bǔ)充說明：since的四種用法:(1)since+過去一個時間點(diǎn)(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980,lastmonth,halfpastsix)。Ihavebeenheresince1989.(2)since+一段時間+agoIhavebeenheresincefivemonthsago.(3)since+從句Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceyouleft.Considerabletimehaselapsedsincewehavebeenhere.(4)Itis+一段時間+since從句ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.4. (24603-!-item-!-188;#058&001035)NikolaTesla,theinventorofalternatingcurrent,becausehewasexcitedwiththeprospectsofharnessingNiagaraFallsforproducingelectricpower,hepredictedinthemid-1890'sthatelectricitygeneratedatNiagarawouldonedaypowerthestreetcarsofLondonandthestreetlightsofParis.(A)NikolaTesla,theinventorofalternatingcurrent,becausehewasexcitedwiththeprospectsofharnessingNiagaraFallsforproducingelectricpower,he(B)TheprospectsofharnessingNiagaraFallstoproduceelectricpowerwasexcitingtoNikolaTesla,theinventorofalternatingcurrent,andsohe(C)ExcitedabouttheprospectsofharnessingNiagaraFallstoproduceelectricpower,NikolaTesla,theinventorofalternatingcurrent,(D)NikolaTesla,theinventorofalternatingcurrent,excitedabouttheprospectsofharnessingNiagaraFallsfortheproductionofelectricpowerand(E)Theinventorofalternatingcurrent,excitedwiththeprospectsofharnessingNiagaraFallsforproducingofelectricpower,NikolaTesla考點(diǎn): 句子結(jié)構(gòu)（GrammaticalConstruction）1)用todo結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)目的更加有效,.2)合理的布置修飾短成分的位置:當(dāng)一個句子有較多修飾成分修飾主語時,應(yīng)該將修飾成分合理的分布在主語前后,常用的方法是:分詞結(jié)構(gòu),主語,修飾成分1,修飾成分2,謂語……(A)NikolaTesla應(yīng)為句子主語，位置錯誤;fordoing結(jié)構(gòu)表示目的不及todo更有效.(B) 將theprospects作為主語改變了句子的重心,(C) 正確, 過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)excitedabout置于句首作狀語修飾主句，謂語為predicted.(D)fordoing結(jié)構(gòu)表示目的不及todo有效;excitedabout…是形容詞結(jié)構(gòu)，如果要與predicted并列作謂語，需要加系動詞be，否則結(jié)構(gòu)不完整。(E)fordoing結(jié)構(gòu)表示目的不及todo有效；excitedabout…形容詞結(jié)構(gòu)作定語修飾主語theinventer…，而NikolaTesla與theinventorof…都是主語，重復(fù)。句子結(jié)構(gòu):Excitedabout…,NikolaTesla, 同位語,predicted…5. (24795-!-item-!-188;#058&001473)Theairlinecompany,followingthroughonrecentwarningsthatitmightstartreducingservice,announcedthatitwaseliminatingjetservicetoninecities,closingsomeunneededoperations,anditgroundedtwenty-twoplanes.(A)closingsomeunneededoperations,anditgrounded(B)closingsomeunneededoperations,andgrounding(C)wasclosingsomeunneededoperations,whileitgrounded(D)itclosedsomeunneededoperationsandgrounded(E)itwasclosingsomeunneededoperations,andgrounding考點(diǎn): 句子結(jié)構(gòu)（GrammaticalConstruction）平行對稱（Parallelism）1) 省略: 兩個句子并列,第一個句子含有be動詞或者become,第二個句子中的be動詞或者become必須省略,同時,一些重復(fù)的名詞或形容詞也必須省略2) 兩個句子的連接必須用連詞或者用分號,用逗號來連接兩個句子只能是分句，不是主句(A)…waseliminating,(was)closing…,anditgrounded結(jié)構(gòu)不平行(B) 正確,waseliminating,(was)closing…and(was)grounding結(jié)構(gòu)平行(C)was多余,whileit結(jié)構(gòu)破壞了平行(D) 逗號連接announcedthatitwas…和itclosed…兩個句子,錯誤(E) 并列句子之間缺少連詞。句子結(jié)構(gòu):Theairlinecompany,following…,announcedthatitwaseliminating…,closing…,andgrounding…6. (24841-!-item-!-188;#058&001528)Thelistofanimalsthatexhibitsapreferenceofeitherusingtherightorthelefthand(i.e.,claw,paw,orfoot)hasbeenexpandedtoincludethelowervertebrates.(A)exhibitsapreferenceofeitherusingtherightorthelefthand(i.e.,claw,paw,orfoot)hasbeenexpandedtoinclude(B)exhibitsthepreferencetouseeithertherightorthelefthand(i.e.,claw,paw,orfoot)hasbeenexpandedandincludes(C)exhibitapreferenceineitherusingtherightorthelefthand(i.e.,claw,paw,orfoot)hasbeenexpandedtoinclude(D)exhibitapreferenceforusingeithertherightorthelefthand(i.e.,claw,paw,orfoot)hasbeenexpandedtoinclude(E)exhibitthepreferenceastoeitherusingtherightorthelefthand(i.e.,claw,paw,orfoot)hasbeenexpandedandincludes考點(diǎn):主謂一致辭（Agreement） 平行對稱（Parallelism）1) 主謂一致:本句要注意兩處主謂一致,一是Thelist…h(huán)asbeen,二是animalsthatexhibit2)either…or…結(jié)構(gòu)要平行(A)that指代animals,因此that從句的謂語應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù);either…or…結(jié)構(gòu)中usingtheright和lefthand不平行(B)exhibits使用錯誤導(dǎo)致主謂不一致;andincludes和hasbeen平行,共同作為Thelist的謂語.則該句子可化為Thelist…h(huán)asbeenexpandedthelowervertebrates和Thelist…includesthelowervertebrates兩個句子,前者明顯不通.(C)eitherusingtherightorthelefthand結(jié)構(gòu)不平行(D) 正確, 注意到了兩個地方的主謂一致;theright和theleft平行且使用toinclude避免了B選項的錯誤(E)as表示作為…的意思,后面應(yīng)該接簡單名詞;either…or結(jié)構(gòu)不平行;hasbeenexpandedandincludes改變了原句的意思句子結(jié)構(gòu):Thelistofanimalsthat…h(huán)asbeenexpandedto…補(bǔ)充說明:正確選項D中的forusing并不是表示目的的意思,而是preference的固定搭配. 做題時不能看到fordoing就認(rèn)為錯誤7. (24887-!-item-!-188;#058&001530)Obtaininganinvestment-graderatingwillkeepthecounty'sfutureborrowingcostslow,protectitsalready-tatteredimage,andincreaseitsabilitytobuybondinsurance.(A)Obtaininganinvestment-graderatingwillkeepthecounty'sfutureborrowingcostslow,protect(B)Toobtainaninvestment-graderatingwillkeepthecounty'sfutureborrowingcostslow,andprotect(C)Havingobtainedaninvestment-graderatingwill,inkeepingthecounty'sfutureborrowingcostslow,protect(D)Toobtainaninvestment-graderatingwouldkeepthecounty'sfutureborrowingcostslow,protecting(E)Obtaininganinvestment-graderating,keepingthecounty'sborrowingcostslow,wouldbeprotecting考點(diǎn): 平行對稱（Parallelism）1) 平行結(jié)構(gòu)的最后一個成分之前必須有一個連詞and,or,neither,nor或aswellas。如:todoA,doB,doC的表達(dá)就是錯誤的(A) 正確,動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)(Obtaining…)作為主語并且使用了正確的并列結(jié)構(gòu)表示方法(B) 違反了并列結(jié)構(gòu)的表示方法,andprotect中的and多余(C)having多余，Havingobtained不能作為名詞結(jié)構(gòu),因此不能用該結(jié)構(gòu)作主語;第二個分句inkeeping…變成了附屬結(jié)構(gòu),改變了原句的意思(D) 違反了平行結(jié)構(gòu)的表達(dá)方式,protecting應(yīng)為protect(E) 結(jié)構(gòu)混亂，語法上obtaining…與keeping…作并列主語，中間缺少連詞。;wouldbeprotecting和andincrease不平行句子結(jié)構(gòu):Obtaining…willkeep…,protect…,andincrease8. (24933-!-item-!-188;#058&001582)TheAchaemenidempireofPersiareachedtheIndustheAramaicscriptwithit,fromwhichwasderivedbothnorthernandsouthernIndianalphabets.(A)theAramaicscriptwithit,fromwhichwasderivedbothnorthernand(B)theAramaicscriptwithit,andfromwhichderivingboththenorthernandthe(C)withittheAramaicscript,fromwhichderiveboththenorthernandthe(D)withittheAramaicscript,fromwhichderivesbothnorthernand(E)withittheAramaicscript,andderivingfromitboththenorthernand考點(diǎn):主謂一致（Agreement） 簡潔有效（RhetoricalConstruction）1)bringAwithB 和bringwithBA表達(dá)的意思相同2)在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中,謂語動詞的數(shù)的形式由謂語動詞后的主語的形式?jīng)Q定。如:outofsth.growsamarketfor...(由amarket決定謂語動詞grows).(A)fromwhich 的which指代it即TheAchaemenidempire ，而從邏輯意思上,which應(yīng)該指代script.根據(jù)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的要求,was應(yīng)該用were(B)and錯誤的將bringing和deriving并列起來,使得deriving后面的結(jié)構(gòu)也成為了主句的伴隨狀語,而邏輯上boththenorthernandthesouthernIndianalphabets是從scriptderive來的.因此導(dǎo)致邏輯意思錯誤.(C) 正確，后半部分是倒裝，應(yīng)該是boththenorthernandthesouthernIndiaalphabetsderivefromtheAramaicscript(D)derives應(yīng)該改為用復(fù)數(shù)形式(E) 犯了同B選項相同的邏輯錯誤句子結(jié)構(gòu):TheAchaemenidempireofPersiareached…,bringingwithitthe…9. (24979-!-item-!-188;#058&001658)BasedonrecordsfromancientAthens,eachyearyoungAthenianwomencollaboratedtoweaveanewwoolenrobethattheyusedtodressastatueofthegoddessAthenaandthatthisrobedepictedscenesofabattlebetweenZeus,Athena'sfather,andgiants.(A)BasedonrecordsfromancientAthens,eachyearyoungAthenianwomencollaboratedtoweaveanewwoolenrobethattheyusedtodress(B)BasedonrecordsfromancientAthens,eachyearyoungAthenianwomenhadcollaboratedtoweaveanewwoolenrobewithwhichtodress(C)AccordingtorecordsfromancientAthens,eachyearyoungAthenianwomencollaboratedtoweaveanewwoolenrobethattheyusedtodress(D)RecordsfromancientAthensindicatethateachyearyoungAthenianwomencollaboratedtoweaveanewwoolenrobewithwhichtheydressed(E)RecordsfromancientAthensindicateeachyearyoungAthenianwomenhadcollaboratedtoweaveanewwoolenrobefordressing考點(diǎn): 邏輯表達(dá)（LogicalPredication） 句子結(jié)構(gòu)（GrammaticalConstruction）、平行對稱（Parallelism）1) 分詞短語在句首起狀語作用,邏輯主語等于句子主語2)indicatethat…andthat構(gòu)成并列的賓語從句3) 在正式書面語中，賓語從句中的that通常不能省略(A)youngAthenianwomen作為Basedon…的邏輯主語,不符合邏輯; 未劃線部分的andthat從語法上跟thattheyused…平行,共同修飾anewwoolenrobe, 不符合邏輯.(B) 邏輯主語錯誤;未劃線部分的andthat沒有并行的對象; 關(guān)系代詞which后應(yīng)該接句子,(C)youngAthenianwomen作為Accordingto…的邏輯主語,不符合邏輯;未劃線部分的andthat從語法上跟thattheyused…平行,共同修飾anewwoolenrobe, 不符合邏輯(D) 正確,句首沒有使用分詞短語,有效的避免的邏輯主語問題;indicatethat…andthat構(gòu)成了賓語從句的并行結(jié)構(gòu)(E) 未劃線部分的andthat沒有平行的對象;indicatethat的that不能省略;fordoing表示目的不及todo有效.句子結(jié)構(gòu):Recordsfrom…indicatethat…andthat..10.(25025-!-item-!-188;#058&001699)Ancienthunter-gatherersdevelopedinstinctsthatstigmatizedselfishness,andvoluntarycooperationwasencouragedaswell,whetheritbewithinthegrouporalsowithoutsiders.(A)selfishness,andvoluntarycooperationwasencouragedaswell,whetheritbewithinthegroupor(B)selfishness,encouragingvoluntarycooperationaswell,bothwithinthegroupbut(C)selfishnessandalsoencouragingvoluntarycooperation,withinthegroupand(D)selfishnessandtheyencouragedvoluntarycooperation,whetheritbewithinthegroupor(E)selfishnessandencouragedvoluntarycooperation,notonlywithinthegroupbut考點(diǎn): 平行對稱（Parallelism）、簡潔有效（RhetoricalConstruction）、指代一致（Agreement）1)notonly…butalso…連接的對象一定要平行2) 主動語態(tài)優(yōu)于被動語態(tài)3) 并列句主語相同,應(yīng)該省略重復(fù)的主語.(A) 使用被動語態(tài)(wasencouraged…),增加句子的復(fù)雜性;whether開頭的結(jié)構(gòu)笨拙復(fù)雜,且it沒有可以指代的對象.(B)–ing結(jié)構(gòu)encouraging…作為stigmatizedselfness的伴隨成分,而從句子的邏輯意思上看,該成分應(yīng)該跟stigmatized并列;both…butalso結(jié)構(gòu)不符合習(xí)慣用法.應(yīng)該改為notonly…butalso或者both…and結(jié)構(gòu)(C)alsoencouraging和stigmatized不平行(D) 并列句主句相同,they應(yīng)該省略;如果一定要用they的話,and前面必須用逗號隔開,構(gòu)成一個新的句子;whether…oralso結(jié)構(gòu)笨拙復(fù)雜,且it沒有可以指代的對象(E) 正確,encouraged同developed構(gòu)成并列謂語;notonly…butalso符合習(xí)慣用法句子結(jié)構(gòu):Ancienthunter-gatherersdevelopedinstinctsthatstigmatized…,andencouraged…,notonlywith…butalsowith…11.(25071-!-item-!-188;#058&001704)Japaneseresearchersareproducingaseriesofrobotsthatcanidentifyhumanfacialexpressions,towhichtheywillthenrespond;theirgoalisprimarilycreatingarobotthatwillempathizewithus.(A)expressions,towhichtheywillthenrespond;theirgoalisprimarilycreating(B)expressions,thenrespondingtothem;primarilytocreate(C)expressionsandthenrespondtothem;theresearchers'primarygoalistocreate(D)expressionsaswellasgivingaresponsetothem;theirprimarygoaliscreationof(E)expressionsandrespondingtothem;primarily,theresearchers'goaliscreating考點(diǎn): 有效用詞（Diction） 句子結(jié)構(gòu)（GrammaticalConstruction）、指代一致（Agreement）1) 指代歧異; 一般來說避免指代歧異的方法有三個:(參考白勇語法)a)重復(fù)代詞指代的對象b)用such+n.或者指示代詞this/these/those+n.代替代詞c)用一個名詞概括代詞指代的對象2) 系表結(jié)構(gòu)也需要概念對等:forexample:AisB. 這個句子中A,B概念要對等.例如本題goalistocreate中的goal只能跟todo結(jié)構(gòu)概念對等,因?yàn)椤澳繕?biāo)”只能是去做某事(todo)3) 分號前后必須連接完整的句子(A) 第二個分句中的their在邏輯意思上應(yīng)該指代researchers，與前面出現(xiàn)的代詞they指代對象不一致;goal和creating概念不對等;primarily修飾creating,邏輯意思錯誤(B) 分號后面不是一個完整的句子;then是副詞,不能連接句子,應(yīng)該改為andthen(C) 正確,andthenrespond和canidentify并列;重復(fù)theresearcher消除了指代歧異;goal和todo概念對等(D)giving沒有平行的對象,且使用givearesponse不如直接用動詞respond簡潔有效;goal和creation概念不對等,“目標(biāo)”只能是去做某事,而不可能是一個名詞“creation”(E)responding沒有平行的對象;primarily位置錯誤,置于句首則修飾整個句子;goal和creating概念不對等句子結(jié)構(gòu):Japaneseresearchersareproducing…thatcanidentify…andthenrespond…;the…goalisto…12.(25117-!-item-!-188;#058&001707)IncontrasttoongoingtradeimbalanceswithChinaandJapan,theUnitedStatestradedeficitwithMexicodeclinedby$500millionasaresultofrecordexportstothatcountry.(A)IncontrasttoongoingtradeimbalanceswithChinaandJapan,theUnitedStatestradedeficitwithMexicodeclinedby$500millionasaresultofrecordexportstothatcountry.(B)IncontrasttoongoingtradeimbalanceswithChinaandJapan,theUnitedStatessoldrecordexportstoMexico,reducingitstradedeficitby$500million.(C)WhencomparedwithongoingtradeimbalanceswithChinaandJapan,theUnitedStatessoldrecordexportstoMexico,reducingtheirtradedeficitby$500million.(D)ComparedwithongoingtradeimbalanceswithChinaandJapan,theUnitedStatessoldrecordexportstoMexico,reducingthetradedeficitby$500million.(E)ComparedtoongoingtradeimbalanceswithChinaandJapan,theUnitedStatesrecordexportstoMexicocauseda$500milliondeclineinthetradedeficitwiththatcountry.考點(diǎn): 比較（Comparison）1) 比較結(jié)構(gòu)中比較雙方概念要對等:在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中,比如incontrastwith,incontrastto,comparedwith,compareto等類似的結(jié)構(gòu),比較的雙方必須概念對等.但要注意contraryto放在句首,后面必須加上idea,belief等抽象名詞修飾主句,不存在比較雙方的問題. 例:Contrarytopopularbelief,victorsintheancientGreekOlympicGamesreceivedcashprizesinadditiontotheirlaurelwreaths.(A) 正確,incontrastto比較的對象imbalances和tradedeficit概念對等(B)imbalances和UnitedStates概念不對等(C)comparedwith的比較對象imbalances和UnitedStates概念不對等(D)comparedwith的比較對象imbalances和UnitedStates概念不對等(E)comparedwith的比較對象imbalances和UnitedStatesrecordexports概念不對等,且后半句結(jié)構(gòu)笨拙復(fù)雜.句子結(jié)構(gòu):Incontrastto…,theUnitedStatestradedeficit…declined…13.(25163-!-item-!-188;#058&001734)Unlikemostseverancepackages,whichrequireworkerstostayuntilthelastdayscheduledtocollect,workersattheautomobilecompanyareeligibleforitsseverancepackageeveniftheyfindanewjobbeforetheyareterminated.(A)thelastdayscheduledtocollect,workersattheautomobilecompanyareeligibleforitsseverancepackage(B)thelastdaytheyarescheduledtocollect,workersareeligiblefortheautomobilecompany'sseverancepackage(C)theirlastscheduleddaytocollect,theautomobilecompanyoffersitsseverancepackagetoworkers(D)theirlastscheduleddayinordertocollect,theautomobilecompany'sseverancepackageisavailabletoworkers(E)thelastdaythattheyarescheduledtocollect,theautomobilecompany'sseverancepackageisavailabletoworkers考點(diǎn): 平行對稱（Parallelism） 邏輯表達(dá)（LogicalPredication）1) 比較的雙方要概念對等:unlike和like連接的比較雙方一定概念對等(A)severancepackages同workers概念不對等(B)severancepackages同workers概念不對等(C)severancepackages同theautomobilecompany概念不對等(D) 正確, 比較雙方概念對等,(E)arescheduledtocollect的主語只能是packages，但they是指代workers，出現(xiàn)指代錯誤。另一種看法:從邏輯上arescheduledtocollect修飾的是day,而原句中修飾的是they(works)不符合邏輯句子結(jié)構(gòu);Unlikemostseverancepackages,…,theautomobilecompany’sseverancepackage…原句所要表達(dá)的意思：thelastdayscheduledtocollect,workersattheautomobilecompanyareeligibleforitsseverancepackage…，scheduled是分詞作lastday的后置定語，就是公司給員工安排的最后一個工作日，意思是“終止日期”，packages要在這一天collect.補(bǔ)充說明：1、severancepay/package：moneyorotherthingsthatyougetwhenyouhavetoleaveacompanybecauseyouremployernolongerhasajobforyou2、schedule的用法：常用被動，sth.bescheduledto…3、該題曾是GWD爭議題，在DE兩選項之間爭議。14.(25209-!-item-!-188;#058&001758)Havingfinallyreachedatentativelaboragreementwithitscompany'spilots,itmustnowbedeterminedbytheairline'sboardofdirectorshowtheairlinecanbothincreaseprofitsandcompetemoreeffectivelyforcustomersthantheydidinthepast.(A)itmustnowbedeterminedbytheairline'sboardofdirectorshowtheairlinecanbothincreaseprofitsandcompetemoreeffectivelyforcustomersthantheydidinthepast(B)itmustnowbedeterminedbytheairline'sboardofdirectorshowtheairlinecanbothincreaseprofitsandmustcompetemoreeffectivelythaninthepastforcustomers(C)theairline'sboardofdirectorsmustnowdeterminebothhowtomaketheairlineincreaseprofitsandcompetemoreeffectivelyforcustomersthantheydidinthepast(D)theairline'sboardofdirectorsmustnowdeterminehowtheairlinecanbothincreaseprofitsandcompetemoreeffectivelyforcustomersthanitdidinthepast(E)theairline'sboardofdirectorsmustnowdeterminehowtheairlinecanbothincreaseprofitsandalsohowtomakeitcompetemoreeffectivelythaninthepastforcustomers考點(diǎn): 指代一致（Agreement） 邏輯表達(dá)（LogicalPredication）1) 分詞短語在句首起狀語作用,邏輯主語等于句子主語2) 形式主語it的使用:it作為形式主語,指代主語從句(itisexcitingthatI...)或者不定式短語(itisdifficulttodo...)3)both…and…結(jié)構(gòu)必須要平行4) 修飾成分要盡量靠近修飾對象，以避免產(chǎn)生修飾歧義。(A) 不符合形式主語的使用規(guī)則,how前面要加上that,構(gòu)成itis…that型主語從句;it沒有指代對象且不能作為havingfinallyreached的邏輯主語;they沒有指代對象,應(yīng)該改為it,用來指代theairline.(B) 不符合形式主語的使用規(guī)則;it沒有指代對象，且不能作為havingfinallyreached的邏輯主語;bothincreaseprofitsandmustcompete結(jié)構(gòu)不平行; 修飾成分forcustomers和修飾對象competemoreeffectively中間插入了thaninthepast, 句子不通順,forcustomers應(yīng)該緊接competemoreeffectively之后(C)bothhowtomaketheairlineincreaseprofitsandcompete結(jié)構(gòu)不平行;they沒有指代對象(D) 正確, 注意到了邏輯主語的問題;bothincreaseprofitsandcompete結(jié)構(gòu)平行(E)bothincreaseprofitsandalsohowtomake結(jié)構(gòu)不平行;forcustomers應(yīng)該緊靠competemoreeffectively句子結(jié)構(gòu):Havingfinallyreached…,theairline’sboard…determinehowtheairlinecan…andcompetemore…thanitdidinthepast.15.(25405-!-item-!-188;#058&001909)Eventhoughsub-SaharanAfricaoftenevokesimagesofdroughtandfamine,researcherssaythattheareaisthehomeofmorethan2,000grains,vegetables,roots,fruits,andotherfoodsthathavethepossibilityforfeedingthecontinent,evenotherpartsoftheworld.(A)havethepossibilityforfeedingthecontinent,even(B)havethepossibilityoffeedingthecontinent,evenof(C)couldfeedthecontinent,soevenwith(D)couldfeedthecontinentandeven(E)couldpossiblyfeedthecontinentand,inaddition,foreven考點(diǎn): 邏輯表達(dá)（LogicalPredication）、簡潔有效（RhetoricalConstruction）1) 副詞不能作連詞連接句子。2)and等連詞連接的結(jié)構(gòu)要平行3) 注意情態(tài)動詞和其他形容詞,副詞的語意重復(fù), 如could,may和possibly,perhaps等其他表示可能性的詞語意重復(fù)(A)foods本身是不能擁有possibility的,因此havethepossibility使用錯誤，而且possibility的習(xí)慣用法是跟ofdoingsth;even是副詞,不能作連詞(B) 錯誤同A選項。(C)so作為連詞表示因此,所以的意思,改變了原意;evenwith的with沒有可以跟它平行的對象,with應(yīng)該去掉(D) 正確, 句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡潔意思清晰(E)could和possibly意思重復(fù);and和inaddition意思重復(fù);foreven的for沒有其他for…結(jié)構(gòu)跟它平行句子結(jié)構(gòu):Eventhough…,researcherssaythattheareaisthehomeof…otherfoodsthatcouldfeed…16.(25451-!-item-!-188;#058&001942)Inherlaterpoems,PhyllisWheatley'sblendingofsolarimagery,Judeo-Christianthoughtandfigures,andtheimagessheborrowedfromancientclassicismsuggestingherrangeanddepthofinfluences,nottheleastofwhichisherAfricanheritage.(A)theimagessheborrowedfromancientclassicismsuggesting(B)borrowingimagesfromancientclassicism,suggests(C)sheborrowedimagesfromancientclassicism,whichsuggests(D)imagesborrowedfromancientclassicismsuggests(E)imagesthatsheborrowedfromancientclassicism,suggesting考點(diǎn): 句子結(jié)構(gòu)（GrammaticalConstruction） 平行對稱（Parallelism）1) 并列結(jié)構(gòu)中,每個并列成分要概念對等,形式平行2) 一個正確的句子中,主語和謂語是必不可少的,缺少主語和謂語都會導(dǎo)致句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整(A) 沒有謂語成分(B)borrowingimages是動名詞結(jié)構(gòu),solarimagery,thoughtandfigures是名詞結(jié)構(gòu),整個并列結(jié)構(gòu)形式不平行(C) 并列結(jié)構(gòu)不平行:sheborrowed跟solarimagery,thoughtandfigures形式上不平行(D) 正確, 主語是blending,謂語是suggests. 并列結(jié)構(gòu)中B由一個小并列成分構(gòu)成:Judeo-Christianthoughtandfigures(E) 沒有謂語成分句子結(jié)構(gòu):In…,PhyllisWheatley’sblendingofA,BandCsuggests…主語是blending, 謂語是suggests. 并列結(jié)構(gòu)中B由一個小并列成分構(gòu)成:Judeo-Christianthoughtandfigures17.(25497-!-item-!-188;#058&001948)Rejectingtheapprenticeshipmodeloftrainingsocialworkersinphilanthropicagencies,twentieth-centuryreformerEdithAbbottwasconvincedofsocialworkeducationbelongingintheuniversitysothatstudentscouldbeofferedabroadrangeofcoursesdealingwithsocialissues.(A)ofsocialworkeducationbelongingintheuniversitysothat(B)thatsocialworkeducationshouldbeintheuniversity,andthat(C)abouttheimportanceofsocialworkeducationbelongingintheuniversitywhile(D)thatsocialworkeducationbelongedintheuniversity,where(E)ofthenecessityofsocialworkeducationbeingintheuniversityand考點(diǎn): 簡潔有效（RhetoricalConstruction）、句子結(jié)構(gòu)（GrammaticalConstruction）1) 賓語從句強(qiáng)調(diào)整體, 謂語+賓語結(jié)構(gòu)只強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語，是GMAT中常見的混淆選項。2) 介詞不能引導(dǎo)句子(A)convincedofsocialworkeducation結(jié)構(gòu)只強(qiáng)調(diào)了socialworkeducation,沒有強(qiáng)調(diào)convinced的完整內(nèi)容(B)shouldbein意思模糊, 無法表示出”屬于”的意思;andthat從語法上跟convincedthat平行,但是從邏輯上andthat后面的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該修飾university(C) 句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,且about無法有效地引導(dǎo)convinced的內(nèi)容(D) 正確, 用that從句能有效的表現(xiàn)convinced的內(nèi)容;where清晰的表現(xiàn)了university和students的關(guān)系(E)of結(jié)構(gòu)無法有效地引導(dǎo)convinced的內(nèi)容,而且of作為介詞,不能引導(dǎo)句子,因此wasconvincedof…andstudentscould…使用錯誤；and后面的句子沒有平行對象。句子結(jié)構(gòu):Rejectingthe…,twentieth-centuryreformerEdithAbbottwasconvincedthat…補(bǔ)充說明:GMAT一個常見的錯誤就是把一個完整的概念用一個名詞來代替,造成對概念的解釋不完整或引起結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜. 這種錯誤常出現(xiàn)在賓語從句和that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句中:that引導(dǎo)同位語:Scientistsfindaresultthatratswilldemonstratesomeinterestingbehaviors.用名詞來代替會變成:Scientistfindaresultofratsthatwilldemonstratesomeinterestingbehaviors.(解釋不完全)或Scientistfindaresultofratsasdemonstratingsomeinterestingbehaviors.(結(jié)構(gòu)笨拙,復(fù)雜)賓語從句:…revealedthatcreaturesoftheseabedweresufferingbecausefoodsuppliesweredwindling…用名詞來代替:…revealedcreaturesoftheseabedthat…(解釋不完全)…revealedcreaturesoftheseabed’ssuffering…(結(jié)構(gòu)笨拙,復(fù)雜)解決這兩種問題的方法就是用that從句引導(dǎo)句子,簡化結(jié)構(gòu),并能夠進(jìn)行完整的解釋18.(25543-!-item-!-188;#058&001954)[OG原題，OG10-249]BluegrassmusicianBillMonroe,whoserepertory,viewsonmusicalcollaboration,andvocalstylewereinfluentialongenerationsofbluegrassartists,wasalsoaninspirationtomanymusicians,thatincludedElvisPresleyandJerryGarcia,whosemusicdifferedsignificantlyfromhisown.(A)wereinfluentialongenerationsofbluegrassartists,wasalsoaninspirationtomanymusicians,thatincludedElvisPre