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Chapter1ManagingFinanceinForeignSubsidiaries:AnOverview

Learningobjectives（教學(xué)目的）

Afterstudyingthischapter,studentsshouldbeableto:

IdentifythemaingoaloftheMNCandpotentialconflictswiththatgoal.

Describethekeytheoriesthatjustifyinternationalbusiness.

Explainthecommonmethodsusedtoconductinternationalbusiness.

Thearrangementofthischapter (教學(xué)安排)（3課時(shí)）

Importantanddifficultpoints(教學(xué)重、難點(diǎn))

Importantpoints:

themaingoaloftheMNC

thekeytheoriesofinternationalbusiness

Difficultpoints:

1) cost-benefitevaluationforpurelydomesticfirmsversusMNCs

Thecontentofthischapter(教學(xué)內(nèi)容)GoaloftheMNC

ThecommonlyacceptedgoalofanMNCistomaximizeshareholderwealth.

FinancialmanagersthroughouttheMNChaveasinglegoalofmaximizingthevalueoftheentireMNC.

ConflictswiththeMNCGoal

Subsidiarymanagersmaybetemptedtomakedecisionsthatmaximizethevaluesoftheirrespectivesubsidiaries.

ImpactofManagementControl

ThemagnitudeofagencycostscanvarywiththemanagementstyleoftheMNC.

Acentralizedmanagementstylereducesagencycosts.

Adecentralizedstylegivesmorecontroltothosemanagerswhoareclosertothesubsidiary’soperationsandenvironment.

TheoriesofInternationalBusiness

TheoryofComparativeAdvantage

Whenacountryspecializesinsomeproducts,itmaynotproduceotherproducts,sotradebetweencountriesisessential.Thisistheargumentmadebytheclassicaltheoryofcomparativeadvantage.Specializationbycountriescanincreaseproductionefficiency.

ImperfectMarketsTheory

Themarketsforthevariousresourcesusedinproductionare“imperfect.”Therealworldsuffersfromimperfectmarketconditionswherefactorsofproductionaresomewhatimmobile.Therearecostsandoftenrestrictionsrelatedtothetransferoflaborandotherresourcesusedforproduction.

Theremayalsoberestrictionsontransferringfundsandotherresourcesamongcountries.

ProductCycleTheory

Accordingtothistheory,firmsbecomeestablishedinthehomemarketasaresultofsomeperceivedadvantageoverexistingcompetitors.Afirmislikelytoestablishitselffirstinitshomecountrybecauseinformationaboutmarketsandcompetitionismorereadilyavailableathome.Asa firm matures, it may recognize additional opportunitiesoutside its home country.(Theinternationalproductlifecycleontransparency10)

InternationalBusinessMethods

Internationaltradeinvolvesexportingand/orimporting.

Licensingallowsafirmtoprovideitstechnologyinexchangeforfeesorsomeotherbenefits.

Franchisingobligatesafirm toprovideaspecializedsalesorservicestrategy,supportassistance,andpossiblyaninitialinvestment,inexchangeforperiodicfees.

Firmsmayalsopenetrateforeignmarketsbyengaginginajointventure(jointownershipandoperation)withfirmsthatresideinthosemarkets.

Acquisitionsofexistingoperationsinforeigncountriesallowfirmstoquicklygaincontroloverforeignoperationsaswellasashareoftheforeignmarket.

Firmscanalsopenetrateforeignmarketsbyestablishingnewforeignsubsidiaries.

InternationalOpportunities

Investmentopportunities

¤ ThemarginalreturnsonMNCprojectsareabovethoseofpurelydomesticfirmssinceMNCshaveexpandedopportunitysetsofpossibleprojectsfromwhichtoselect.

Financingopportunities

¤ MNCscanobtaincapitalfundingatalowercostduetotheirlargeropportunitysetoffundingsourcesaroundtheworld.

OpportunitiesinEurope

¤ theSingleEuropeanActof1987

¤ theremovaloftheBerlinWallin1989

¤ theinceptionoftheeuroin1999

¤ theexpansionoftheEuropeanUnion

OpportunitiesinLatinAmerica

¤ theNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)of1993

¤ theremovalofinvestmentrestrictions

OpportunitiesinAsia

¤ theremovalofinvestmentrestrictions

¤

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