成人學(xué)士學(xué)位英語考試復(fù)習(xí)資料全

./r/n./r/n一、時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) /r/n1.如何解答時(shí)態(tài)問題 /r/n例1：You/r/n’/r/nvealreadymissedtoomanyclassesthisterm.You______justlastweek. /r/n A.missed B.wouldmiss C.hadmissed D.havemissed/r/n例2：AnneaskedTom______thekey. /r/n A.whenheleft B.wherehehadleft C.howheleft D.whydidheleft /r/n考試重點(diǎn)： /r/n2.與完成時(shí)有關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài) /r/n★/r/n現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)<havedone>since,for/inthepastfewmonths,uptonow 例1：Collectingtoycarsasahobbybecomesincreasinglypopularduringthepastfiftyyears. /r/n ABCD /r/n例2：English______inanewwayatmycollegeinthepastfewyears. /r/n A.hasbeentaught B.wasbeingtaught /r/n C.hasbeentaughtD.hadbeentaught. /r/n★/r/n過去完成時(shí)<haddone> /r/n 例3：AnneaskedTom______thekey. /r/n A.whenheleft B.wherehehadleft C.howheleft D.whydidheleft /r/n 例4：Thechemistryclass_____forfiveminuteswhenwehurriedthere. /r/n A.hadbeenon B.hadbegun C.hasbeenon D.wouldbegan/r/n★/r/n將來完成時(shí)<willhavedone>by /r/n 例5：We/r/n’/r/nrelateIexpectthefilm_____bythetimewegettothecinema. /r/n A.hadalreadystarted B.havealready /r/n C.willalreadyhavestarted D.havealreadybeenstarted. /r/n★/r/n現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)<havebeendoing> /r/n 例6：Itseemsoil___________fromthispipeforsometime.We'llhavetotakethemachineaparttoputitright. /r/n A.hadleaked B.isleaking C.leaked D.hasbeenleaking /r/n★/r/n過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)<hadbeendoing> /r/n★/r/n將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)<willhavebeendoing> /r/n 例7：Bythetimeyouarrivethisevening,_______fortwohours. /r/n A.Iwillstudy B.Iwillhavebeenstudied /r/n C.Ihadstudied D.Iwillhavebeenstudying. /r/n3.在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中不用將來時(shí)態(tài) /r/n▲/r/n用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí) /r/n 例1：Whenthemixture_____,itwillgiveoffapowerfulforce. /r/n A.willheat B.willbeheated C.isheated D.hasheated/r/n例2：pleasebesuretotelephonemethenexttimeyou______. /r/n A.willcome B.wouldcome C.shallcome D.come/r/n▲/r/n用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)代替將來完成時(shí) /r/n例3：Smithistostudymedicineassoonashe_______militaryservice. /r/n A.willfinish B.hasfinished C.finish D.wouldfinish/r/n注意： /r/n例4：Noonecanbesureifthecarondisplayfitshimorheruntilheorshe______them. /r/nA.tries B.willtry C.aretrying D.havetried /r/n4.考試小竅門 /r/n◆/r/n考試中如果遇到與完成時(shí)態(tài)相關(guān)的選項(xiàng),要重點(diǎn)加以研讀,一般說來是正確答案。 /r/n二、情態(tài)動詞 /r/n1.幾個(gè)情態(tài)動詞的否定式的含義 /r/n can’t/r/n maynot/r/n mustn’t/r/n need’t/r/n2.表示推測的幾個(gè)情態(tài)動詞用法 /r/n★/r/nmust表示肯定的推測,意思是"一定" /r/n+do對現(xiàn)在情況的推測 /r/n must/r/n +havedone對過去情況的推測/r/n 例1：I________asleepinthecorner,forIremembernothingofwhathappenedduringthenight./r/n A.mightfall B.mustfall C.musthavefallen D.canhavefallen/r/n★/r/ncan/r/n’/r/nt/could/r/n’/r/nt表示否定的推測,意思是"不可能" /r/n+do對現(xiàn)在情況的推測 /r/n can’t/couldn’t /r/n +havedone對過去情況的推測 /r/n★/r/nmay/mightnot表示可能性很小的推測,意思是"也許/r/n…/r/n" /r/n +do對現(xiàn)在情況的推測 /r/n may/might /r/n +havedone對過去情況的推測 /r/n3.情態(tài)動詞的完成時(shí)虛擬語氣的用法 /r/n needn’thavedone /r/n shouldhavedone /r/n shouldnothavedone /r/n oughttohavedone /r/n couldhavedone /r/n4.考試小竅門 /r/n在遇到情態(tài)動詞加完成時(shí)和情態(tài)動詞加原形同時(shí)出現(xiàn)的情況下,一般說來情態(tài)動詞加完成時(shí)是正確答案。 /r/n×/r/nMustdo /r/n√/r/nMusthavedone /r/n三、虛擬語氣 /r/n趙文通 /r/n考試重點(diǎn)： /r/n1.條件句中的虛擬語氣 /r/n 例１：IwouldaskGeorgetolendusthemoneyifI______him. /r/n A.hadknown B.haveknown C.knew D.wouldknow/r/n 例２：Ifabettermaterial______,thestrengthofthepartwouldhavebeenincreased. /r/n A.hadbeenused B.hadbeenusing C.beingused D.using/r/n條件句中的虛擬語氣需要注意以下三點(diǎn)： /r/n如果條件句中有were,had,should時(shí),可以把if省略,然后把這三個(gè)單詞提前,形成倒裝。 /r/n 例3：_____theadviceofhisfriends,hewouldnothavesufferedsuchaheavylossinhisbusiness. /r/n A.Ifhetook B.ifheshouldtake/r/nC.Werehetotake D.Hadhetaken /r/n含蓄條件句中虛擬語氣的應(yīng)用 /r/n 三級考試中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的三個(gè)句型： /r/n Butfor/without/r/n…/r/n,/r/n……/r/n ……,otherwise/or… /r/n ……,but/though…. /r/n 例４：Butforyourhelp,I_____theworkintime. /r/n A.didnotfinish B.couldnotfinish/r/n A.willnotfinish D.wouldnothavefinished/r/n 例５：Withoutelectricity,humanlife_____quitedifferenttoday. /r/n A.is B.willbe C.wouldhavebeen D.wouldbe/r/n 例６：Hewasverybusyyesterday;otherwisehe_____tothemeeting. /r/n A.wouldhavecome B.wouldcome C.couldcome D.hadcome /r/n 例７：Wewouldhavemadealotofmoney,butwehalfway /r/n A.gaveup B.hadgivenup C.wouldgiveup D.weretogiveup /r/n錯綜時(shí)間條件句 /r/n 例８：IfIwereyou,Iwouldnothavemissedthefilmlastnight. /r/n2.<should>+動詞原形在某些從句中的應(yīng)用 /r/n1>當(dāng)賓語從句從的謂語是suggest,request,insist,desire,demand,propose,order,command,arrange等動詞時(shí),如: /r/n 例１：Isuggestedthatweshouldgothereonfoot. /r/n注意:當(dāng)insist表示堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為之意時(shí),不用虛擬語氣,用陳述語氣.如: /r/n 例２：Themaninsistedthathehadneverstolenthemoney /r/n2>Itisordered/desired/decided/requested/strange/important/natural/等后的主語從句中 /r/n 例３：Itisdesiredthatweshouldgeteverythingreadytonight3>advice,idea,order,plan,demand,proposal,suggestion,request等名詞之后的表語從句和同位語從句中.如: /r/n 例４：Mysuggestionisthatweshouldholdameetingthisevening/r/n3.wish后的賓與從句中應(yīng)當(dāng)用虛擬語氣 /r/n4.ifonly引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中 /r/n5.asif/asthough引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中 /r/n6.wouldrather后的句子的虛擬語氣謂語動詞用過去式 /r/n7.itis<high>timethat/r/n…/r/n.句型中,從句的謂語動詞用過去式 /r/n四、非謂語動詞 /r/n1.不定式 /r/n不定式的邏輯主語 /r/n 例１：Theroadiswildenoughforcarstopassby./r/n 例２：Itisimportantforyoutoworkhard./r/n 例３：Itiskindofyoutohelpme./r/n不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) /r/n 例４：Themagnificentmuseumissaid_____aboutahundredyearsago. /r/n A.tobebuilt B.tohavebeenbuilt /r/n C.tohavebuilt D.tohavebeingbuilt /r/n使用不帶to的不定式 /r/n1>whynotdo表示委婉的建議 /r/n例１：Whynot_____ProfessorLiforhelpHeiskind-heartedandwillingtohelp. /r/n A.ask B.youask C.toask D.yourasking/r/n2>使役動詞have,make,let的后面接不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),用省to的不定式。 /r/n例２：Theteacherhasthestudents_____acompositioneveryotherweek. /r/n A.towrite B.written C.writing D.write/r/n例３：Whilehewasclimbingthehighmountain,hehadhisleg_____ /r/n A.broke B.break C.broken D.breaking /r/n例４：Therewassomuchnoisethatthespeakercouldn/r/n’/r/ntmakehimself_____ /r/n A.hearing B.beingtold C.tohear D.heard/r/n3>表示生理感覺的動詞如see,watch,notice,observe,hear后面接不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),用省to的不定式。 /r/n 例５：Withtearsonherface,theoldladywatchedthelittleboy_____toahospital. /r/n A.send B.tobesent C.beingsent D.sending/r/n4>dosomethingbut/exceptdo /r/n 例６：Thereisnothingwecando_____wait. /r/n A.but B.ratherthan C.inspiteof C.besides./r/n5>記住下列不帶to的短語 /r/n can’tbut /r/n can’thelpbut /r/n hadbetter /r/n2.動名詞 /r/n 1.有些動詞后面既可以接動名詞又可以接不定式,但意思有差異 /r/n remember /r/n forget /r/n regret/r/n stop/r/n goon/r/n mean/r/n2.后面跟動名詞的固定句式 /r/n havetrouble/problems/difficultdoingsomething/r/n feellike/r/n spend/waste…doingsomething/r/n can’thelp/r/n need/deserve/want/r/n beworth/r/n whatabout/howabout/r/n3.分詞 /r/n分詞作表語 /r/n獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) /r/n例1：Duringthediscussion,MrBoydremainedsilentwhenaskinghisopinion. /r/nABCD /r/n例2：Yourexperimentreportsmustbecheckedwithcarebefore_______ /r/n A.handedtheminB.themhandinginC.beinghandedinD.handingthemin/r/n例３：_______intheairfuelsgiveoffheat. /r/nA.TburnB.BurnedC.TbeburnedD.Beingburned /r/n五、狀語從句 /r/n 趙文通/r/n 考試重點(diǎn)：/r/n 1．時(shí)間狀語從句/r/n★/r/nwhile//r/n when//r/n as//r/n until/r/n★/r/n一/r/n…/r/n就/r/n…/r/n nosooner…than//r/n hardly…when//r/n scarcely…when/r/n★/r/nthemoment/r/ntheminute /r/ntheinstant /r/n★/r/n固定句型/r/nItis/hasbeen….since… /r/n 1.原因狀語從句/r/n nowthat/r/n inthat/r/n 2.條件狀語從句/r/nunless /r/naslongas /r/nprovidedthat /r/n 3.讓步狀語從句/r/nas /r/n though/r/n although/r/n evenif/r/n eventhough/r/n while/r/n whatever/r/n 例1：Ifyoureadthebookasecondtime,andyouwillprobablyhavequiteadifferent/r/n ABC/r/n understandingoftheeventsdescribedinit./r/n D/r/n 例2：Hardasheworked,butMr.Browncouldn/r/n’/r/ntkeeptheshopproperly./r/n ABCD/r/n六、平行結(jié)構(gòu) /r/nand,or,but /r/n比較級 /r/n例1：Ienjoyeatingingoodrestaurantsandtogotothetheaterafterwards. /r/nABCD /r/n例２：Itusuallytakesmuchlesstimetoflyfromonecountrytoanotherthantravelingbytrain. /r/nABCD /r/n例３：Theroomswerethenemptyandmostofthemhavebeenshutup. /r/nABCD /r/nPrefer引出的平行結(jié)構(gòu)： /r/n Prefersomethingtosomething/r/n Preferdoingsomethingtodoingsomething/r/n Prefertodosomethingratherthandosomething/r/nPrefer的特殊用法： /r/n Prefersomebodytodosomething/r/n e.g:IpreferyoutospeakEnglishintheclass./r/n1、anumberof,thenumberof /r/nanumberof+可數(shù)名詞,謂語用復(fù)數(shù),意為許多,大量的/r/n……/r/nthenumberof+可數(shù)名詞,謂語用單數(shù),意為/r/n……/r/n的數(shù)目 /r/n2、able,capable,competent /r/nable為常用詞,指具有做某事所需的力量,技巧,知識與時(shí)間等,搭配是beabletodos.th。如：Acatisabletoseeinthedark.〔貓?jiān)诤诎抵心芸匆姈|西。 /r/ncapable指滿足一般要求的能力,搭配是becapableof+doing。 /r/ncompetent指"勝任","合格",或受過專業(yè)技術(shù)等訓(xùn)練的,但不是超群的能力。如：Adoctorshouldbecompetenttotreatmanydiseases.〔醫(yī)生應(yīng)該能治多種病。 /r/n3、aboveall；afterall；atall;inall /r/naboveall意為"尤其是"、"首先"、"最重要的是",常位于句首或句中,作插入語,起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。如： /r/nButabovealltellmequicklywhatIhavetodo．可首先快些告訴我該做什么。 /r/nafterall意為"畢竟"、"終究"、"終歸"、"到底",在句中位置較靈活?？晌挥诰涫住⒕渲谢蚓淠?。如：/r/nAfterall,yourbirthdayisonlytwoweeksaway．畢竟,兩周后就是你的生日。/r/nHeis,afterall,asmallchild．他畢竟還是個(gè)小孩子。/r/nHefailedafterall．他終于失敗了。/r/natall用于否定句時(shí),意為"絲毫；根本",用于疑問句時(shí)意為"究竟；到底",用于條件句時(shí),常譯為"當(dāng)真；實(shí)在"。用于肯定句中,表示說話人的某種情緒或情感〔如懷疑或驚奇等,意為"竟然"等。如：/r/nHedoesn/r/n’/r/ntlikeyouatall．他根本不喜歡你。/r/nAreyougoingtodoitatall？你究竟做不做這件事？/r/nIfyoudoitatall,doitwell．若你真要做這件事,就得做好。/r/nIwassurprisedathiscomingatall．他竟然來了,我很驚訝。/r/ninall意為"總共",既可放在句首,也可放在句末。如：/r/nThereare25,000Inuitinall．<＝Inall,thereare25,000Inuit．>這兒共有25,000因努伊特人。/r/n4、aboard,abroad,board,broad/r/naboard在船〔或飛機(jī),車上。如：Ineverwentaboardaship./r/nabroad副詞,在國外或海外。如：Heoftengoesabroad./r/nboard為動詞,上〔船,飛機(jī),車。如：Thepassengersareboardingtheplanenow. /r/nbroad為形容詞,寬廣的。如：Hehasverybroadshoulders. /r/n5、accept,receive /r/naccept接受,receive"接到","收到"。如：Ireceivedaninvitationyesterday,butIdidn/r/n’/r/ntacceptit.〔昨天我收到了一個(gè)請柬,但并沒有接受邀請。 /r/n6、accident,incident,event /r/naccident事故。如：atrafficaccident〔交通事故 /r/nincident"附帶事件",在政治上特指引起國際爭端或戰(zhàn)爭的事件,事變。 /r/n event"事件",指特別重要的事件,通常是由以前的努力而產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果,也指國家和社會的事件。/r/n7-accurate,correct,exact,precise /r/naccurate準(zhǔn)確的,精確的。如：Clocksinrailwaystationsshouldbeaccurate.〔火車站的鐘應(yīng)該是準(zhǔn)確的。 /r/ncorrect"正確的",指符合一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或準(zhǔn)則,含有"無錯誤的"意味。它的反義詞是incorrect,wrong. /r/nexact"精確的","恰好的",比"大體上正確"更進(jìn)一步,表"絲毫不差"。它的反義詞是inexact。 /r/nprecise強(qiáng)調(diào)"精確","精密"。 /r/n8、accuse,charge,sue /r/naccuse指責(zé),指控,常與of搭配。如：Hisbossaccusedhimofcarelessness. /r/ncharge常與with搭配。如：Thepolicechargedthedriverwithrecklessdriving. /r/nsue常與for搭配。如：Smithsuedhisneighborfordamaginghishouse. /r/n9、acquire,require,inquire /r/nacquire取得,獲得,學(xué)到。如：acquireknowledge〔獲得知識 /r/ninquire打聽,詢問。如：inquireaperson/r/n’/r/nsname〔問一個(gè)人的姓名 /r/nrequire需要。如：Werequiremorehelp.〔我們需要更多的幫助。 /r/n10、adopt,adapt /r/n adopt〔１收養(yǎng)。如：Sincetheyhavenochildrenoftheirown,theydecidedtoadoptalittlegirl.〔他們自己沒有孩子,所以決定收養(yǎng)一個(gè)小女孩。〔２采納,采用,通過。如：Headoptedoursuggestion.〔他采納了我們的建議。/r/n adopt與adapt詞形相近,后者的意思是"使適合","改編"等。/r/n11、advantage,benefit,profit /r/nadvantage常指一種使某人處于比其他人相對有利的地位,機(jī)會或時(shí)機(jī)。如：Hehadtheadvantageofgoodeducation.〔受過良好的教育對他十分有利。 /r/nprofit多指報(bào)償或報(bào)償性的收入。如Didyoumakeanyprofitlastyear〔你去年賺錢了嗎？ /r/nbenefit指物質(zhì)利益或精神方面的好處。如：Igetnopersonalbenefitfromthebusiness.〔我個(gè)人從這家企業(yè)中并不獲益。 /r/n12、1affect,effect /r/n affect影響〔動詞。如Smokingaffectshealth./r/n effect效果,影響〔名詞。如：Governmentpolicywillnothaveanyeffectonus./r/n13、afford,provide,supply /r/n都有"提供,供給"的意思。 /r/n afford一般只用于抽象事物。/r/n provide和supply意思相同,兩個(gè)詞都和with連用,構(gòu)成provide/supplysomebodywithsomething的結(jié)構(gòu)。/r/n14、ago,before /r/n ago表示以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn)的"以前",常與一般過去時(shí)連用,不可以單獨(dú)使用。/r/n before指過去或?qū)淼哪硶r(shí)刻"以前",也可泛指以前,常和完成時(shí)連用,可以單獨(dú)使用。/r/n 例如,Isawhimtenminutesago.我十分鐘之前看到的他。/r/n Hetoldmethathehadseenthefilmbefore.他告訴我他以前看過這場電影。/r/n15、agreeon；agreeto；agreewith /r/nagreeon作"就/r/n……/r/n取得一致意見"解。例如： /r/n Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth．/r/n 上月,就建一座新汽車廠之事達(dá)成了協(xié)議。/r/nagreeto有兩層含義和用法： /r/n 其一是to作為動詞不定式符號,其后跟動詞原形,作"同意〔答應(yīng)做某事"解。/r/n 例如：Myfatheragreedtobuyanewpenforme．父親答應(yīng)給我買支新鋼筆。/r/n 其二是to作為介詞,之后跟表示"計(jì)劃／條件／建議等一類的名詞或代詞"。例如：/r/n Theyhaveagreedtoourplan．他們已同意我們的計(jì)劃。/r/nagreewith作"同意某人的意見"解,其后可跟表示人的名詞或代詞,也可跟表示"意見"或"說的話"的名詞或從句。例如： /r/n Heagreedwithmyopinions．他同意了我的意見。/r/n Weagreedwithwhathesaidatthemeeting．我們同意他在會上講的話。/r/n16、alive,living,live /r/n alive指雖有死的可能,但仍活著,一般只作表語。/r/n living可用于人或物,作定語時(shí)可前可后。/r/n live只做前置定語,用于動物和個(gè)別事物前。/r/n17、almost,nearly /r/n 一般說來,almost比nearly表示的意思更接近"開始"、"完成"〔目標(biāo)等。/r/n 在all,every,always前,兩者都可用。如：Heisalmost<nearly>smoking.〔他幾乎每天抽煙。/r/n almost可同never,no,nobody,none,nothing連用,而nearly卻不能。如：Almostnoonebelievedher.〔幾乎沒人相信他。/r/n18、alone,lonely /r/n alone只表"獨(dú)自"的客觀狀態(tài),沒有感情色彩,只作表語；lonely表"孤獨(dú)",："寂寞",能作定語和表語。如：Whensheisleftalone,shefeelslonely.〔剩下她一人時(shí)她就感到寂寞。/r/n alone,only均可表"只有",但alone須置于被修飾詞之后,only往往置于被修飾詞前。如：Healone<Onlyhe>canrememberthestory.〔只有他才能記起這段經(jīng)歷。/r/n19、altogether,alltogether /r/n altogether總計(jì),總共。如：Altogethertherearesixofus.〔我們總計(jì)六人。/r/n alltogether全都在一起。如：Weplayedthegamealltogether.〔我們大家都一起來玩游戲吧。/r/n20、although;though;as /r/n 三者均可表示"盡管；雖然",引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。although用法較正式,語氣較強(qiáng)；though較常用；as則主要用于倒裝句。它們的用法有如下幾點(diǎn)值得注意：/r/n 狀語從句由although,though或as引導(dǎo),主句之前不可有but,and,so,however等并列連詞,但可有yet或still等副詞。although與though常可互換。例如：/r/n Although／Thoughhebelievesit,yethewillnotact．他雖然相信它,但卻不肯有所行動。/r/n as表示"盡管；雖然",只能用于倒裝句,即：將表語、狀語或謂語動詞放在as之前。though也可這么用。例如：/r/n Youngas／thoughheis,heknowsalot．他雖然年紀(jì)不大,卻懂得很多。/r/n 注意：如果表語是單數(shù)名詞,要省略a。例如：/r/n Childas／thoughheis,hecanspeaktwoforeignlanguages．雖然他是個(gè)孩子,但他會說兩門外語。/r/n though可以放在句末,表示"但是",although卻不能。例如：/r/n Theysaidtheywouldcome;theydidnot,though．他們說他們會來,可是他們并沒有來。/r/n although只用來陳述"事實(shí)",不能表示"假設(shè)"。因此可以說eventhough"即使"以及asthough"好像<＝asif>",不能說evenalthough或asalthough。例如：/r/n Ibelieveyouareonduty/r/n—/r/neventhoughyou/r/n’/r/nreinplainclothes．盡管你穿著便衣,我相信你是在值勤。/r/n21、among,between /r/n among在/r/n……/r/n中間〔三者或三者以上之間。如：Ourhouseishiddenamongtrees./r/n between在兩者之間。如：ItiseasytodistinguishbetweenaJapaneseandaChinese./r/n22、answer,reply,respond /r/n 用作動詞,都可表"回答","答復(fù)"。/r/n answer是常用詞,后可接letter〔回信,question〔回答問題,doorbell〔開門,telephone〔接電話,advertisement〔應(yīng)征廣告等。/r/n reply較正式,一般只作不及物動詞,可與to連用。如：Hehasrepliedtomyletter.〔他回答了我信中提的問題。/r/n respond作"回答"解,用得較少,也同to搭配。如：Hequicklyrespondedtothequestion.〔他很快就回答了問題。/r/n 另外,respond還可表"對/r/n……/r/n反應(yīng)","響應(yīng)"。/r/n23、approve,prove /r/napprove〔1贊成,同意。如：Idon/r/n’/r/ntapproveofwastingtime.〔我不贊成浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。 /r/n〔2批準(zhǔn),通過。如：Theministerapprovedthebuildingplan.部長批準(zhǔn)了建筑計(jì)劃。 /r/n prove和approve詞形相似,prove是"證明","表明是"等。/r/n24、arise/rise/raise/arouse /r/n arise是一個(gè)不及物動詞,意思是"起源于〔和from連用和"出現(xiàn)"。/r/n rise是一個(gè)不及物動詞,意思是"上升",該詞是不及物動詞：rise,rose,risen/r/n raise是一個(gè)及物動詞,意思是"舉起"。/r/n arouse的意思是"引起,導(dǎo)致"。/r/n Blacksmokerosefromthechimney./r/n Heistooweaktoraisethatheavybox./r/n Accidentsusuallyarisefromcarelessness./r/n Acrisishasarisenintheirmarrige./r/n Matt’sbehaviorwasarousingtheinterestoftheneighbors./r/n25、as<so>faras;as<so>longas /r/n as〔sofaras的意思是"就/r/n……/r/n而言〔所知",as<so>farassth．isconcerned是其中一種具體用法,意為"就某事而言"；as<so>longas意為"只要",引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。如：/r/n AsfarasIknow,morethan10millionlaid-offworkershavefoundtheirnewjobs．/r/n 就我所知,一千多萬下崗工人已經(jīng)找到了新的工作。/r/n Thereisnothingthatwecan/r/n’/r/ntdoso／aslongaswekeepontryingtodoit．/r/n 只要我們不斷地努力去做,就沒有什么事干不成。/r/n AsfarasthetourismofChinaisconcerned,thereisalongwaytogo．/r/n 就中國的旅游業(yè)而言,需要做的工作還很多。/r/n26、asthough；eventhough；though /r/n asthough〔＝asif,意為"好像；似乎",引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句或表語從句。如：/r/n Hespokeasthough〔asifhehadbeenherebefore．他說話的口氣好像他以前來過這里。/r/n Itlooksasif〔asthoughitisgoingtorain．看起來好像要下雨。/r/n eventhough〔＝evenif,意為"即使",引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。though也引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,意為"雖然"；eventhough有退一步設(shè)想的意味,與though不同。though引導(dǎo)的句子所說的是事實(shí),eventhough引導(dǎo)的句子所說的則不一定是事實(shí)。例如：/r/n Hewillnottellthesecreteventhough〔evenifheknowsit．即使他知道這個(gè)秘密,他也不肯說出來。/r/n Hewillnottellthesecretthoughheknowsit．他雖然知道這個(gè)秘密,但他不會說出來。/r/n27、assure,ensure,insure /r/n assure的意思是"使〔某人確信",一般用作：assuresb.of/that/r/n…/r/n,后面不能直接跟that從句。/r/nensure的意思是"保證",后面可以接雙賓語,也可以接that從句。 /r/ninsure的意思是"給/r/n…/r/n上保險(xiǎn)"。例如： /r/n Heassuredmethatitwastrue./r/n Wecan’tensureyouagoodpost./r/n Myhouseisinsuredagainstfire．/r/n28、atthebeginning；inthebeginning /r/n atthebeginning在/r/n……/r/n初；在/r/n……/r/n開始的時(shí)候。常與of連用。例如：Studentsusuallyhaveastudyplanatthebeginningofterm．學(xué)生們在開學(xué)初制定學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃。/r/n inthebeginning相當(dāng)于atfirst,表示"起初、開始"時(shí),含"起初是這種情況,而后來卻不是這種情況"之意,不與of連用。例如：Inthebeginning,someofustooknointerestinphysics．起初我們有些人對物理不感興趣。/r/n29、atthetime;atthattime;atonetime;atatime /r/n atthetime通常用于過去時(shí)句子中,指某件事情發(fā)生的"當(dāng)時(shí)"、"那時(shí)"。例如：/r/n Manypeoplesawthestrangethinghappenatthetime．當(dāng)時(shí),許多人都看到了這件奇怪的事情的發(fā)生。/r/n 有時(shí),atthetime的后面可接"of．．．"短語。這時(shí),它表示"在〔某事態(tài)發(fā)生的時(shí)候"或"在/r/n……/r/n的時(shí)代"。例如：/r/n WereyouinSanFranciscoatthetimeofthebigearthquakein1989/r/n﹖/r/n 1989年舊金山發(fā)生地震時(shí),你在那里嗎？/r/n atthattime則通常指前文明確提到的某個(gè)時(shí)期、時(shí)候。通常其后不帶"of．．．"短語。例如：/r/n Inthe17thcenturymuchcornwasgrowninTibetandSichuan．Atthattime/r/n <＝Atthe17thcentury>thelandalongtheChangjiangRiverwasbecomingverycrowded．/r/n atonetime＝duringaperiodoftimeinthepast意為"過去有一段時(shí)期","曾經(jīng)"。例如：/r/n Theyusedtobegoodfriendsatonetime．他們曾經(jīng)是好朋友。/r/n atatime則意為"一次",表示一個(gè)時(shí)間單位。它常與表示數(shù)量的詞語連用,表示頻率。例如：/r/n Don/r/n’/r/ntspeakallatonce．Oneatatime,please．不要同時(shí)一起說。一次只一個(gè)人說。/r/n Takethemedicinethreetimesadayandthreepiecesatatime．這些藥每天服三次,每次服三粒。/r/n30、awake,wake,waken /r/n 都可作動詞。/r/n awake既可及物,也可不及物,多用于比喻。/r/n wake常指"睡醒",多為不及物動詞。/r/n waken多用作及物動詞,常指"吵醒","驚醒"。/r/n31、await,wait /r/n await是及物動詞。如：Iawaityourfurtherinstructions./r/nwait"等"、"等候",是不及物動詞,后常接介詞for。如：Iwillwaitforyouattheschoolgate. /r/n32、award,prize,reward /r/naward,reward作動詞。award意為"授予〔獎品,獎金等",后面可跟雙賓語；reward意為"報(bào)酬","酬謝",只能跟人或以人的行為作賓語。 /r/naward,prize,reward作名詞時(shí),award常指獎金,獎品；prize多指在競賽、競爭中獲勝所贏得的獎；reward則指為某項(xiàng)勞動或行為所付的酬金。 /r/n33、because／since／as／for /r/n這四個(gè)詞都是表示原因或理由的連接詞,但是as,because,since是從屬連詞,引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,for是并列連詞,所引導(dǎo)的不是原因狀語從句,而是表示理由的對等句子,是對前面所講內(nèi)容補(bǔ)充和說明。在語氣上由強(qiáng)至弱依次為because/r/n→/r/nsince/r/n→/r/nas/r/n→/r/nfor。because引導(dǎo)的從句多置于句末,表示直接的原因或理由,表示產(chǎn)生那種結(jié)果的必然的因果關(guān)系,在回答why的提問時(shí),必須用because作答。 /r/n如：Westayedathomebecauseitrained．因?yàn)橄掠晡覀兇粼诩依铩?/r/nas與since引導(dǎo)的從句多置于句首,不過as表示十分明顯的原因,只說明一般的因果關(guān)系,可譯為"因?yàn)椤⒂捎?；而since則表示稍加分析、對方已知的原因,一般可譯為"既然"。如： /r/nAshewasnotfeelingwell,Idecidedtogotherealone．由于他身體欠佳,我決定獨(dú)自去那里。 /r/nSinceeveryoneishere,let'sstart．既然大家都到了,咱們就開始吧。 /r/nfor引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在句末,其前用逗號,它所敘述的理由是間接的,即推測性理由,或是對前面敘述的事實(shí)或看法的補(bǔ)充說明。如： /r/nTheremustbenobodyintheclassroom,forthelightisoff． /r/n教室里一定沒有人,因?yàn)闊魷缌??！餐茰y性理由 /r/n34、beat,win /r/n beat表在比賽和戰(zhàn)斗中打敗對手,后接對手作賓語。/r/nWin作及物動詞時(shí),其賓語為游戲、比賽、戰(zhàn)斗、獎金等名詞。如：Hehaswontherace.〔他贏得了賽跑的勝利。 /r/n35、beside,besides /r/n beside在/r/n……/r/n旁邊。如：Comeandsitbesideme./r/n besides除/r/n……/r/n之外。如：Ihavetwootherumbrellasbesidesthisone./r/n36、besides；except；but /r/n 三者都可以用作介詞。用于肯定句中時(shí),except／but意為"除/r/n……/r/n外〔不再有"；besides意為"除/r/n……/r/n外〔還有"。請比較：/r/n Allofthemhaveseenthefilmexcept／butWuDong．除了吳東外,他們都看過了那部影片。/r/n AllofthemhaveseenthefilmbesidesWuDong．除了吳東看過那部影片外,他們也都看過了。/r/n except后接名詞、代詞、－ing或不定式時(shí),可以與but互換；except后接副詞、介詞短語時(shí),一般不能為but所替換。如：/r/n I/r/n’/r/nlldoeverythingexcept／butcook．除了做飯,我什么事情都干。/r/n Thiswindowisneveropenedexceptinsummer．除了在夏天,這個(gè)窗子從不打開。/r/n 用在否定句中,三者可以互換。如：/r/n Therearen/r/n’/r/ntanyotherpeopletodotheworkexcept／but／besidesyou．/r/n 除了你,沒人能做這工作。/r/n37、beknownas；beknownfor；beknownto；beknownin /r/n beknownas意為"作為/r/n……/r/n而著名",其后的名詞表示一個(gè)人的身份、職業(yè)等。如：/r/n LiuHuanisknownasasinger．劉歡作為一個(gè)歌手而出名。/r/n We/r/n’/r/nresureyou/r/n’/r/nllbewell-knownasanartist．我們相信你會成為一位著名的畫家。/r/n beknownfor意為"因/r/n……/r/n而著名",其后所接內(nèi)容表示某人或物的特點(diǎn)、特長等。如：/r/n Guilinisknownforherbeautifulmountainsandrivers．XX因其美麗的山水而聞名。/r/n MrGeldofiswell-knownfororganizingtwobigpopconcertsonthesameday．/r/n 蓋爾多夫先生因在同一天組織兩場大型的流行音樂會而出名。/r/n beknownto"為/r/n……/r/n所了解／知道",其后接表示人的詞語。"〔人們都知道",其后接動詞原形。如：/r/n Heisknowntoallinourvillage．村子里的人都了解他。/r/n Hewasknowntohaveinventedmanythings．＝Itwasknownthathehadinventedmanythings．/r/n 人們都知道他已經(jīng)發(fā)明了很多東西。/r/n38、borrow,lend /r/n borrow借入。如：CanIborrowyourpenforamoment/r/n lend把/r/n……/r/n借給。如：Canyoulendmeyourbike/r/n39、bring/take/fetch/carry /r/nbring<vt.>帶來：表示從別處把某人或某物拿到說話者處。 /r/ntake<vt.>取走：表示將某物從講話者處帶走 /r/nfetch<vt.>去取：表示到某地將某物或某人拿到講話者處。 /r/ncarry<vt.>攜帶：表示用人力或交通工具把某物或某人,從一地帶到另一地。該動詞不含方向意味。 /r/n Theballwentoverthefenceandoneoftheplayersaskedaboytofetchit./r/n Thecity’sundergroundcarriesmorepeoplethanthebuses./r/n Youhadbettertakeanumbrellawithyouincaseofrain./r/n Waiter,bringmeabottleofbeerplease./r/n40、cause,reason /r/n cause指造成某一事實(shí)或現(xiàn)象的直接原因,后接ofsth./doingsth/r/n reason用來解釋某種現(xiàn)象或結(jié)果的理由,后接forsth./doingsth.thereasonforbeinglate/r/n41、chance,opportunity,occasion /r/nchance多指偶然的機(jī)會,意外的機(jī)會,帶有僥幸的意味。如：Evenso,itwasaluckychancethathecoulddoit.〔即使如此,那也是他憑著僥幸才做到這點(diǎn)。 /r/nopportunity主要指能夠去做某事,尤其是達(dá)到自己目的,實(shí)現(xiàn)某種愿望的好機(jī)會。如：Youshouldmakethemostofyouropportunitiesofseeingthecountryandlearningthelanguage.〔你應(yīng)該盡量利用你的機(jī)會去看看這個(gè)國家,學(xué)習(xí)它的語言。 /r/n occasion主要指"時(shí)機(jī)","場合",也含有"機(jī)會"的意思。如：TheflagsarehungoutontheoccasionoftheNationalDay.〔每逢國慶節(jié),國旗都懸持出來了。/r/n42、childish,childlike /r/nchildish幼稚的。如：Itwasverychildishofhimtolosehistemperoversomethingsounimportant. /r/nchildlike孩子般天真的。如：Whenshewonthegoldmedal,therewaschildlikesmileonherface. /r/n43、cloth,clothing /r/n cloth布。如：Ineedthreeyardsofclothtomakeasuit./r/n clothing衣服〔總稱。如：You/r/n’/r/ndbettergivealltheoldclothingaway./r/n44、compare/r/n…/r/nwith;compar/r/n…/r/nto;comparedwith／to /r/n compare/r/n…/r/nwith意為"把/r/n……/r/n與/r/n……/r/n相比",側(cè)重指兩者間的區(qū)別。/r/n 如：Comparethiscarwiththatone,andyouwillfindthedifferencesbetweenthem．/r/n 把這輛汽車與那輛汽車相比較,你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)它們之間的區(qū)別。/r/n compare/r/n…/r/nto/r/n…/r/n意為"把/r/n……/r/n比作/r/n……/r/n",著重注意兩者間的相似點(diǎn)。如：/r/n Thissongcomparesourcountrytoabigfamily．這首歌把我們的國家比作一個(gè)大家庭。/r/n compare既可以單獨(dú)用作及物動詞,也可用作不及物動詞。用作不及物動詞時(shí),以comparewith/r/n…/r/n形式出現(xiàn),表示"與/r/n……/r/n相比"。如：/r/n Livingherecan/r/n’/r/ntcomparewithlivinginShanghai．在這兒生活不能和在上?！采钕啾取?r/n Ifyoucomparethetwowords,youcantellthedifferencebetweenthem．/r/n 如果你比較這兩個(gè)單詞,你就會辨別出它們之間的不同。/r/n comparedwith/r/n…/r/n和comparedto/r/n…/r/n都可用作狀語,意義基本相同,可互換。如：/r/n Comparedto／withhim,youarelucky．與他相比,你是幸運(yùn)的。/r/n Itwasasmalltownthen,comparedto／withwhatitisnow．和現(xiàn)在比起來,那時(shí)它還是個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)。/r/n45、compose,consist,constitute /r/ncompose為常用詞,常用被動語態(tài),如用主動語態(tài),主語應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Twelvemencomposeajury.〔十二人組成陪審團(tuán)。 /r/nconsist表一個(gè)整體由幾個(gè)部分組成〔只能用主動語態(tài)。如：TheUnitedKingdomconsistsofGreatBritainandNorthernIsland.〔聯(lián)合王國是由大不列顛及北愛爾蘭組成。 /r/nconstitute為正式用詞,與consist相反,表由哪些部分構(gòu)成整體。如：Twelvemonthsconstituteayear.〔一年有十二個(gè)月。 /r/n46、considerable,considerate /r/nconsiderable相當(dāng)多的,可觀的。如：Hemetaconsiderableamountoftrouble.〔他遇到了許多麻煩。 /r/nconsiderate考慮周到的,體諒的。如：Itwasconsiderateofyounottotroubleus.〔你真體貼人,不打擾我們。 /r/n47、consistent,constant,continual,continuous /r/n consistent一致的,符合的。如：Hisactionisalwaysconsistentwithhiswords./r/nconstant不斷的,表示持續(xù)和慣常的重現(xiàn),往往沒有變化。如：Heattributeshishealthtohisconstantexercise. /r/ncontinual頻頻的,不停的,時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù),中間可有間歇。如：Continualsmokingisbadforhealth. /r/ncontinuous不斷延伸的,連續(xù)不斷的,強(qiáng)調(diào)中間無間斷。如：Everythingintheuniverseundergoescontinuousdevelopmentandchange. /r/n48、cost/take/spend/pay /r/ncost<vt.>花費(fèi)：指花費(fèi)金錢、勞力和時(shí)間。主語通常是事或物,可跟雙賓語。 /r/ntake<vt.>花費(fèi)：指花費(fèi)時(shí)間。主語通常是一件事,也可以跟雙賓語。 /r/nspend<vt.>花費(fèi)：指花費(fèi)時(shí)間和金錢,主語總是人。可以形成spend/r/n…/r/nonsth./indoingsth.結(jié)構(gòu)。 /r/npay<vt.&vi.>付錢,后面可以跟雙賓語,也可以當(dāng)不及物動詞使用,形成payforsth.結(jié)構(gòu)。比較： /r/n Electricitywillcostmorethanitdidlastyear./r/n Itwilltakemetwodaystofinishthework./r/n Inthepastfewyearsthefactoryspentalotofmoneyimprovingitsworkingconditions./r/n Dick’sunclehastopayforhiseducationashisfatherhascomedownintheworld./r/n49、crack,crash /r/ncrack〔使破裂,砸開。如：Icancrackit,butIcan/r/n’/r/ntbreakit.〔我能把它弄裂,但不能把它弄破。 /r/ncrash摔壞,墜毀。如：Theplanecrashedshortlyafterthetake-off.〔飛機(jī)起飛不久就墜毀了。 /r/n50、cure,treat /r/ncure治愈,醫(yī)治。如：Themedicinewillcureofyourdisease.〔這藥能治好你的病。 /r/n cure表示治好,treat只表示"給/r/n……/r/n治病"。/r/n51、current,present /r/n均可表"現(xiàn)在","目前"。 /r/ncurrent強(qiáng)調(diào)在現(xiàn)階段正在流行,通用,但不一定是最新的。如：currentEnglish<當(dāng)代英語> /r/npresent為常用詞,指現(xiàn)在正在通用的,在時(shí)間上比current的范圍更窄。如：What/r/n’/r/nsyourpresentaddress〔你現(xiàn)住址是哪里？ /r/n52、custom,habit /r/n 均可表習(xí)慣。/r/n custom為正式用詞,多指社團(tuán)或人們的習(xí)慣行為方式。/r/nhabit為常用詞,多指個(gè)人因多次重復(fù)而形成做某事的趨勢或意愿。如：Hehasthebadhabitofbitinghisnails.〔他有咬手指的壞習(xí)慣。 /r/n53、damage;destroy;ruin /r/n這三個(gè)詞都有"破壞；損壞"的意思,區(qū)別如下： /r/ndamage意為"損壞、破壞"。它可用于表示損壞或破壞具體的物品,一般暗示損壞后價(jià)值或效益會降低,這種損壞是部分性的,通常指損壞的程度不那么嚴(yán)重,還可以修復(fù)再用。也可用于表示損壞抽象的東西,有時(shí)該詞也用于借喻。如： /r/nThecarwasnotdamagedbadlyintheaccident,butfivepeoplewereseriouslyhurt． /r/n汽車在事故中損壞不嚴(yán)重,但卻有五個(gè)人受了重傷。 /r/nHerheartwasslightlydamagedasaresultofherlongillness．長期生病使她的心臟受到輕度損傷。 /r/nWhattheysaidanddiddamagedtherelationsbetweenthetwocountries． /r/n他們的言行損害了這兩個(gè)國家之間的關(guān)系。 /r/nSmokinghasdamagedhishealthbadly．吸煙嚴(yán)重地?fù)p害了他的健康。 /r/ndamage還可用作