考研考博-英語-合肥學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-合肥學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Thereareseveralmeans（）latitudeandlongitude.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.candetermine

B.todetermine

C.bythemcanbedetermined

D.weusethemtodetermine

【答案】B

【解析】語法題。分析句子可知，句中已經(jīng)有謂語動(dòng)詞thereare，因此空格處的動(dòng)詞determine應(yīng)用非謂語形式，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有B項(xiàng)是非謂語形式，故選B。句意：有幾種方法可以確定緯度和經(jīng)度。

2.單選題

KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsistedkingsdon’tabdicate,theydieintheirsleep.ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeantheunitingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?

TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchywhenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarized,asitwas.FollowingtheendoftheFranceregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politicsand“embody”aspiritofnationalunity.

Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs'continuingpopularityasheadsofstates.Andso;theMiddleEastexpected,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdomsnotcountingVaticancityandAndorra.ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectablepublicfigure.

Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside,symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory―andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday―embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThornesPikettyandotherecumenistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmodemdemocraticfamiliesandshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmodemdemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princeandprincesshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.

WhileEurope’smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtostriveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.

ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchyreputationwithherratherordinary(ifwell-healed)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice-asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskingsofrepublicanswhoarethemonarchy’sworstenemies.

1.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlofSpain（

）.

2.MonarchsarekeptasheadofstateinEuropemostly（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?

4.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becauseCharles

（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport

B.wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals

C.endedhisreigninembarrassment

D.easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus

B.toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality

C.togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto

D.duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Aristocrats’excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth

B.Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies

C.Theroleofthenobilityinmodemdemocracies

D.Thenobility’sadherencetotheirprivileges

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.takesatoughlineonpoliticalissues

B.failstochangehislifestyleasadvised

C.takesrepublicansashispotentialallies

D.failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

B.Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs

C.Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats

D.Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第一段指出:ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown(然而在近來歐洲選舉中所留下的令人尷尬的丑聞和共和黨人的聲望卻迫使他食言而退位)。由此可知C項(xiàng)“尷尬地結(jié)束自己的統(tǒng)治”正確。

2.判斷推理題。第三段指出:Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs'continuingpopularityasheadsofstates(這種明顯的政治超越解釋了君主們作為國家元首的持續(xù)受歡迎)。...mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectablepublicfigure.……(大多數(shù)皇室幸存的原因是他們讓選民避免困難地去尋找沒有爭議但卻可敬重的公眾人物)。由此可知A項(xiàng)“由于他們無疑問且可敬重的地位”正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第四段指出:...itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmodemdemocraticfamiliesandshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmodemdemocraticstates(奇怪的是富有的貴族家鹿應(yīng)該仍然是現(xiàn)代民主家庭和國家的象征性核心),由此可知C項(xiàng)“貴族在現(xiàn)代民主政治中的角色”正確。

4.推理判斷題。最后一段指出:ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld(危險(xiǎn)將從查爾斯（王子）開始，他有一種奢華的生活品味，且對(duì)世界有著相當(dāng)?shù)燃?jí)制度的觀點(diǎn))?？赏浦狟項(xiàng)“未能按照建議來改變自己的生活方式”正確。

5.主旨大意題。文章第二段指出:.事實(shí)上當(dāng)公眾輿論特別兩極分化時(shí)，西班牙國王退位的例子為支持和反對(duì)君主政治提供了論據(jù)。而且后續(xù)段落圍繞“歐洲君主們應(yīng)對(duì)君主政體所面臨的危機(jī)而采取的方式”可推知B項(xiàng)“對(duì)所有歐洲君主們而言是一個(gè)教訓(xùn)的西班牙國王胡安?卡洛斯”比較適合作文章標(biāo)題。

3.單選題

Thechairmanremindedthelecturernottobecarriedawayand（）fromthetheme.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.deviate

B.escape

C.descend

D.derail

【答案】D

【解析】deviatefrom為固定搭配,意為“脫離,偏離”。句意：主席提醒演講者不要忘乎所以,偏離主題。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

4.寫作題

Directions:ItisnotstrangeinrecentyearstohearthatsomestudentsmaykillthemselvesatUniversity.Whatisyouropiniononthosestudentswhocommitsuicideorkillthemselves?WriteontheANSWERSHEETacompositionofnolessthan200wordsonthetopicgivenbelow.Markswillbemainlyawardedforcontent,organization,grammarandappropriacy.Failuretomeettherequirednumberofwordsmayalsoresultinthelossofmarks.

MyViewonCampusSuicideatUniversityYouaretowriteinthreeparts:

Inthefirstpartofyourarticle,youshouldclearlypresentyourview.

Inthesecondpart,youshouldsupportyouropinionwithappropriatedetails.

Inthelastpart,youshouldbringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionorsummary.

【答案】MyViewonCampusSuicideatUniversity5.單選題

Atnight,carsoften（

）smallanimalsthatareblindedbytheheadlights.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.runover

B.heldup

C.tookapart

D.droveat

【答案】A

【解析】詞組辨析題。runover碾過；holdup舉起；takeapart拆開；driveat用意所在。

句意：晚上，汽車經(jīng)常碾過被車頭燈照懵了的小動(dòng)物。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

6.單選題

Iran’spossibleacquisitionofnuclearweaponsisaseriousmatter,butitdoesnot____militaryaction.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.compromise

B.ease

C.accommodate

D.justify

【答案】C

【解析】句間邏輯中的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。A選項(xiàng)compromise“妥協(xié)，折中”；B選項(xiàng)ease“減輕，緩解”；C選項(xiàng)accommodate“給……提供方便”；D選項(xiàng)justify“證明……是正當(dāng)?shù)?；替……辯護(hù)”。句意：雖然伊朗可能擁有核武器是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題，但這不____軍事行動(dòng)。根據(jù)but推斷，前后兩句意思發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)折，前半句表達(dá)的是問題的嚴(yán)重性，那么后半句表達(dá)的是這件嚴(yán)重的事情還算好的一面，C選項(xiàng)accommodate“給……提供方便”符合語境，句意為“雖然伊朗可能擁有核武器是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題，但它不用于軍事行動(dòng)”。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為C。

7.單選題

Onaverage,Americankidsages3to13spent29hoursaweekinschool,eighthoursmorethantheydidin1981.Theyalsodidmorehouseholdworkandparticipatedinmoreofsuchorganizedactivitiesassoccerandballet.Involvementinsports,inparticular,rosealmost50%from1981to1997:boysnowspendanaverageoffourhoursaweekplayingsports;girlsloghalfthattime.Allinall,however,children'sleisuretimedroppedfrom40%ofthedayin1981to25%.

"Childrenareaffectedbythesametimecrunch(危機(jī))thataffectstheirparents,"saysSandraHofferth,whoheadedtherecentstudyofchildren'stimetable.Achiefreason,shesays,isthatmoremothersareworkingoutsidethehome.(Nevertheless,childreninbothdouble-incomeand"malebreadwinner"householdsspentcomparableamountsoftimeinteractingwiththeirparents,19hoursand22hoursrespectively.Incontrast,childrenspentonly9hourswiththeirsinglemothers.)

Allworkandnoplaycouldmakeforsomeverymessed-upkids."Playisthemostpowerfulwayachildexplorestheworldandlearnsabouthimself,"saysT.BerryBrazelton,professoratHarvardMedicalSchool.Unstructuredplayencouragesindependentthinkingandallowstheyoungtonegotiatetheirrelationshipswiththeirpeers,butkidsages3to12spentonly12hoursaweekengagedinit.

Thechildrensampledspentaquarteroftheirrapidlydecreasing"freetime"watchingtelevision.Butthat,believeitornot,wasoneofthefindingsparentsmightregardasgoodnews.Ifthey'respendinglesstimeinfrontoftheTVset,however,kidsaren'treplacingitwithreading.Despiteeffortstogetkidsmoreinterestedinbooks,thechildrenspentjustoveranhouraweekreading.Let'sfaceit,who'sgotthetime?

1.Bymentioning"thesametimecrunch"(Line1,Para.2)SandraHofferthmeans（）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,thereasongivenbySandraHofferthforthetimecrunchis（）.

3.Accordingtotheauthorachilddevelopsbetterif（）.

4.TheauthorisconcernedaboutthefactthatAmericankids（）.

5.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.childrenhavelittletimetoplaywiththeirparents

B.childrenarenottakengoodcareofbytheirworkingparents

C.bothparentsandchildrensufferfromlackofleisuretime

D.bothparentsandchildrenhavetroublemanagingtheirtime

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.quiteconvincing

B.partiallytrue

C.ratherconfusing

D.totallygroundless

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.hehasplentyoftimereadingandstudying

B.heislefttoplaywithhispeersinhisownway

C.hehasmoretimeparticipatinginschoolactivities

D.heisfreetointeractwithhisworkingparents

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.areengagedinmoreandmorestructuredactivities

B.areincreasinglyneglectedbytheirworkingmothers

C.arespendingmoreandmoretimewatchingTV

D.areinvolvedlessandlessinhouseholdwork

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.extracurricularactivitiespromotechildren'sintelligence

B.mostchildrenwillturntoreadingwithTVsetsswitchedoff

C.effortstogetkidsinterestedinreadinghavebeenfruitful

D.mostparentsbelievereadingtobebeneficialtochildren

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.判斷推理題。題干意為:SandraHofferth所說的“thesametimecrunch”是什么意思？根據(jù)題干定位至第二段第一句:Childrenareaffectedbythesametimecrunch（危機(jī)）thataffectstheirparents(時(shí)間危機(jī)影響孩子，同樣也影響父母)。該句上段主題是：孩子們的休閑時(shí)間從40%降到了25%。該句的后文主題是：更多母親在外工作，即與孩子相處的休閑時(shí)間也減少了。因此，兩者都面臨的時(shí)間危機(jī)就是C項(xiàng)“父母和孩子都缺乏休閑時(shí)間”。

2.判斷推理題。題干意為:在作者看來，關(guān)于時(shí)間危機(jī)，SandraHofferth所給的原因…。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞SandraHofferth定位至第二段:moremothersareworkingoutsidethehome(更多的母親在外工作)。后面括號(hào)內(nèi)應(yīng)該是作者的看法:Nevertheless，childreninbothdouble-incomeand"malebreadwinner"householdsspentcomparableamountsoftimeinteractingwiththeirparents,19hoursand22hoursrespectively.Incontrast,childrenspentonly9hourswiththeirsinglemothers(然而，孩子與父母相處的時(shí)間分別是：雙親同時(shí)工作的為19小時(shí)，父親一人工作的為22小時(shí)，而單身母親家庭只有9小時(shí))。因此可知，作者不完全支持SandraHofferth的說法。一方面，單身母親和雙親工作的家庭，與孩子相處的時(shí)間少于父親一人工作的家庭，即，作者大體同意SandraHofferth的說法。另一方面，作者認(rèn)為需要根據(jù)不同家庭結(jié)構(gòu)來分析此問題。因此，作者認(rèn)為SandraHofferth所給的原因是“部分正確”

3.判斷推理題。題干意為:在作者看來，一個(gè)孩子在什么情況下會(huì)更好地成長？第三段指出了作者認(rèn)為的玩耍對(duì)孩子成長的好處:Unstructuredplayencouragesindependentthinkingandallowstheyoungtonegotiatetheirrelationshipswiththeirpeers...(自由玩耍能鼓勵(lì)獨(dú)立思考，讓孩子們與他們的同伴協(xié)商他們的關(guān)系……)。因此B項(xiàng)“如果讓他和同伴們自由玩?！闭_。

4.判斷推理題。題干意為:作者所關(guān)心的事實(shí)是美國孩子…。A:參加有組織的活動(dòng)越來越多。第三段最后一句指出:butkidsages3to12spentonly12hoursaweekengagedinit(但是，3—12歲的孩子一周只花了12小時(shí)自由玩耍)。由此可見作者認(rèn)為孩子自由玩耍的時(shí)間越來越少。所以A項(xiàng)所述作者會(huì)比較關(guān)心。B:上班母親越來越忽視孩子。第二段談及母親上班有影響到孩子的休閑時(shí)間，但并不能推測出B項(xiàng)所述，因此排除B項(xiàng)。C:用來看電視的時(shí)間越來越多。第四段的確指出:Thechildrensampledspentaquarteroftheirrapidlydecreasing"freetime"watchingtelevision(調(diào)查的孩子的休閑時(shí)間迅速減少，但是他們花其中四分之一的時(shí)間來看電視)，但并不能推測出C項(xiàng)所述，因此排除C項(xiàng)。D:做的家務(wù)勞動(dòng)越來越少。第一段指出:Theyalsodidmorehouseholdwork(做的家務(wù)勞動(dòng)越來越少)，由此可知，D項(xiàng)所述錯(cuò)誤。因此本題選A。

5.判斷推理題。題干意為:從文章中，我們能推斷出什么?A:課外活動(dòng)促進(jìn)兒童智力發(fā)展。文章并未有所體現(xiàn)。B:如果關(guān)掉電視機(jī)，多數(shù)孩子會(huì)去讀書。最后一段指出:Ifthey’respendinglesstimeinfrontoftheTVset,however,kidsaren’treplacingitwithreading(然而，如果他們花更少的時(shí)間看電視，孩子們不會(huì)以閱讀來取代看電視)。因此B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。C:培養(yǎng)孩子們的讀書興趣的努力已經(jīng)頗有成效。文章最后指出:Despiteeffortstogetkidsmoreinterestedinbooks,thechildrenspentjustoveranhouraweekreading(盡管人們付出努力來培養(yǎng)孩子的讀書興趣，但孩子們一周僅有一個(gè)多小時(shí)用來讀書)。因此C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。本題用排除法，可得出答案為D選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)父母認(rèn)為閱讀對(duì)孩子有益”。

8.單選題

Thefillingstation（）becausethereweretoomanyothersonthestreet.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.wentunder

B.wentthrough

C.fellout

D.fellthrough

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)gounder“破產(chǎn)，屈服”；B選項(xiàng)gothrough“參加，經(jīng)受，仔細(xì)檢查，通過”；C選項(xiàng)fellout“爭吵”；D選項(xiàng)fellthrough“未能實(shí)現(xiàn)”。句意：這個(gè)加油站破產(chǎn)了，因?yàn)榻稚线€有很多其他的加油站。選項(xiàng)A符合語境。

9.單選題

Manywomenstillfeelthattheyarebeing（）byamaleculture,particularlyintheprofessionalservicessector.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.heldback

B.heldforth

C.heldon

D.heldout

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)heldback“阻礙”；B選項(xiàng)heldforth“提供”；C選項(xiàng)heldon“堅(jiān)持”；D選項(xiàng)heldout“伸出”。句意：許多女性仍然感到男性文化阻礙了她們的發(fā)展，尤其是在專業(yè)服務(wù)領(lǐng)域。本句表示男性文化阻礙了女性的發(fā)展，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Judgingfromrecentsurveysandclinicalexperiments,mostexpertsinsleepbehavioragreethatthereisvirtuallya(n)（1）ofsleepinessinthenation.Evenpeoplewhothinktheyaresleepingenoughwouldprobablybebetteroffwithmorerest.

Thebeginningofoursleep-deficitcrisiscanbetracedtotheinventionofthelightBulbacenturyago.Bythe1950sand1960s,thatsleepschedulehadbeen（2）dramatically,tobetween7and8hours.

Perhapsthemost（3）robberofsleep,researcherssay,isthecomplexityoftheday.Wheneverpressuresfromwork,family,friendsandcommunitymount,manypeopleconsidersleepmostexpendableitemontheagenda.Often,thoughoureffortstosqueezeevermoretasksintoourdaysandnights（4）.Thepersonwhoinvestsinafullnight’ssleep,expertssay,willbemorethan（5）inheightenedproductivity,creativity,andfocus.Anotherthiefofsleepisshiftwork,inwhichpeopleworkregularlyintheevening,atnightoronrotatingschedules.Researcherssaythebrainhasdifficultyvaryingsleeptimes,whichmeansthattheseemployeesusuallysuffera（6）lossofsleep.Theavailabilityofround-the-clockentertainment,especiallyall-nighttelevision,alsotakesits（72）.

Toassesstheconsequencesofsleep-deficit,researchershaveputsubjectsthrougha（8）ofpsychologicalandperformancetestsrequiringthemtoaddcolumnsofnumbersorrecallapassagereadtothemonlyminutesearlier.Researchersfoundthatifthesubjectsweresleep-（9）.Theirperformancesuffered,short-termmemorywasimpaired,aswereabilitiestomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate.Becausetheirreactiontimeandattentionspanareaffected,sleepypeoplemaybemorepronetomakingmistakes.

Sleeping（10）onweekendsdoesnothelpthebodyrecoup.Butinchroniccases,peoplemayneedweeksofcatchinguptoreversetheeffectsofsleeploss.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.phenomenon

B.epidemic

C.tendency

D.symptom

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.whittled

B.reduced

C.imputed

D.subjugated

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.relentless

B.annoying

C.merciless

D.greedy

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.backtrack

B.backcross

C.backset

D.backfire

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.rejuvenated

B.recovered

C.refreshed

D.recompensed

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.net

B.total

C.great

D.sea

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.part

B.toll

C.role

D.effect

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.bundle

B.bevy

C.battery

D.batch

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.deprived

B.driven

C.ridden

D.laden

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.out

B.away

C.in

D.up

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:D

第6題:C

第7題:D

第8題:C

第9題:A

第10題:C

【解析】1.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)phenomenon“現(xiàn)象；奇跡；杰出的人才”；B選項(xiàng)epidemic“傳染??；流行??；風(fēng)尚等的流行”；C選項(xiàng)tendency“傾向，趨勢；癖好”；D選項(xiàng)symptom“癥狀；征兆”。句意：從最近的調(diào)查和臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)來看，大多數(shù)睡眠行為方面的專家都發(fā)現(xiàn)嗜睡流行病遍布整個(gè)國家。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)whittle“削；削減；切；削弱”；B選項(xiàng)reduced“減少；降低；使處于；把……分解”；C選項(xiàng)imputed“歸罪于，歸咎于；嫁禍于”；D選項(xiàng)subjugated“征服；使服從；克制”。句意：到了20世紀(jì)50年代和60年代，人們的睡眠時(shí)間急劇減少到7到8小時(shí)。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

3.考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)relentless“無情的；殘酷的（多用來形容外界及周圍環(huán)境的殘酷）；不間斷的”；B選項(xiàng)annoying“討厭的；惱人的”；C選項(xiàng)merciless“殘忍的（多用來形容人的內(nèi)心是殘酷無情的）；無慈悲心的”；D選項(xiàng)greedy“貪婪的；貪吃的；渴望的”。句意：研究人員說，也許最無情的睡眠劫匪是一天的復(fù)雜性。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.考查邏輯關(guān)系。A選項(xiàng)backtrack“v.原路返回；折回；折返；（屈于壓力而）改變聲明（或主張），出爾反爾；退縮”；B選項(xiàng)backcross“v.使（雜種）回交（或逆代雜交）；n.回交；逆代雜交；回交子代”；C選項(xiàng)backset“n.渦流；逆流；倒退；挫折”；D選項(xiàng)backfire“v.產(chǎn)生事與愿違的不良（或危險(xiǎn)）后果；逆火；回火”。由題可知空格處應(yīng)填帶有轉(zhuǎn)折意味的詞，意為“通常情況下，盡管我們?nèi)杖找挂苟荚跒楦嗟娜蝿?wù)而努力，結(jié)果卻事與愿違”，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)rejuvenated“使年輕；使更新；使恢復(fù)精神；使復(fù)原；復(fù)原；變年輕”；B選項(xiàng)recovered“恢復(fù)；彌補(bǔ)；重新獲得；恢復(fù)；勝訴；重新得球”；C選項(xiàng)refreshed“使恢復(fù)精力；使涼爽；重新斟滿；提醒；提示；使想起”；D選項(xiàng)recompense“賠償，補(bǔ)償；酬謝，回報(bào)”。句意：如果你有充足的睡眠，那么在工作效率、創(chuàng)造力和精神集中程度方面會(huì)遠(yuǎn)超過你本該有的報(bào)酬。也就是說你的工作效率、創(chuàng)造力和精神集中程度會(huì)有很大的改觀。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

6.考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)net“純的；最后的；原價(jià)的；（重量）凈的；（高爾夫球得分）凈得的”；B選項(xiàng)total“全部的；完全的；整個(gè)的”；C選項(xiàng)great“偉大的，重大的；極好的，好的；主要的”；D選項(xiàng)sea“n.海；海洋；許多；大量”。句意：研究人員表示，大腦很難改變睡眠時(shí)間，這意味著這些員工通常會(huì)損失大量睡眠時(shí)間。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

7.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)part“部分；角色；零件；一些；片段”；B選項(xiàng)total“總數(shù)，合計(jì)”；C選項(xiàng)great“大師；大人物；偉人們”；D選項(xiàng)effect“影響；效果；作用”。句意：24小時(shí)的娛樂，尤其是通宵的電視節(jié)目，也起到了一定的作用。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

8.考查短語辨析。A選項(xiàng)abundleof“一捆捆的；一束；一包”；B選項(xiàng)abevyof“一群；一組”；C選項(xiàng)abatteryof“一連串的；一系列的”；D選項(xiàng)abatchof“一批（用來形容數(shù)量，后面接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語動(dòng)詞都用單數(shù)）”。句意：為了評(píng)估睡眠不足的后果，研究人員對(duì)受試者進(jìn)行了一系列的心理和表現(xiàn)測試，要求他們添加一列數(shù)字，或者回憶幾分鐘前讀給他們聽的一篇文章。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

9.考查上下文語義。A選項(xiàng)deprived“貧困的，窮苦的，嚴(yán)重匱乏的；（人）喪失的，被剝奪的”；B選項(xiàng)driven“被動(dòng)的，受到驅(qū)策的；有緊迫感的；（人）發(fā)憤圖強(qiáng)的”；C選項(xiàng)ridden“充斥……的；受虐待的”；D選項(xiàng)laden“負(fù)載的；裝滿的；苦惱的”。前文提到了“sleep-deficit睡眠不足”，所以空格處應(yīng)填與該詞意思相對(duì)應(yīng)的詞，sleep-deprived“睡眠剝奪”符合題意，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

10.考查短語辨析。A選項(xiàng)sleepout“外宿；在外過夜；露宿；外宿房”；B選項(xiàng)sleepaway“一直熟睡；用睡覺消磨（時(shí)光）；用睡覺消除（頭痛等）”；C選項(xiàng)sleepin“睡過頭；睡懶覺；晚一點(diǎn)兒起床；遲起床”；D選項(xiàng)sleepup“五倍深度睡眠；深度睡眠；睡起來了”。句意：周末睡懶覺無助于身體的恢復(fù)。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

ThisyearmarksexactlytwocountriessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.

Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:“Whatisintelligence,identify,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?”

Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld”and“Humans”.

“Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,”saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist.“Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnesssactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”

Butthatdoesn’tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren'tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI“vision”todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.

Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,”notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.

OnJune7Googlepledgednotto“designordeployAI”thatwouldcause“overallharm,”ortodevelopAI-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.

Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity'shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein'sout-of-controlmonster.

1.MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit（

）.

2.InDavidEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness（

）.

3.Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles（

）.

4.Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgeisoneof（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld

B.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years

C.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday

D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.helpsexplainartificialintelligence

B.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking

C.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries

D.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.canhardlyeverbefound

B.isstillbeyondourcapacity

C.causeslittlepublicconcern

D.hasarousedmuchcuriosity

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.affirmation

B.skepticism

C.contempt

D.respect

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.AI'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiants

B.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAI

C.TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable

D.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.通過題干MaryShelly'snovelFrankenstein及題文同序原則可定位至文章第一段，在該段尾句，fictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.此句中ethicalquestions可同義替換題干中的concern。故選C。

2.觀點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)題。可通過關(guān)鍵詞consciousness回文定位至原文第四段尾句部分：wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.可知我們將意識(shí)注入機(jī)器的能力是有限的，因?yàn)闆]有好的理論可以解釋。

3.根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞可定位至文章第三段：當(dāng)下，人工智能的思維還不能達(dá)到人類的精密程度，讓機(jī)器去預(yù)設(shè)每一種駕駛情形是一個(gè)困難的編程問題。由此說明，去解決人工智能所帶來的道德問題，是在人類的能力范圍之外的。

4.態(tài)度題，根據(jù)題干中的theauthor'sattitude,Google'spledges回文定位到第八段，開頭while轉(zhuǎn)折，whilethestatementisvague，與vague相反的即是觀點(diǎn)，所以表示正向情感的詞即是正解。affirmation表示確定。

5.主旨題。本文首段通過引用MaryShelley的書引出本文要探討的話題：新技術(shù)所引發(fā)的道德問題。特別是在最后一段指出AI所涉及的道德問題已經(jīng)觸手可及。全篇復(fù)現(xiàn)了AI和conscience這兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，所以答案選C。

12.單選題

Heisanyonewhobelievesthatwill,reason,andpurposearerealandsignificant;thatvalueandjusticeareaspectsofarealitycalledgoodandeviland[A]restuponsomefoundationotherthancustom;thatconsciousnessissofarfrom[B]beingamereepiphenomenonthatitisthemosttremendousofactualities;thatthe[C]unmeasuredmaybesignificant;or,tosumitallup,thatthosehumanrealities[D]whichsometimesseemtoexistonlyinthehumanmindaretheperceptionsofthemind.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.rest

B.being

C.unmeasured

D.which

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞形。對(duì)應(yīng)前面的“themosttremendousofactualities”，C選項(xiàng)unmeasured應(yīng)該表示“不可估量的”，這是錯(cuò)誤的形式，原形應(yīng)該來自measurable，它的否定形式是immeasurable。

13.單選題

Heisanactorof（）whohasneverabandonedhisprinciplesforthesakeofhisownbenefits.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.integrity

B.stability

C.scarcity

D.dignity

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)integrity“完整，正直，誠實(shí)”；B選項(xiàng)stability“穩(wěn)定性，堅(jiān)定”；C選項(xiàng)scarcity“不足，缺乏”；D選項(xiàng)dignity“尊嚴(yán)，高貴”。句意“他是一個(gè)正直的演員，從不為了自己的利益而放棄自己的原則?！边x項(xiàng)A符合語境。

14.單選題

Thephilosophyteacherwasindeedamazedbythestudents’（）inhandingthecomputer.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.availability

B.probability

C.variability

D.versatility

【答案】D

【解析】句意:這位哲學(xué)老師的確為這些學(xué)生在操控計(jì)算機(jī)上的多才多藝感到驚訝。

考查名詞辨析。Availability可利用，可用性，有用（效）性；probability可能性，機(jī)率；variability可變性，變異性；versatility多功能性，多才多藝，用途廣泛。因此D符合句意。

15.單選題

Emotionsaredefinedasstrong,relativelyuncontrolledfeelingsthataffectourbehavior.Everyoneexperiencesawiderangeofemotions.Thinkforamomentaboutarecentemotionalexperience.Whatcharacterizedthisexperience?Allemotionalexperiencestendtohaveseveralelementsincommon.

Emotionsaregenerallytriggeredbyenvironmentalevents.Anger,joyandsadnessaremostfrequentlyaresponsetoasetofexternalevents.However,internalprocesses,suchasimagery,canalsoinitiateemotionalreactions.

Allemotions,assubjectivelyexperiencedandidentified,appeartobeassociatedwithphysiologicalchanges.Theemotionslabeledas“joy”,“fear”and“anger”occurinconjunctionwithverysimilarphysiologicalpatterns.Currentthinkingleanstowardsacceptingtheprimacy(首要性)ofphysiologicalchanges,whicharetheninterpretedbasedonenvironmentaloccurrences.Forexample,asuddenfallingsensationwillinitiatephysiologicalchanges.Thesechangeswouldbeinterpretedonthebasisofthesituationinwhichtheyoccur,exhilarationorexcitementofbungeejumping;fearoffallingfromaledge(巖脊).

Anothercharacteristicfeatureofanemotionalexperienceiscognitivethought.Emotionsgenerally,althoughnotnecessarily,areaccompaniedbythinking.Thetypesofthoughtsandourabilitytothink“rationally”varywiththetypeanddegreeofemotion.Extremeemotionalresponsesarefrequentlyusedasanexplanationforinappropriatethoughtsoractions:“IwassomadIcouldn’tthinkstraight.”

Emotionsalsohaveassociatedbehaviors.Whilethebehaviorsvarybetweenindividualsandwithinindividualsacrossdifferenttimesandsituations,thereareuniquebehaviorscharacteristicallyassociatedwithdifferentemotions:feartriggersfleeingresponses,angertriggersstrikingout,grieftriggerscrying,andsoon.

Finally,andmostimportantly,emotionsinvolvesubjectivefeelings.Infact,itisthefeelingcomponent(成分)thatisgenerallyreferredtowhenemotionsarementioned.Grief,joy,anger,jealousyandfearfeelverydifferentfromoneanother.Thesesubjectivelydeterminedfeelingsaretheessenceofemotion.

Whileallindividualsgenerallyevaluateemotionsinaconsistentmannerandwithinindividualsovertime,therearesomeindividualandsituationalvariations.Forexample,fewpeoplegenerallywanttobesadorafraid,yetwealloccasionallyenjoyamovieorabookthatscaresorsaddensus—orevensomeofthefrighteningridesatthemeparks(主題樂園)!

Ifasked,wecoulddoubtlessnamenumerousemotions.Agroupof20orsopeoplecangenerallynameordescribeseveralhundredemotions.Therefore,itisnotsurprisingthatresearchershaveattemptedtocategorizeortypeemotionsintomoremanageableclusters.Plutchiklistseightbasicemotionalcategories:fear;anger;joy;sadness;acceptance;disgust;expectancy;surprise.

AccordingtoPlutchik,allotheremotionsaresecondaryemotionsandrepresentcombinationsofthesebasiccategories.Forexample,delightisacombinationofsurpriseandjoy,andcontemptiscomposedofdisgustandanger.

61.Whataretheelementsthatproducehumanemotions?

62.Thetwoexamplesgiveninthethirdparagraphshowsthat（）.

63.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutemotionsisNOTTRUE?

64.Thepassageindicatesthatindividualemotions（）.

65.Whydotheresearcherstrytoclassifyemotions?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Somestronguncontrolledforceswhichtriggeremotions.

B.Internal