(新高考)高考英語三輪沖刺大題優(yōu)練5 七選五 說明文(解析版)

七選五之說明文七選五之說明文大題優(yōu)練5優(yōu)選例題優(yōu)選例題【例題1】Yourunintothegrocerystoretopickuponebottleofwater.Yougetwhatyouneed,headtothefront,andchoosethelinethatlooksfastest.Youchosewrong.Peoplewhoyousweargotinotherlineslongafteryouarealreadycheckedoutandofftotheparkinglot.1Itturnsoutthatit’sjustmathworkingagainstyou;chancesarethattheotherlinereallyisfaster.Grocerystorestrytohaveenoughemployeesatcheckouttogetalltheircustomersthroughwithminimumdelay.2Anysmallinterruption—apricecheck,achattycustomer-canhavedownstreameffects,holdingupanentireline.Iftherearethreelinesinthestore,delayswillhappenrandomlyatdifferentregisters.Thinkabouttheprobability:3Soit’snotjustinyourmind:Anotherlineprobablyismovingfaster.Researchershaveagoodwaytodealwiththisproblem.Makeallcustomersstandinonelong,snakingline—calledaserpentineline—andserveeachpersonatthefrontwiththenextavailableregister.4Thisiswhattheydoatmostbanksandfast-foodrestaurants.Withaserpentineline,alongdelayatoneregisterwon’tunfairlypunishthepeoplewholinedupbehindit.Instead,itwillmakeeveryoneslowdownalittlebitbutspeedupcheckoutoverall.5Ittakesmanyregisterstokeeponelinemovingquickly,andsomestorescan’taffordthespaceormanpower.Sowhereveryournextwaitmaybe:Goodluck.A.Whydoesthisalwaysseemtohappentoyou?B.Sowhydon’tmostplacesencourageserpentinelines?C.Someofthemayhavestoodinaqueueforalmostanhour.D.Thechancesofyourlinebeingthefastestareonlyoneinthree.E.Howhighistheprobabilitythatyouareinthefastestwaitingline?F.Withthreeregisters,thismethodismuchfasterthanthetraditionalapproach.G.Butsometimes,asonaSundayafternoon,thesystemgetsparticularlybusy.【答案】AGDFB【解析】本文是說明文。文章說明了雜貨店排隊方式以及研究人員提出的蛇形隊伍的新方式，并分析了各自的利弊。1.下文“Itturnsoutthatit’sjustmathworkingagainstyou;chancesarethattheotherlinereallyisfaster.”（原來，這只是你的數(shù)學(xué)問題；很可能，另一個隊伍真的更快。）解釋了上文“Youchosewrong.”的原因，下文與空格處是因果關(guān)系，所以本空應(yīng)該是對前文選錯提出疑惑，故選A項。2.上文“Grocerystorestrytohaveenoughemployeesatcheckouttogetalltheircustomersthroughwithminimumdelay.”（雜貨店盡量讓足夠的員工以最快的速度給所有的顧客結(jié)賬。）”解釋了雜貨店之前的工作模式，下文“Anysmallinterruption—apricecheck,achattycustomer—canhavedownstreameffects,holdingupanentireline.”（任何一個小小的中斷，比如一次價格核對，一個喋喋不休的顧客，都會影響后面的一系列行為，拖慢結(jié)賬速度。）描述了雜貨店的特殊情況，故本空應(yīng)該填出現(xiàn)特殊情況的原因，故選G項。3.根據(jù)上文“Iftherearethreelinesinthestore,delayswillhappenrandomlyatdifferentregisters.”（如果雜貨店中有三列隊伍在排隊，延遲將在不同的隊伍中隨機發(fā)生。），并聯(lián)系下文“Soit’snotjustinyourmind:Anotherlineprobablyismovingfaster.”（所以這不僅僅是在你的想象里：另一條隊伍可能移動得更快。）可知本空說的是任何一個隊伍都有可能出現(xiàn)問題。你的隊伍排得最快的幾率只有三分之一。故選D項。4.上文提示：我們得知研究人員有一個很好的方法來處理這個問題。下文提示：大多數(shù)銀行和快餐店都是這樣做的。排蜿蜒的隊伍，在一個登記處長時間拖延不會不公平地懲罰后面排隊的人。相反，它會減慢每個人一點點，但加快了整體結(jié)帳速度。）說明這個新方案迅速有效，聯(lián)系上下文可知，空格中應(yīng)該是與舊的結(jié)賬方式作比較。故選F項。5.結(jié)合下文“Ittakesmanyregisterstokeeponelinemovingquickly,andsomestorescan’taffordthespaceormanpower.”（要讓一條隊伍快速結(jié)賬，需要很多的收銀機，而有些商店沒有足夠的空間和人力資源。）說明了一個原因，由此可知，空格處是提出了一個問題。通過“Ittakesmanyregisterstokeeponelinemovingquickly.”可知這里描述的是不鼓勵蛇形隊伍的原因。故選B項?！纠}2】Someindividualsarebornwithagiftforpublicspeaking.6Doyouwanttobeagoodpublicspeaker?Herearesomeprinciplesyoumustmaster.Peoplewanttolistentosomeonewhoisinteresting,relaxedandcomfortable.Toooften,whenyoustanduptogiveaspeech,youfocusonthe“public”attheexpenseofthe“speaking.”7Focusonthespeaking.Talkdirectlytoyouraudience,beyourselfandmakeaconnection.Eventhemostsuccessfulpublicspeakerwillmakemistakes.Yet,theonlyonewhocaresaboutanymistakeistheonewhoisspeaking.People’sattentionwandersconstantly.Infact,mostpeopleonlyabsorbabout20percentofaspeaker’smessage.So,don’tstopspeakingwhenyoumakeamistakeunlessit’satrulyseriousone.8Yourgoalisnottobeaperfectpublicspeaker.9Andlikeeverythingelseinlife,thattakespractice.Remember,evenworldchampionathletespracticetheirskillsonaconsistentbasis.10It’sraretohearsomeonesay,“Iwishthatspeakerhadspokenlonger”.Ontheotherhand,youprobablycan’tcountthetimesthatyou’vethought,“I’mgladthattalkisover.Itseemedtogoonforever!”Sosurpriseyouraudience.Alwaysmakeyourpresentationjustabitshorterthananticipated.It’sbettertoleaveyourlistenerswishingformorethanshiftingrestlesslyintheirseatswaitingforyourspeechfinallytoend.A.Dotheopposite.B.Youwanttobeaneffectivepublicspeaker.C.Youdon’tneedtoapologizeforaminorslip.D.Whenitcomestopublicspeaking,lessisusuallymore.E.Theobjectiveofmostspeechesistobenefittheaudience.F.Takethefearoutofpublicspeakingbyfocusingonyourlisteners.G.However,themajorityofpeopleareeffectivespeakersbecausetheyaretrainedtobe.【答案】GACBD【解析】本文是一篇說明文，主要講述了成為一個優(yōu)秀的演說家必須掌握的原則。6.過渡銜接句。本文結(jié)構(gòu)為總分，第一段總領(lǐng)全文，設(shè)空前一句談到有些人生來就有演講的天賦，后一句設(shè)問則是：你想成為一個優(yōu)秀的演說家嗎？以下是一些你必須掌握的原則。前后為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，審視選項，G項（然而，大多數(shù)人之所以能成為有效的演講者，是因為他們受過訓(xùn)練。）符合文意，故選G。7.細節(jié)支撐句。設(shè)空前一句：很多時候，當(dāng)你站起來演講時，你會把注意力放在公眾上，而不是演講上。后文談到專注于演講，直接和你的聽眾交談，做你自己，建立聯(lián)系。審視選項，A項（做相反的事。）符合文意，故選A。8.主旨概括句。設(shè)空處位于段末，此段主要告訴人們不要害怕犯錯，聽眾的注意力總是分散的，所以，當(dāng)你犯錯時不要停止，除非是非常嚴(yán)重的錯誤，審視選項，C項（你不需要為一個小失誤道歉。）符合文意，故選C。9.細節(jié)支撐句。設(shè)空前一句：你的目標(biāo)不是成為一個完美的公眾演說家。根據(jù)復(fù)現(xiàn)詞“speaker”，且根據(jù)設(shè)空后文（就像生活中的其他事情一樣，這需要練習(xí)。）可知，B項（你是想成為一個有效的公眾演說家。）符合文意，故選B。10.主旨概括句。設(shè)空處位于段首，結(jié)合本段大意可知，聽眾希望演講是言簡意賅的，審視選項，D項（就公開演講而言，通常少即是多。）符合文意，故選D。模擬優(yōu)練模擬優(yōu)練（一）ACVisoneofthemostimportantpartsofyourapplicationtoanoverseasuniversity.1HerearesomeusefultipsthatcouldhelpyoumakeacompetitiveCVbeforetheinterview.Keepitbrief.AimtoincludeasmuchinformationasyoucanwhenwritingyourCV,suchasyoureducationalexperience,extracurricularactivities,skills,hobbiesandinterests.Remembertokeepthembrief,usingkeypointstohighlightyourstrengthsandcommitment.2Emphasizeyoureducationalexperience.IfyouhaveahighGPA,putitontop.Listallacademicprogramsoroverseasexchangeprogramsyouhaveparticipatedin.3Youshouldalsolistyouracademicawards,honors,leadershipexperienceandotherachievements.4Toshowyourexcellence,thefollowingaspectscouldmakeyoustandoutfromotherapplicants.Yourexperienceinextracurricularactivities,schoolclubsandvoluntaryworkcouldspeakforyou.Listtwoorthreeactivitiesthathavehelpedyoucultivateleadershipandteamworkandshowyourinfluenceonsociety.Meetalltheformalrequirements.YouaresupposedtocreateaCVthatisproperlyorganizedandeasytoread.5Theyoftenprovidetheirspecificrecommendations,orthetemplate.A.Highlightyourpersonalstrength.B.Emphasizeyourpreferencesforschoolclubs.C.Itisbettertocheckthewebsitesofyourtargetuniversities.D.YoushouldalsoprovideabundantusefulinformationinyourCV.E.Thenwritespecificallywhatyouhavelearnedthroughtheseprograms.F.ThethumbruleistokeepthelengthofyourCVwithinoneortwopages.G.ImpressingtheadmissionofficerswithaperfectCVisapassporttosuccess.【答案】GFEAC【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了可以幫助你在面試前制作一份有競爭力的簡歷的一些有用的建議。1.根據(jù)前文“ACVisoneofthemostimportantpartsofyourapplicationtoanoverseasuniversity.”（簡歷是你申請國外大學(xué)最重要的部分之一。）可知G選項（用一份完美的簡歷打動招生辦負(fù)責(zé)人是一切順利的通行證。）符合題意，故選G項。2.根據(jù)前文“Remembertokeepthembrief.”可知，簡歷要簡短。F選項（最基本的原則是將簡歷的頁數(shù)控制在一到兩頁之內(nèi)。）符合題意，故選F項。3.根據(jù)前文“Listallacademicprogramsoroverseasexchangeprogramsyouhaveparticipatedin.”（列出你參加過的所有學(xué)術(shù)項目或海外交流項目。）可知，接下來應(yīng)該寫從中學(xué)到了什么。E選項（然后具體說明你從這些項目中學(xué)到了什么。）符合題意，故選E項。4.根據(jù)下文“Toshowyourexcellence,thefollowingaspectscouldmakeyoustandoutfromotherapplicants.”（為了體現(xiàn)你的優(yōu)秀，以下幾點可以讓你從眾多申請者中脫穎而出。）可知，簡歷中也要展現(xiàn)自己的長處。A選項（突出你的個人優(yōu)勢。）符合題意，故選A項。5.根據(jù)前文“Meetalltheformalrequirements.”（滿足所有的官方要求。）以及后文“Theyoftenprovidetheirspecificrecommendations,orthetemplate.”（他們通常會提供他們具體的建議或模板。）可知，要提前查看相應(yīng)大學(xué)的網(wǎng)站。C選項（最好查看你的目標(biāo)院校的網(wǎng)站。）符合題意，故選C項。（二）Apopularpersonissomeonewhoisadmired,appreciated,orlovedbytheirpeers.Otherswanttobeassociatedwiththem,andtheyhaveplentyoffriends.Apopularpersonusuallyhasahighsocialstatusintheirpeergroup.6Careaboutyourappearance.Takingprideinyourappearanceisoneofthesimplestwaystoimproveyoursocialprospectsandalterthewaypeoplethinkaboutyou.Youdonothavetowearexpensiveorfashionableclothestobecomepopular.7Beconfident.Ifyouwantpeopletolikeyouforwhoyouare,youhavetoalsolikeyourself.8Whenpeoplenoticetheconfidentwayyouholdyourself,they’llrealizeyouaresomeoneworthbeingaround.Joinin.9Don’twalkthehallswithyourheadloweredorskiplunchbecauseyouhavenoonetositwith;talktopeopleandgettoknowthem.Showaninterestinwhat’sgoingonaroundyou.TakepartinclasseslikeartandPEastheseareoftencooperative,team-buildingenvironments.Beforelongyou’llstarttopickuponwhatpeoplearelikeandbeginmakefriendsthatsharecommoninterests.10Spendtimehangingoutwithalotofdifferentpeople.Peoplewhoaretrulypopulararecomfortablebeingfriendlywitheveryonetheymeetwith.Don’tjustbefriendswithonegrouportypeofperson,butmakeanefforttogettoknoweveryone.You'llbeginbridginggapsinseparategroupsandbecomeknownasapersonthatbringspeopletogether.A.Diversifyyoursocialcircle.B.Bekindtopeopleoutsideyourgroup.C.Thesearesomefactorswhichcanleadtoanaturalpopularity.D.Involveyourselfinotherstudentsandparticipateinthesameactivities.E.Youmightnotnoticeitbuteventuallyyouwillgettoknowthebenefitsofappearance.F.Instead,aimtolookdecentatalltimes,includingyourhairstylesandpersonaltidiness.G.Remindyourselfofyourpositivefeaturesandtrytoletthosebetheonesyoudisplaytoothers.【答案】CFGDA【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了讓自己成為受歡迎的人的一些方法。6.根據(jù)前句“Apopularpersonusuallyhasahighsocialstatusintheirpeergroup.”及下文內(nèi)容可知，這里為承上啟下句，為讀者介紹一些讓自己受歡迎的因素。所以選擇項C（這些都是一些能讓你自然而然受歡迎的因素。）符合上下文語境。故選C。7.根據(jù)小標(biāo)題Careaboutyourappearance.和前句“Youdonothavetowearexpensiveorfashionableclothestobecomepopular.”可知外表很重要，但你不一定要穿昂貴或時尚的衣服所以選項F（相反，你要時刻保持得體，包括發(fā)型和個人整潔。）符合上下文語境。故選F。8.上文提示：如果你想讓人們喜歡真實的你，你也必須喜歡你自己。下文提示：當(dāng)人們注意到你自信的樣子時，他們會意識到你是一個值得與之交往的人。所以選項G（提醒自己努力展現(xiàn)積極的一面。）符合上下文語境。故選G。9.根據(jù)小標(biāo)題Joinin.和后文內(nèi)容可知，要多參加活動。所以選項D（多和其他同學(xué)一起參加相同的活動。）符合上下文語境。故選D。10.此處考查本段小標(biāo)題。下文提示：花時間和很多不同的人在一起。真正受歡迎的人會樂于與他們遇到的每個人都保持友好的關(guān)系。不要只和一群人或一類人做朋友，而要努力去了解每一個人。這會讓你彌合不同群體之間的分歧，成為一個能把大家團結(jié)在一起的人?？芍诒静糠?，作者建議要與不同的人交朋友，拓展自己的社交圈。所以選擇項A（豐富社交圈。）符合本段小標(biāo)題。故選A。（三）Everyday,wearefacedwithchallengesanduncertainties.Whilethesearethingsthatareoutofourcontrol,wecanmostcertainlycontrolhowwereactandfeelinsuchsituations.11Optimismisasimpleyetpowerfulmindsetthatcanaffectusinmanyways.Anoptimistwillbemorecommittedtowardshisgoals.Whensomepeoplesetagoaltheydon’taccountfortheproblemstheyruninto.Theyviewthemasbarriersthatcan’theremoved.Thisiswhytheminutesomethingdoesn’tgoasplannedtheystarttoshrinkandgiveup.12Infact,anoptimisticpersonwillmerelylookattheproblemsasnewexperiencesandnewpossibilities.Heunderstandsthatfailureisjustpartoftheprocessandwelcomesitwithopenarms.13AsurveyconductedbyGallupfoundthatonly35percentofUSmanagersareoccupiedintheirjobs.ThislackofdevotionanditsinfluenceonemployeescoststheUSapproximately$77billionto$96billioneachyear.Optimisticleaderscanhelpmotivatetheiremployees.14Aboveall,optimismoffersahealthierandlongerlife.AstudyfromtheUniversityofPittsburghconcludedthatthosewhohaveanoptimisticviewpointhavea30percentlowerriskofheartdisease.15Additionally,researchpublishedintheCanadianMedicalAssociationJournalfoundthatoptimistsarel