2022年初中英語：謂語動詞和主語的一致

2022年初中英語：謂語動詞和主語的一致

謂語動詞和主語的一致

有些謂語動詞必須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，特別是動詞為現(xiàn)在時態(tài)時。在一般現(xiàn)在時中，若主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，多數(shù)動詞都要加-s或-es，如：Hecomes.Marycries。如果主語不是第三人稱單數(shù)，就不需加這樣的詞尾，如：Icome.

Theycry.而且，不管是作主要動詞還是助動詞，在第三人稱單數(shù)的主語后都得用is，has，does這種形式，否則用are，am，have或do。至于can，may，must這些助動詞，在各種人稱后形式不變：

He(orShe，It，Myfriend)comes(orsees，goes).

He(orShe，It，Myfriend)iswaiting，hascome，doesgo，(is，has，does作助動詞)iskind，hasafunnyface，doesnothingatall.(is，has，does作主要動詞)

I(orwe，You，They，Myfriends)come(orsee，go).

Iamwaiting，havecome，dogo.We(orYou，They，Myfriends)arewaiting，havecome，dogo.(am，are，have，do作助動詞)

Iamsorry.Theyarekind，havefunnyfaces，donothingatall.(am，are，have，do作主要動詞)

任何主語+must(orcan，may，oughtto，neednot，darenot)come(orsee，go).

過去時可和住何主語一起用，只有was和were是例外。was和第一第三人稱單數(shù)主語一起用，其他主語都和were一起用，如：

Hewasill.Iwasill.Theywereill.

在將來時中主要是用shall或will，不需加詞尾，如：

They(orJohnandMary)willcome，shallcome.

He(orIt)willcome，shallcome.

?判斷主語的人稱不難，但判斷它的數(shù)有時卻并不容易。至少有39種有關(guān)數(shù)上一致的問題，它們可以分為兩大類。

第一大類是哪個是主語的問題。在這類中，決定哪個詞或詞組是主語比決定某個主語是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)更困難。以下面句子為例：

Thestudents，aswellastheteacher，are(oris?)intheclass-room.(在決定用are還是is以前，首先得決定students和teacher哪是主語，還是兩者都是主語。)

Myguideis(orare?)thestars.(是guide還是stars是真正的主語?)

第二大類是主語是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)的問題。在這類中，決定主語是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)比決定哪個是主語更困難：

Billiards(單數(shù)還是復數(shù)?)is(orare?)myfavoritegame.

Thephenomena(單數(shù)還是復數(shù)?)is(orare?)unbelievable.

Theheadquarters(單數(shù)還是復數(shù)?)is(orare?)inLondon.

1)第一大類：哪個是主語?

謂語動詞通常跟在主語后面，但有時卻放在主語前面，特別是在由who，which，how，when等疑問詞或助動詞引起的問句中：

Whoarethey?

Whichdoesshelikebest?

HasyourwifecomebackfromParis?

Aretheguestscelebratingherbirthday?

在某些倒裝句中，謂語動詞有時放在主語前面：

Ifyouarenotsatisfied，norisPeter.

NeverinmylifehaveIforgother.NobodyelsecanIlove.

HardlyhasLizwokenupwhenthesunrises.

“Ifeelbored.”“Soisevrybody.”

在下面這類倒裝句中情況也如此。

Therecomemanychildren.

Beforethehousestandsatree.

Beforethehousestandatreeandabench(twothings).

Inthehousethereisacat，(thereis)adog，and(thereare)threebirds.(后面的thereis，thereare多省略，在acat前用is是對的。)

ToDickfallthedutiesofmaintainingthefamily.

AfterJancomesNora.

HeresallthecoinsIhave.(在口語中heres和theres和wheres后可跟一復數(shù)名詞)

Theresthreefriendswaitingforme.

Wheresthekidsthatstoletheapples?

在下面這類句子中，補語或分詞提前，主語在is，was，are，were之后：

Goneareallmyhappydays!

Waitingfortheresultsarethousandsofpeople.Gatheredundertheroofwereallthebigshots.

兩個單數(shù)名詞由and連接可構(gòu)成復數(shù)主語：

JohnandMary(=Twopersons)arecoming.

(但：JohniscomingandMaryiscoming，too.)

Mymoneyandmyfriendarebothgone.

Goodcoffeeandbadaredifferentfromeachother.

兩個人稱代詞由and連接也構(gòu)成復數(shù)主語：

HeandI(=We)arefriends.

Bothyouandhe(=Bothofyou)areill.

由every，any等詞修飾的幾個主語，盡管由and連接，仍然保持是單數(shù)：

Everyboyandeverygirlisplaying.

Anyrelative，anyfriendandanyneighbourisreadytohelphim.

Eachgrown-upandeachchildlikesit.

Nocity，novillage，nomountain，(and)noseaisaplaceofsafety.

Manyamanandmanyawomanhasseentheaccident.

兩個名詞前各加同一限定詞，表示是兩個人或兩樣東西，謂語動詞要用復數(shù)：

Ageneralandastatesman(twopersons)werekilled.

Hishomeandhisofficeareveryfarfrommyhome.

Ablackandawhitedogareplayingintheyard.

一個不可數(shù)名詞，如有兩個形容詞修飾，而指兩樣東西，動詞用復數(shù);否則用單數(shù)：

EnglishandFrenchgrammararedifferent.

Sweetandsourporkisdelicious.

如果主體詞重復，表示是兩樣東西，動詞要用單數(shù)：

Thesituationbeforethewarandthesituationafterarediffer-ent.

Whathesaidandwhathethoughtwerethesame.

如作主語的兩個名詞用同一限定詞，指的是一個人或一樣東西，動詞要用單數(shù)：

Ageneralandstatesman(oneperson)waskilled.

Hishomeandoffice(oneplace)isveryfarfrommyhouse.

Ablackandwhitedog(onedog)isplaying.

Whathesaidandthoughtwasforothers.

有時兩個名詞雖由and連接，但習慣上被看作是一樣東西，這時動詞也用單數(shù)：

Breadandbutterisenoughforme.

Whiskyandsodaishisfavourite.

Duckandpeasisdelicious，buteggsandbaconisbetter.

Thatcupandsaucerisbroken.

Thewheelandaxleisoutofrepair.

Aneedleandthreadisallmygrandmotherneeds.

RomeoandJulietisatragedy.

兩個抽象名詞一起用時，有時代表兩個東西，有時代表一個東西，動詞的單復數(shù)要根據(jù)意思來決定，有時兩者都可以(看我們?nèi)绾慰紤])：

Theuseandobjectofthisare(oris)simple.

Thestitchingandbindingofbooksare(oris)ahardjob.

Hiscourageandenduranceare(oris)Great.

Sympathyandunderstandingare(oris)required.

Trialanderror(通?？醋饕粋€概念)isthebestwaytolearn.

AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.

Theebbandflowofonesfortuneisamatterofcourse.

有時一個主語后跟一逗號，以及“and+名詞+副詞”，后面的動詞就常和第一個名詞一致?！癮nd+名詞+副詞”可以看作一個省略的分句：

Mary，andherparentstoo(oralso，likewise，aswell)，isfondofJohn.(=MaryisfondofJohn，andherparentsarefondofJohn，too.)

Mary，andperhaps(orparticularly，even，certainly)herparents，isfondofJohn.(and+副詞+名詞)

Mary，butnotherparents，isfondofJohn.

Marysparents，butnotMaryherself，arefondofJohn.(在跟有not時，可以用but代替and。)

單純數(shù)詞一般看作單數(shù)，如果有兩個數(shù)詞由and或time或其它詞連接，動詞可以用單數(shù)或復數(shù)形式：

Thirteenisanunluckynumber.

Twoandtwomake(ormakes)four.

Eightplusfiveequalsthirteen.(書面體)

Threefivesare(oris)fifteen.(口語體)

Threetimesfiveare(oris)fifteen.

Whatare(oris)twiceseven?

40multipliedby58equals2320.(書面體)

Fivefromnine(orNinetakeawayfive)is(orleaves)four.(口語體)

Sixhundredandoneminusfortyequalsfivehundredandsix-ty-one.(書面體)

Threeintotwelvegoesfour.(口語體)

Twohundredfiftydividedbyfiftyequalsfive.(書面體)如果數(shù)詞表示復數(shù)的人或東西，動詞也用復數(shù)形式：

Five(=FivePersons)werekilled.

Oneandahalf...為復數(shù)，而halfa...為單數(shù)：

Oneandahalfdollarswerespentonsugar，andhalfadollarwasSpentonflour.

Afineand/orimprisonmentis(orare)notenough.

如果兩個主語由or或nor連接，動詞與最靠近的主語一致：EitheryouorIamright.

NeitherAlicenorherparentslikeMike.

Oneortwowordsareenough.(但是Awordortwoise-nough.)

Thereisoneortwoexamples.

Wangorratherhisbrothersdecidethematter.

但：Lifeor(=and)deatharenothingtome.

WhetherJohnorMaryarewillingtohelpmeisstillaproblem.

兩個主語若由notonly...butalso...連接起來，動詞和最近的主語一致：

Notonlymyhouse，butmanyotherhouseshavebeenwhite-washed.

(但最好說：Notonlymyhousehasbeenwhitewashed，butmanyotherhouses，too.)

NotonlyMarysparents，butalsoMaryherselflikesMike.

ThereisnotonlyMary，butalsoMarysparents.

如果主語后跟有介詞短語、連詞短語或是分詞短語，動詞仍與主語一致，不受中間插入成分的影響(注意主語后及短語后的逗號)：

Twogirls，besides(介詞)Mary，arestudyingMalay.

Allmysisters，exceptLilian，studyflower-arranging.

Thestreet，withsomanypeoplegoingupanddown，isdirty.

Lee，togetherwith(介詞短語)histhreebrothers，hascometoourparty.

Thehorses，alongwiththeirowner，fallintotheriver.

Thisproblem，inadditiontotheothertwo，makemesad.

You，aswellas(連詞短語)he，aremistaken.

Thestudents，muchmorethantheteacher，wishforaholi-day.

Theteacher，asmuchasthestudents，wishesforaholiday.

Wangsfriends，nolessthanWanghimself，wishforhissuc-cess.

Oneapple，divided(分詞短語)bysixchildren，isathingunpleasant.

Themanager，accompaniedbyhisassistants，hasgoneout.

Myschoolmates，includingJohn，arekindtome.

Allthemembers，notexceptingthechairman，arearrived.

上面那種插在主語和謂語動詞之間的成分，也可移到句首，意思是差不多的：

BesidesMary，threestudentsarestudyingMalay.

Inadditiontotheothertwo，thisproblemmakesmesad.

NolessthanWanghimself，Wangsfriendswishforhissuc-cess.

Accompaniedbyhisassistants，themanagerhasgoneout.

主語后面有時跟有of或其他介詞時，動詞仍和主語一致：Oneoftheboysissick.

Themeetingofsomanystrangersbroadenshisview.

Acleanupofsuchagovernmentisabsolutelynecessary.

Thelossofhisparentswastoomuchforhim.

Atruckloadoforangescostsaboutathousanddollars.

Twospoonsofsugararejustenough.

Twobottlesofwhiskyarenothingtohim.

Onlyfivebagsofriceareinstock.

Sixcasesofcholeraarereported.

Signsofrevoltareincreasingeveryday.

Thiskind(orsort，type，class，species，breed，variety)ofcatisrare.

Thesekinds(orsorts，...)offlowersarerare.(口語體)

Flowersofthiskind(orsort，...)arerare.(書面體)

Oneofthestudents，whospeakslrish，isherson.

Oneofthestudentswhospeaklrishisherson.

Morechildrenthanoneareinfected.

Nobodybutfiveworkersispromoted.

SuchpeopleasJohnarewonderful.

Thenumberofbanksinthiscityisaboutforty.(但：Anum-berofbanksarecloseddown.動詞和這類數(shù)詞短語后的名詞一致)

Theaverageofabsenteesisfourineachmeeting.(但：Anaverageoffourpersonsareabsentineachmeeting.)

Thetotalofmurdersinthisyearisovertwohundred.(但：Atotaloftwohundredmurdersarecommittedthisyear.)

后面跟復數(shù)動詞的短語有：amajorityofpeople，avarietyofreasons，arainofbullets，astormofstones，afloodofre-sources，aseaoffaces，atrickleoftourists，amountainofwatermelons等等。

系動詞一般都和前面的主語一致，而不受后面補語的影響：Myonlypleasureisthemovies.

Themoviesaremyonlypleasure.

Thosestarsaremyonlyguide.

Myonlyguideisthosestars.

Hisfoodisfruitandmilk.

Fruitandmilkarehisfood.

Dogsareapleasanttrouble.

Weareafootballteam.

主語后的同位語和補語一樣都不影響動詞的形式：

Themovies，myonlypleasure，arealsomyruin.

Thosestars，myonlyguide，aretwinklingallthenight.

Hisfood，fruitandmilkisdeliciousandnutritious.

Theybecomemaster(ormistress)ofthesituation(ortheEng-lishlanguage).

Manyfallvictim.

Theyseemtobeourenemy.

Theyarealwaysthevictor.

Theworldappearstoomanyforme.

Thenationisbutindividuals.

Whoisknocking?ItseemstobeJohnandMary.

Sheisalleyes(oralltears，allsmiles).

Theroomisallbooksandnewspapers.

Thestreetisallloiterersandbeggars.

但：Thefollowingismyaddress(aretheiraddresses).

在某些習慣用法中補語用復數(shù)形式，動詞仍與主語一致：

Heis(orbecomes，makes)greatfriendswithJohn.

Heispals(orshipmates，partners)withyou.

Heisenemieswitheveryone.

Iamquitswithhim.

不定式、動名詞或從句作主語時，盡管里面有復數(shù)名詞，動詞仍用單數(shù)形式：

Forthemtotellliesisveryeasy.

Forusbusinessmentoknowmanypeopleisnecessary.Tellingliesdoesnotpay.

VisitingallEuropeancountriesismyambition.

Whatwewantisgoodroads.

Thattheylikepowerandwealthistrue.

“Itpourscatsanddogs”meansitrainsheavily.

“Manyhappyreturns”isaformofgreetingonsomebobysbirthday.

在it引起的強調(diào)某句子成分的句子中，動詞用單數(shù)更好一些：

Itistheywho(代表it，而不代表they)is(比are好)wrong.

Itisyouthat(代表it，而不代表you)oftenmakes(比make好)suchmistakes.

但實際上用復數(shù)的人也不少。

2)第二大類：主語是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)?

數(shù)詞，不管是泛指還是特指，只要是指人或物，通常都跟有復數(shù)動詞：

Sevenwerekilled.

Twoaremissing.

Fewknowit.

Afewhavebeenthrownaway.

Severalwerewounded.

Hundredshavebecomehomeless.

Bothhavecome.

Thousandsuponthousandswerestarved.

Somewerekilled，otherswerewounded.

Alargevarietyofumbrellasareonsale.

Afewaresatisfied，butagreatmanyaredisappointedandveryangry.

Themajority(orgenerality)ofhumanbeingsareselfish.

Fiftydozenofstockingshavejustarrived.

Tenpair(s)ofglovesareondisplay.

Fouryokeofoxenarecoming.

Twentyheadofcattlearegrazing.

Anumberofarticlesaredamaged.(但：Thenumberofthir-teenisunlucky.)

Oneandahalf(morethanone)applesareentirelyrotten.(但：Oneappleisrotten.)

Nostudentsareinterestedinthissubject.(但：Nostudentisinterestedinit.)

Manyhoursanddayshavebeenspent.(但：Manyanhouranddayhasbeenwasted.)

Morepersonsthanonearesuspected.(但：Morethanoneper-sonissuspected.

Thereis[orare]morethanoneperson.)

量詞一般看作單數(shù)：

Somuchhasalreadybeendone.

Alargeamountofmoneyhasbeenspentonagriculture.

Alargequantityoffoodwasleftrotten.

Littlehasbeendone.

Alittleisenough.

Ahighdegreeofdevelopmentisinsight.

Agreatdealwaslost.

Toomuchvegetables(即使用復數(shù))spoilsmyappetite.

Notmuchclothesisonsaleinthissmalltown.

Toomucholdbookshasbeencrammedintomyhead.

有些單詞或短語，若跟有不可數(shù)名詞，則成為量詞，因此是單數(shù)，如跟有可數(shù)名詞，則成為數(shù)詞，這時就成了復數(shù)：

Thereisenough(量詞)water.

Thereareenough(數(shù))rooms.

Morewaterisrequired.

Moretrucksarerequired.

Somecoffeehasbeenordered.

Someappleshavebeenstolen.

NOmilkwassoldinthisstore.

Noorangesweresweetinthisseason.

Noneofthemoneyiswiselyspent.

Noneofthehousesaregoodtosee.

Mostofthemilkwasspilledout.

Mostofthebananaswererotten.

Alotofmoneyhasbeenspent.

Alotofpeoplehavebeeninvited.

Abundanceofmeatisconsumedeveryday.

Abundanceofwatermelonsareonsale.

Plentyofwaterisusedinthiscity.

Plentyofpigsarekilledeveryday.

Halfoftheliquorisalcohol.

Halfoftheinhabitantsareworkers.

Partofthemoneyisspentonthemovies.

Partofthebooksaredamaged.

Therestofthecostwaspaidbyhim.

Therestofthechildrenwerestillyoung.

Threefourthsoftheearthssurfaceiscoveredbywater.

ThreefourthsoftheresidentsareChinese.

Thebulkofhispropertyhasbeensold.

ThebulkoftheinhabitantsareIndians.

Amassofsnowliesbeforemydoor.

Amassofpeoplearegatheringonthesquare.

Alargepercentageofprofithascometonothing.

Alargepercentageofcrimesareduetoalcohol.

Alargeproportionofhisincomeisspentonliquor.

AlargeproportionoftheresidentsareArabs.

有些指示詞可以作單數(shù)也可以作復數(shù)：

Allthecityiscleanandverybeautiful.但：Allthecitiesarecleanandbeautiful.

Anythinggoodisgoodtohim.但：Anystreetsinthiscityarefamiliartohim.

Someone(orSomebody)hascome.但：Somefriendshavecome.

Suchapersonisneverhappy.但：Suchpersonsarealwaysdissatisfied.

Acertainboyhasbrokenit.但：Certainboyshavedoneit.

Anothergirlloveshim.但：Othergirlslovehim.

Eachwearsacap.但：Theyeachwearcaps.

Either(orNeither)(作形容詞)partyisright.

Either(orNeither)(作代詞)ofthetwopartieshasitsgoodleader.

Either(orNeither)(作代詞)havetheirgoodleaders.(口語體)

NeitherJan，norHelen，(nor)Belinda，norDorotbyhavecomehome.(口語體)

What，who，which可作單數(shù)也可作復數(shù)：

Whoare(oris)waitingoutside?

Whichare(oris)yours?

What引起的從句多作單數(shù)：

Whatheisdoingistrivial.

Whatmademesadwashisunhappymarriage.

如果補語是一個復數(shù)名詞，what引起的從句也可作復數(shù)看待：

Whatchildrenlikearestories.

Whatseemtobeboatsarerocks.

這主要得根據(jù)情況決定，試比較下面句子：

What(=Athingthat)seemstobearatissomethingelse.

What(=Thingsthat)seemtoberatsaresomeotherani-mals.

Hisfamily(作為整體)islarge.

集體名詞可以表示一個集體，可以看作是單數(shù)，如果表示其成員，就可以作復數(shù)看待，特別是在英國：

Hisfamily(=Themembersofhisfamily)areallwell.

一個集體名詞若有every，each，a，this，that修飾，常常作單數(shù)看待：

Everyfamilyinthisareaisequippedwithguns.

Thisclubisdevotedtothestudyofphotography.

Acommitteeisappointedtoinquireintothematter.

Thecommitteeareatdinner.

Thecavalrywasrepulsed.

Thecavalrywearscarlettrousers.

Thisteamiswellorganized.

Our(而不是These)teamaregoodplayers.

ThecompanywasorganizedbyMr.JohnsonandtheyaremostlyAmericans.

Themobbecomesmoreandmoreviolent.

Themobwerethrowinguptheircapsandcheering.

Thishotelisbytheseaside.

Allthehotelarestartledatthealarm.

Thisclassisasmallone.

Ourclassarequarrellingamongthemselves.

Theoldcouple(orpair)ishappy.

Theyoungcouple(orpair)arequarrellingwitheachother.

但：Thistwin(oneofthetwins)isliketheother.

Thesetwinsarelikeeachother.

Thelitterofpupswasbornyesterday.(動物的集體)

Thelitterofpupswereplayingwitheachother.

Everyherdofelephantsinthisareaseemstobehappyandfree.

Theflockofbirdswereflyingabout.

機關(guān)、團體、地方，例如BankofJapan，LabourParty，HongKongSportClub，MinistryofFinance，thepress，thecity，thevillage，theneighbourhood等既可作單數(shù)也可作復數(shù)。在美國英語中，單數(shù)的集體名詞通?？醋鲉螖?shù)。在英國英語中，人或動物的單數(shù)集體名詞卻既可看作單數(shù)，也可看作復數(shù)，但無生命東西的集合體的單數(shù)名詞，如cluster(ofgrapes)，collec-tion(ofbooks)，bunch(ofkeys)，pair(ofshoes，scissors，glasses)只看作是單數(shù)。

有些集體名詞通常作復數(shù)看待，但相應表示其成員的詞，卻可有單數(shù)形式：

Thenobilityhavebecomepoor.

Thisnoblemanhasbecomepoor.

Thepeasantry(ortenantry，yeomanry)wereunderfed.

Thepeasant(ortenant)wasunderfed.

Thegentryarerich.

Thisgentlemanisrich.

Thepolicearewell-trained.

Thatpolicemaniswell-trained.

Mankindaredestroyingtheirowncivilization.

Manisdestroyinghisowncivilization.

Humanityisdestroyingitsowncivilization.

Thehumanbeingsaredestroyingtheirowncivilization.

Thelaityarenotabletounderstandthisterm.

Alaymanisnotabletounderstandthisterm.

Theclergyareopposedtoit.

Aclergywmanisamongus.

Thecavalryhavefoughtbravely.

Thiscavalrymanhasdonesomethinggreat.

Theinfantryweredefeated.

Everyinfantrymanwashealthyandstrong.

Themilitiaaretodefendtheirtown.

Nomilitiamanknowsabouttheinfiltrationoftheenemy.

Theyoutharethefutureofanation.

Ayouthiswaitingatthebusstopforhisgirlfriend.

TheBritish(orEnglish，Irish，Scotch，Spanish，Dutch，F(xiàn)rench)are....

ABriton(orEnglishman，Irishman，Scotsman，Spaniard，Dutchman，F(xiàn)renchman)is....

有些集體名詞，形式上是單數(shù)，前面卻可以加數(shù)詞，后面跟復數(shù)動詞：

Ahundredclergyaremeeting.

Twentypolice(=Twentypolicemen)arecoming.

Twentythousandinfantryaresettingout.

Manygentryareopposedtothemeasure.

Thosefolk(s)(orpeople)arehard-headed.

Hissixteenoffspringareallworkingwithhim.

AllhiskindredarelivinginLondon.

Threemillionpopulationofthiscityarewell-fed.

Fourthousandcattlearetobeexported.

有些名詞經(jīng)常有-s或-es詞尾，它們都跟復數(shù)動詞：

Theeavesarepretty.

Richesarenotalwaysdependable.

Theoddsareagainstus.(比較：Whatistheodds?----口語體)

Thanksareexpressed.

Clothesare(Clothingis)notmuchneededhere.

Thesegoodsaretobedelivered.

另一些這類名詞是：archives，assets，belongings，earnings，grounds，rapids，nuptials，oats，premises，procceeds，quarters，remains，savings，scales，woods，winnings

有些疾病的名稱帶有-s詞尾，但都作單數(shù)看待：

Themeasles(ormumps，rickets，smallpox，shingles)isadiseaseverycommoninthisvillage.

有些名詞通常帶-s或-es詞尾，它們后面既可跟單數(shù)動詞，也可跟復數(shù)動詞：

抽象名詞：

Everymeans(=method)hasbeenused.Allmeans(=methods)havebeenused.

Analms(orMuchalms)wasgiventothepoor.

Thesealmsweregiventothepoor.

Great(orMuch，Little)painshave(orhas)beentaken.

Thetidingsis(orare)bad.(比較：Thenewsis--不能用are--bad.)

Hiswagesare3000dollarsamonth.Thewagesofsinisdeath(oldusage).Alivingwageisreceivedonlybyafewwork-ers.

Anamendsisnecessary.Theseamendsaresatisfactory.

Thisspeciesisrare.Thesespeciesarevaluable.

Aseriesofbattleswas(orwere)beingfought.

Manyseriesofbattleshavebeenfought.

地方名稱：

TheheadquartersofthetradeisinLondon.TheheadquartersofthesevarioustradesareinLondon.

Abarracksisstandingonthehill.Somebarracksarethelargestinthiscountry.

A(general)storesislocatedatthecorner.Severalnew(gen-eral)storesarebeingsetup.

Aglass-worksisbeingbuilt.Thesetwoglass-worksarethebestinthisarea.

Agolf-links(=golf-course)isintheeasternpartofthecity.

Somegolf-linksareveryfarfromhere.

Acrossroadsisusuallydangerous，butsomecrossroadsaresafe.

Agallowsisbeingsetup.Somegallowsareleftidle.

Ashambleshasreplacedtheprosperouscity.Manyshamblespresentthemselvestooureyes.

KensingtonGardensisaniceplace.Therearenotmanybotanicalgardensinthiscountry.

Alodgingsiseasytofind.Manylodgingsareforrent.

“Isthereapublicbathshere?”“Therearemanypublicbaths.”

Akennelsiswheredogsarebred.Somekennelssellpreciousdogs.

Hiswhereaboutsis(orare)unknown.

物件名稱：

Thebellows(orscissors，pincers，tongs，forceps，shoes，pants，shorts，glasses，etc.)arelyinginthecorners.

Apairofbellows(orscissors，pincers，tongs，etc.)islyingidle.

有些動物的名字并不帶-s或-es詞尾，但可以用作復數(shù)或單數(shù)名詞：

Salmon(orTrout)(作為食品)isdelicious.

Thesesalmon(ortrout)arecaughtinthatriver.

Fish(作為食品)istheironlyfood.Threefishesarevisibleinthewater.Alotoffisharecaught.

Poultry(作為食品)isdelicious.Thepoultry(作為活的動物)aredrinkingwater.

Thesheepis(orare)sleeping.

Adeerisplaying.Somedeerarerunning.

有些名詞似乎不可數(shù)，卻可有單復兩種形式，有不同意義：

Hiscareerhasreacheditsclimax.Theircareershavebeensuc-cessful.(一個人有一番事業(yè)。許多人有許多番事業(yè)。)

Hisbeardisimpressive.Theirbeardsarelong.

Themaneofthishorseisthin.Themanesofthosehorsesarethick.

Hisoffspringishealthy.Theiroffspringsareallsoldiers.

Thepopulationofthiscityisthin.Thepopulationsofthesetwocitiesaresimilar.

ThelanguageoftheU.S.A.isEnglish.ThelanguagesofBritainandtheU.S.A.arealmostthesame.

ThealphabetofEnglishistwenty-sixletters.

ThealphabetsofEnglishandFrencharealittledifferentfromeachother.

有些學科的名稱，雖以-s結(jié)尾，卻都作單數(shù)看待：

Mathematicsisanimportantsubjectinschoo1.

Economicsisastudyofproductionandconsumption.

Dramaticsishissubject.Andaccoustics，too.

如果一個學科名稱用來表示某些實際事務，則可作為復數(shù)：

Mymathematicsarepoor.

Theeconomicsofthiscountryarestable.

Suchpoliticsarefoolish.Suchtacticsareridiculous.

Gymnasticsarepopulartoday.

Theethicsofsomepoliticiansaredoubtful.

Statisticsonthissubjectareincorrect.

某些以-s結(jié)尾的游戲或球類名稱作為單數(shù)看待：

Billiards(orBowls，Dominos，Draughts)ismyfavouritegame.

但：Cardsarenotinterestingtome.

以-ese結(jié)尾的國民名稱可作為單、復兩種形式：

ThatJapanese(orChinese，Portuguese，Vietnamese)ismyfriends.

ThoseJapanese(orChinese，Portuguese，Vietnamese)aremyfriends.

有些外來術(shù)語，有特別的單數(shù)及復數(shù)形式：

Thisaxis(ormedium，radius，larva，analysis，criterion，Phenomenon，oasis，libretto，soprano)is...(單數(shù)形式)

Thoseaxes(ormedia，radii，larvae，analyses，criteria，phenomena，oases，libretti，soprani)are...(復數(shù)形式)

Thedatais(orare)...

由一個形容詞加the來代表一類人時，都作為復數(shù)：

Thehonest(=Thehonestpeople)arealwaystrustworthy.

Thepooraretoberelieved.

Theblindareunfortunate.

Thestrong，therich，thewickedarerespectedasthewise.

Theoppressedaretoriseoneday.

有個別這類形容詞代表單個的人，后面要跟單