古英語(yǔ)和中世紀(jì)英語(yǔ) 英國(guó)文學(xué)考點(diǎn)

第一章古英語(yǔ)時(shí)期和中世紀(jì)時(shí)期的英國(guó)文學(xué)考點(diǎn)TheEnglishpoetrybedividedintotwothereligiousgroupthesecularone.BibleconsistsoftheOldthe《貝爾武夫》,typicalofOldisregardedasnationalepicofAnglo-Saxons.TheepicofScandinavianBeowulf,inagainsttheGrendel,revengefulinhisdecliningWhilefightingagainsttheBeowulfHowever,hekilledthedragonatcostofhislife.Beowulfshownnotonlyagloriousbutalsoaofpeople.RomancepopularformintheItknightlyorotherheroicdeeds.Chivalrybravery,generosity,kindnesstoisspiritofJohnauthorofandGreentheoftheperiod.isrealisticwriterwhodealtwithreligioussocialofhisin《農(nóng)夫皮爾斯》.4.GeoffryChauceriswriterofMiddleHis《坎特伯蕾故事集presents,firsttimeinEnglisharealisticpictureofthemedievalaeryofvividcharactersallwalkslife.In“TheCanterburyTales”,ChaucerdevelopedofpoetrystillfurtherartoftheInTroilusCriseyd,hegavetheworldisvirtuallyfirstChaucerinMiddleEnglishdidmuchinmakingthefoundationEnglishlanguage.Thoughessentiallymedievalwriter,ChaucerboreofhumanismandnewtoAsaofheman’senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife.talesexposedandevilsofhistime.Theseattackeddegenerationthenoble,theofthecorruptionofchurch,etc.Inhedevelopedtoahigherbywithbothtypicalqualitiesandindividualdispositions.“TheWifeofBath”isafamoustaleinwhichtheheroineisasthestandofrisingbourgeoisie,heaffirmsmenandoftheChaucerintroducedfromoftypesEnglishpoetrytheEnglishalliterativeItwashewhoforthefirsttimeinEnglishcoupletofiambicthatwaslater“heroiccouplet”.TheChaucerreputationhasbeensecurelyestablishedoneoftheEnglishpoetsforwisdom,humanity.DrydencalledChaucerthefather第二章文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的英國(guó)文學(xué)考點(diǎn)Renaissancereferstoperiodfrommedievaltheworld.ItfirststartedinItalyinthe14thintothe17thcentury.TheRenaissancerebirthorrevival.ItwasmarkedarevivalofRomaninafloweringofliteraturebythebeginningsofscience.HumanismessenceofRenaissance.TheEnglishnotbeginuntilreignofVIII.ItwasusuallyregardedasEnglandGoldenAge,especiallyinliterature.AmongthewereJohnson,andMiltonwasofRenaissance.TherealofEnglishistheElizabethanHumanismisessenceofRenaissance.ItdignityofimportancethepresentHumaniststhatmanwascenterofthedidonlyhavetheenjoytheoflife,buthadtheabilityhimselfandtoperformPetrarchwasregardedasthefountainheadofliteraturebytheEnglishWyattintroducedsonnetintoSurreybroughtinblank（無(wú)韻體詩(shī)i.e.theiambic（揚(yáng)格的）（五音步的）Renaissancedrama:theisrealofEnglishRenaissance.wereinfluencedbytheGreekThomasKydwrotethepopulartragedyofbloodrevenge,Tragedy.inEnglandareChristopherBenJohnson.ElizabethandramapeakinShakespeare’sworks.Shakespeare’scompassionateunderstandingofthehumanfatehasperpetuatedhishimofliteratureforthewholeworld.FrancisthefirstEnglishwasfounderofscienceEngland.writingpavedthewayfortheuseofscientificofnotablegroupofpioneerEnglishwritingduringthelast15yearsoftheTheynativeinheritanceintopotentiallygreatbywritingofqualityandIndoingsotheythegroundforgeniusofTheirforerunnerwasJohnLily,ThomasNashe,RobertGreen,andThomasKyd,AllwritersexceptThomasKydtookdegreesfromOxfordandCambridge.EdmundSpenser:TheShepherd’sCalendarishisearlywork.Spenser’sthe《仙后》,agreatofaremainqualitiesinSpenser’spoetry:aperfectmelody;araresenseofbeauty;asplendidimagination;loftypurityandaidealism.ItisSpenser’sidealism,loveofbeauty,hismelodyearntitleof“thepoets’poet.”(詩(shī)人的詩(shī)人Faerieiswritteninthestanzainventedbyhimself,theSpenserianstanza（詩(shī)的一節(jié)ofninelines,withthefirstinpentametertheiniambichexameter（六音步）,rhymingababbcbcc.Asthemostgiftedofthe“UniversityWits”,Marlowecomposedplayswithinhisshortlifetime.themTamburlaine,TheJewofEdwardII.TamburlaineisplayanTartarconquerorinfourteenthcenturywhofromshepherdtoanoverpoweringByagreatherowithbrutalinenemyafteranother,theofthemanofRenaissanceforinfiniteDr.FaustusaplaybasedtheofamagicianaspiringforknowledgemeetingtragicofsellinghissoultheDevil.Itcelebrateshumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness;italsorevealsman’sfrustrationinaspirationsinahostileorder.confinementtotimeisthecruelestfactofman’TheplayisgoodexampletotheideathatmanthewholeworldlosesownMarlowe’sgreatestliteraryachievementliesinthatheperfectedblankversemadeitprincipalmediumofEnglishdrama.Hebroughtgrandeurintotheblankversewithhis“mightylines”whichcarrystrongemotions.MarlowesecondachievementisoftheRenaissanceforEnglishdrama.Suchindividualisticandfullbravelythechallengefrombothgodsandmen.SuchaheroembodiesMarlowe’shumanisticidealofhumandignitycapacity.theforthetruespirit.8.—1616):(1)ShakespearewasbornonApril23,1564,intoamerchantfamilyinIn1582,marriedchildren.ItprobablyhehadtosupporthisgrowingfamilythatheleftLondon.wrote38154longpoems.isdramatistofEnglishaboveallinthepastthepresenttime.RobertGreene,ofthe“UniversityWits”,resentfullydeclaredhimbe“anupstartcrow.”HediedonApril1616.Shakespearesurpassinglygreatbecausehisworksfailtoakindoftolifeneverfailtothemirrorreflectingnature.issogreatthatmaybeonlyJohnsonpraisingpoemwillsomewhatcoverhisgreatness:“…SouloftheAge!Thedelight!TheofourTriumph,mythouhastToallscenesofwasnotanage,butalltime!(2)Shakespeare’sfourdramaticperiods:Hisfirstperiodwasofapprenticeship.HewrotefiveHenryVI,I,II,III,RichardIII,andTitusAndronicus;andfourcomedies:TheComedyofTwoGentlemenVerona,TamingtheLove’sLabour’sLost.HisperiodhighlyHefivehistoryplays:RichardII,KingJohn,HenryPartsIII,V;sixAMidsummerNight’sDream,MerchantofVeMuchAdoNothing,AsYouLikeTwelfthofRomeoCaesar.Romeoandthefaithfulnessoflovetheofpursuinghappiness.Theawithoptimisticspirit.Shakespeare’shistoryplaysofthesetwoperiodsaremainlywrittenprinciplenationalunderamightyjustisanecessity.Histhirdperiodincludeshisgreatesttragediesandhisso-calledcomedies.ofthisperiodOthello,KingAntonyCleopatra,TroilusandCressida,andCoriolanus.Thetwocomediesare:All’sWellEndsWellforMeasure.Othello,KingLear,andareShakespeare’sfourgreatesttragedies.Theyhavecharacteristicsincommon.tragedyportraysanoblehero,whoinjusticeofhumanlifeisinadifficultsituationandfatecloselywithfatethewholeofnature:themelancholicscholar-prince,facesthedilemmabetweenactionandmind;OthelloinnerweaknessuseofbyoutsideeviltheoldKingwhoistototallygiveupmakessufferfromtreacheryinfidelity.Inhasnotonlymadeprofoundanalysisofthesocialcrisisinthecanseeneverywhere,butalsothebourgeoisandMacbeth’sforupshimcrimes.Inportraysofheroandconflictbetweentheindividualevilinthesociety.Shakespeare’slastpromantictragicomedies:TheWinter’sTale,TheTempest,HenryVIIIandTheTwoNobleKinsmen.TheTempestisthebestofhisfinalromances.typicallyshowsShakespeare’spessimistictowardslifeinShakespeare’snon-dramaticpoetryconsiststwolongpoems:AdonisTheofLucrece，and154sonnets.Shakespeare’ssonnetsaretheonlydirectexpressionofthepoet’sownfeelings.Hissonnetsnumbered1toman,Shakespea’sbelovedfriend.Thesonnetsnumbered127-152involvemistressofShakespeare,mysterious“DarkLadyHissonnets’theofthequicknessofphysicaldecay,andthelossofvigor,love.Sonnet18isofShakespeare’sbeautifulsonnets.Inthepoemhehasameditationtheoftimeandtheeternalbeautyforthbytheheloves.Anicesummerdayisusuallytransient,butthebeautyinpoetrycanforever.faithinthepermanenceofpoetry.Therhymeofthepoemababcdcdefef(3)Shakespeare’sliteraryideas:ahumanisthastheviewsonliterature.thatliteraturebeofbeauty,truth,shouldreflectHeclaimsthroughthemouthofthat“end”ofdramaticcreationtogivefaithfulreflectionofthesocialrealitiesofthealsosaysthatliterarywhichtrulynaturerealitycanimmortality.(4)TheofVenice:Theplayhasadoubleplot:animpoverishedyoungman,askshisfriend,forsothathemightmarryarichofBelmont.TheyfallloveotheratthetestofcasketsandhechoosestherightonecontainingPortia’sportrait.However,theirrejoicingbyafromAntonio;Antoniomoneyisallinvestedexpeditions.HehastomoneyfromShylock,JewishShylockhasbondrequiringsurrenderapoundofhisfleshifhefailstohimwithinacertainperiodoftime.Antonio’sletterreadsthathisatsea,willhavetothepoundofflesh.TheofcomedyActIV,SceneI.ItmajorclimaxoftheIttakesinaofatwhichPortiaasayounglawyerinstructedtojudgefirstappealsShylocktomercy.whenheontheofshehimit.poundofflesh,butisnoofbloodinthebond;ifheshedssingledropofaChristian’sblood,landswillconfiscatedbythethelawofThusShylocktoundergocertainpenalties,conversionChristianity.ThetraditionalthemeoftheplaytothebetweenandBassanio,Portiaaheroineofgreatwitandloyalty,andtoInsatiablegreedandbrutalityofJew.tendtoregardtheplayasatireoftheChristian’shypocrisycunningofworldlinesstheirprejudice(5)HamletisconsideredthegreatestofShakespeare’stragedies.Ithasqualitiesof“bloodthunder”thrillerandaphilosophicalexplorationoflifeanddeath.bareoutlinesofRevengeusedinThomasKydinhisTheTragedy.appealofHamletinitsofconflictandsearchingIntheHamletbytheofismurderedClaudius)tohesitateshisrevengeheisincapableofbutbecausetheofhismindsospeculative,soquestioning,contemplativethataction,italmostlikedefeat,diminishingrathertheofhero.suspendedfactfiction,Forsoliloquyisanaturalmedium，necessaryreleaseofhisanguish.beornottobe”soliloquyisthebestknownandoftenfelttobecentraltoHamlet’spersonality.ItanexampleofdoingInhiswecanthatactionimpossible.playisalsoShakespearemostdetailedexposeofacorruptedcourt----“anunweededgarden”inwhichthereisnothingbut“afoulandpestilentcongregationofvapours”（匯集著各種罪惡骯臟的氣體）.(6)MacbethMacbethof’sfourgreatesttragedies.Heisintroducedintheplayasawarriorwhosefameonthebattlefieldwinshonorfromtheking.Hiscouragejoinedbyaatendencyself-doubt----thepredictionthathewillbekinghimjoy,itinnerturmoil.TheseformasteryofMacbeththeMacbeththeterriblethatambitionguiltcanhavealacksof(7)KingLear’sbasicflawatthebeginningoftheplayisthathevaluesappearancesabovereality.Hewantsbetreatedasakingandtoenjoythetitle,hedoesn’twantfulfilla’sobligationsofgoverningthegoodofhisSimilarly,hisofhisdaughtersdemonstratesaflatteringpublicdisplayofloverealhisdoovertheofthehehisincomparisontheawesomeforcesofworld,becomesaandindividual.displayscompassionforpoor,apopulationthathasnotnoticedbefore.tocherishaboveeverythingelseandplaceownforconsideration,topointwouldliveinprisonwithherthanruleasakingagain.KingLear’smadness:ThemadnessinKingLearenablesrealizetheessenceofcorruptintodestroytheother.Henotonlywiththebutrealizesforthefirstwithforformertyrannysufferingmultitude.ThemadnessisalsothecourseofLear’sspiritualpilgrimagefromintohumiliation,arebirthintoachildlikesimplicityhumility.Moreover,KingLearalsopresentsShakespeare’saffirmationofnationalresponsibility.topointouttheking,greatmightshouldresponsibletopeople.If,inonewayhebetraysthepeopletrust,historywillcondemnhim.Itisjustatthispoint,whenhetohaveaninnocenthappiness,thathistragicsufferingCordeliadeathintheveryhourofvictory.9.Bacon,arepresentativeofinawell-knownphilosopher,scientistandessayist.Hethefoundationsciencewithinsistencescientificwayoffreshobservationratherauthorityaforknowledge.isfirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature.Baconborrowedtheterm“essayfromMontaigne,thefirstgreatessayist,ofAdvancementLearningisatracteducation.Herehighlypraisesknowledge,theobjectionstooutliningtheproblemswithwhichplantodeal.Alsohethechargethatisreligion.Instrument)isasuccessfultreatiseinonmethodology.Theargumentisforuseofinductivemethodof(歸納推理的方法)inscientificstudy.OfStudiesismostpopularofBaconessays.Itanalyzeswhatstudieschieflyservefor,thedifferentadoptedbydifferentpeoplestudies,andhowexertinfluencehumancompacttheessayrevealstousBaconmatureattitudetowardslearning.FamousquotationsBacon:Studiesservedelight,forforability.Readingmakesafullareadyman,andwritingexactman.10.玄學(xué)派詩(shī)歌）Theterm“metaphysicalpoetry”iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17th-centurywriterswhowroteunderofJohnWithaspirit,thepoetstriedbreakawayfromtheconventionalofElizabethanpoetry.dictionissimplewiththatoftheElizabethanthethewordsandofcommonspeech.Thefromlife.Theformfrequentlythatanargumentwiththepoet’sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.ModernpoetsT.S.Eliot,JohnRansom,andAllenTateareexampleshavemostlybytheTheconceit,associatedwiththeofthe17thcentury,aintellectualdevice.Itsetsupananalogy,usuallybetweenoneentityspiritualqualitiesanobjectinthatsometimescontrolsthewholeofthepoem.Forexample,inJohnDonne’sAValediction:ForbiddingMourning,twoloverssoulsarecomparedtoadraftsman’scompass.11.JohnJohnDonneistheleadingfigureofthe“metaphysicalschool”.ThemoststrikingfeatureDonne’spoetryisofinthatittoreflectlifeinrealaworld.DonneaHisgreatworkshisItisthewithdeaththatDonne’smaturereligiousTheprobablyhisbest-knownlyrics.Loveisthebasicthattheofloveistheofbody.Inhisfrequently（奇想/夸張的比喻,i.e.extendedinvolvingdramaticcontrasts.Hispoem,ThetakenfromhisSongsspeakerinpoemisshowinghisannoyanceatthesunenteringtheloversecretroomwithoutapproval.Alsomeansthatlover’sscheduleneedn’tfollowthesun’smovement.poem,Death,BeProud,fromhisHolythatwewewillwakeup(asfromsleep)andliveeternally.Itrevealsthepoet’sbeliefinlifeafterdeath:isbutwhiledeath12.JohnMiltonJohnaversatilewriter.Hewrotesonnets,elegies,longnarrativepoems,shortproseworks.HisambitionofyouthtoepicwhichEnglandwould“notwillinglyletdie.”Asarealrevolutionary,masterpoetaprosewriter,aninthehistoryofHisliterarycandividedthreethepoeticmiddlepamphletsthegreatpoems.Inearlyworks,appearsasinheritorofallinElizabethanantofriend,atypicalHispowerfulinhismiddleperiodhimthegreatestwriterofAreopagitica《論出版自由》ishismemorableprosework.Itisagreatforofthepress.But,Milton’shighestachievementsweremadeinthefinalperiodhiswritingInlasthewrotepoeticRegainedSamsonAgonistes.three,thefirsttheonlygenerallyinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf;theexampleofstyleinEnglish.Paradisealongpoem,tellshowman,ofwithstandsestablishedonceinthedivinefavor.InSamsontheGreekusapictureofhowSamson,theIsraelmightychampion,bringsdestructiondownupontheenemyatcostoflife.ThewholepoemstronglyMilton’spassionatelonginglikeSamson’sthathetoocoulddestructiondownuponatcostofhisownInsense,SamsonisMilton.ParadisetheonlygenerallyinEnglishBeowulf,isMilton’shighestachievestoryistakenfromBible.Thethemeoftheepicthe“FallofMan,”i.man’sdisobedienceandthelossofwith----Satan.Itintendsexposeof“justifythewaysofGodtomen.”InHeaven,SatanledarebellionagainstGod.Defeated,heandwerecastHell.tohisfailure,vowing“allwasnotlost”andthathewouldrevengeforhisdownfall.Inachieveambition,inshapeofatotemptthefirstcreatedbyGod,tofromtreeofknowledgeagainstGod’sinstruction.Fortheirdisobedience,AdamandEveweredrivenoutofParadise.realherooftheSatan,inofrebel,remainsobeyedadmiredhimThefeaturesofhisboldness,ambition“unconquerablewill”.Thepoemisfullofbiblicalandsicalofexpressionsuitswellthesublimityofthepoet’sthought.JohnMilton’sstyleofRomanVirgil.第三章新古典主義時(shí)期的英國(guó)文學(xué)1.TheEnlightenment（啟蒙主義運(yùn)動(dòng)）TheEnglandistheoftheofTheEnlightenmentMovementintellectualwhichflourishedinthroughWesternEuropeattheThefurtheranceofthe15thItspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldthelightofartisticideas.Theenlightenerscelebratedorrationality,equalityscience.Theyforareasonruleseducation.FamoustheenlightenersinEnglandwerewritersJohnDryden（約翰﹒德萊頓）AlexanderPope（亞歷山大﹒蒲柏）（約瑟夫﹒艾迪森）Sir（理查﹒斯蒂爾）offamiliar（隨筆散文,Swift（喬納森﹒斯威夫特，RichardBringsley（謝拉丹,Daniel（丹尼爾﹒笛福）,（亨利﹒菲爾?。㎎ohnson塞繆爾﹒約翰遜）.2.Neoclassicism新古典主義）InfieldoftheEnlightenmentMovementbroughtrevivalofinterestinThisneoclassicism.toneoclassicists（古典主義者）allformsofliteraturebeofancientGreekandVirgil（維吉爾）ofFrenchTheybelievedthatartisticshouldbelogic,restrainedemotionthatliteraturebejudgedinofitsservicetohumanity.Thisledthemtoseek（協(xié)調(diào)性）,unity（統(tǒng)一性）,harmony和諧性）andgrace（典雅性）inexpressions,intodelight,instructandcorrecthumanprimarilyassocialpolite,urbane，intellectualdeveloped.Themiddlepartof18thcenturywasbyarisingform---themodernEnglishwhichgivesarealisticpresentationoflifeofcommonEnglishpeople.significantinthehistoryofofEnglishliterature.3.TheSchool墓地派詩(shī)歌)Itreferstoaschoolofpoetsthe18thcenturypoemsaremostlydevotedtoasentimentallamentationoronlife,pastpresent,withgraveyardas（托馬斯﹒格雷）isconsideredtotheleadingfigureofthisschoolandhis“ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard在鄉(xiāng)村教堂墓地的挽歌isitsmostrepresentativework.Inpoem,reflectsonsorrowsoflife,mysteriesofhumanlifewithtouchofmelancholy.Thethecommonfolkwithones,wonderingthecouldhaveachievediftheythechance.Herehehisforthebutthegreatwhohavoc4.TheHeroicCouplet（英雄體偶句）Itoflinesofatypeininitiambictwolines.5.（哥特式小說(shuō)）Itaschoolofthatincentury.aisoftenofwhichtakesplaceinsomedilapidatedMiddle6.awasthattheEnglishHisconcreteandlivinglanguagevividitpossibleforthereaderofthetoofhisexperienceofhischaracter.Hismasterpiece,ThePilgrim《天涯歷程》themostreligiousofexperienceofChristianthePilgrimwithaneighborinaworldfullofwickedness.ThroughtheChristianthePilgrimallegoricaljourneythedoomedcitytoCelestialCity,tocomplywithChristianseeksalvationthroughconstantstrugglestheirofsocialnovelisnotonlysomethingspiritualalsobearstoItsmetaphorasimplefamiliar.TheVanityFairisascenewhereallmerchandiseashouses,titles,lusts,pleasures,wives,husbands,children,blood,bodies,souls,gold,pearls…,etc.exceptonethingAwisesayinggoes,“Allthatcomethisvanity.”7.arepresentativeofwasoffirsttointroducetoEngland.Hewasthegreatestofthestronglyadvocatedemphasizingthatliteraryworksbejudgedbyclassicalrulesofreason,logic,restrainedgooddecorum.workedpoems,developedasatiric,gracefulwell-balancedbroughtitscoupletDrydeninhisHisAnEssayonCriticism《論批評(píng)》,isapoemwritteninItof744linesandisintoItupofbytheancientslikeAristotle,18th-centuryPopefirstlamentsthedearthofinpoeticcriticismofhisdaycallspeopletoturntotheGreekandwritersguidance.poem,acomprehensiveofthetheoriesofliterarycriticism,exertedgreatinfluenceuponPope’scontemporarywritersinadvocatingclassicalrulesspreadingneoclassicistinEngland.TheexcerptistakenfromPart2.Popeadvisesnotstresstootheartificialuseof（奇思妙想、別出心裁的比喻或措辭）thebeautylanguagebutpayattentiontoTrueWitwhichisbestsetinaplainstyle.RapeofLock《奪記Pope’sfinestmockepic.Itridiculesthelifeofthelordsladiesinaristocraticbourgeoisof18th–Dunciad《群愚詩(shī)》isPope’sbestsatiricwork.Inbook,intheofsocialevenreligion,expertlyexposedsatirized.Famousquotations:isaToforgivedivine.8.DanielDefoeRobinson《魯賓遜漂流記isDefoe’smasterpiece.Inthenovel,Defoetracestheoffroma飗eandartlessyouthintoshrewdhardenedtemperedbytrialsinhiseventfullife.realisticofstruggleofagainstthehostilenatureformsofthenovel.herearealatypicaleighteenth-centuryEnglishmiddle-class(herothebourgeoisie)man,capacitywork,energy,persistenceinobstacles,instrugglingagainstthenaturalenvironment.Heistheveryprototypeoftheempirebuilder,thepioneercolonist.IndescribinRobinson’slifetheisland,DefoeglorifieshumanPuritanfortitude,whichsaveRobinsonfromareaofprideandHetoilsforoffruitsofhislaborhisown.aservantnamedFridaythefirstEnglishRobinsonteacheshimis“master”.)DefoeotherfournovelsincludingCaptainSingleton,MollColonelJackarethefirstworksdevotedstudyofoflower-classpeople.clearlymanifestDefoe’sdeepconcernthepoorandtheunfortunateinhissociety.9.JonathanSwiftSwiftaAProposalisgenerallytakenaperfecthissatirethatismaskedbyanoutwardapparentearnestnesswhichhisallthemoreSwiftisonethegreatestofEnglishprose.almostinwritingofdirect,Hedefinedagoodstyleas“properwordsinproperplaces.”Hisotherchiefworksinclude:Aofa《一個(gè)桶子的故事ofBooks《書(shū)籍的戰(zhàn)斗TheDrapier’sLetters《萊皮爾的信》andGulliver’s《格列佛游記》hismasterpiece.Gulliver’sTravels,Swift’sbestfictionalwork,containsfourpaeachvoyageduringwhichhasextraordinaryadventuresonsomeremotehewithpiracyThefourplacesvisitsare:Lilliput（小人國(guó)利立浦特）,（大人國(guó)布羅卜丁奈格theFlyingLand飛島）theHouyhnhnmland（慧馬國(guó)）,meetsthelowdespicablewhobeingsonlyinappearancealsoineveryotherway.atheisonethemostanddevastatingandofallaspectsintheEnglishandlife---socially,politically,philosophically,andmorally.socialsignificancegreatexplorationintohumanprofound.Gulliver’sTravelsalsoanartisticmasterpiece.Herewefinditsauthorathisbestasaofprose.Inmakewithcontriveduponanstructure,complementingothersandthecentralofoflife.ThefirsttwoaregenerallythebestHere,manfromendsofsmallnessinPart1workseffectivelyastheexaggeratedin2.ThesimilaritiesbetweenhumanbeingsLilliputiansandbetweentheBrobdingnagiansbeingsbothtopossibilitiesofhumanstate.3furthersthecriticismofwesterncivilizationdealswithillusionscience,philosophy,evenimmortality.Thewherecomparisonismadethroughleadsreaderstofundamentalquestion:WhataTheexcerpttakenfromIII,Part1.GulliveranofsomeaspectsoflifealludestoridiculouspracticesoroftheEnglish10.HenryFieldingHenryFieldingofofHisworksTheHistoryWildtheGreat大偉人江奈生﹒魏爾德傳TheHistoryofaFoundling《湯姆﹒瓊斯---一個(gè)棄兒的故事HistoryofAmelia,《阿米麗亞》etc.OfTomJones,generallyasFieldingmasterpiece,bringsitsauthorthenameofthe“ProseHomer.”Thepanoramicviewitprovidesof18th-centuryEnglishcountrycitylifewithofdifferentplacesabout40ByFieldinghasindeedachieved,bothintheoryandpractice,hisgoalofwritinga“comicepicinprose.”Inasway,JonesstandsforaEveryman,whoisexpelledthetothroughhardtoaofhimselftoapproachperfection.Inhiswritings,verysympathetictowardpoorunfortunate,stronglysocialinjusticeandpoliticalcorruption.thatofnovelisnotjusttoamuse,instruct.objectofhisnovelswastopresentafaithfulpictureoflife,“thejustcopiesofhumanmanners,withteachingwovenintotheirtexture,soastoteachmentoknowtheirproperappropriate’slanguageiseasy,familiar,butvividvigorous.bystructurecarefullyplannedanHisalsoforlively,dramaticothertheatricaldevicesunexpectedness.Fieldinghasbeenregardedbysomeas“FatheroftheEnglishNovel”forhiscontributiontoofformof12.SamuelSamuelJohnsonwasenlightenerthelateeighteenthcentury.Hewasconcernedwiththemeofofhumanalmostallofhismajorthistriedwarnagainstthisfollyhopedtothemofitthrough