構(gòu)詞法教學(xué)講解課件

構(gòu)詞法構(gòu)詞法對(duì)于多數(shù)中國(guó)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者來(lái)說(shuō),如何擴(kuò)大詞匯量一直是個(gè)難題。.實(shí)際上,英語(yǔ)單詞的構(gòu)成有一定的規(guī)律和方法,掌握構(gòu)詞法對(duì)于擴(kuò)大詞匯量有很大幫助。英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法主要有:1)派生法2)轉(zhuǎn)換法3)合成法4)截短法5)縮略法6)混合法對(duì)于多數(shù)中國(guó)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者來(lái)說(shuō),如何擴(kuò)大詞匯量一直是個(gè)難題。.1.派生法在一個(gè)詞的詞根前面或后面加上某個(gè)詞綴構(gòu)成新詞的方法叫派生法。分為前綴和后綴。1.1前綴

在多數(shù)情況下，前綴會(huì)改變?cè)~的意義。1.派生法1）否定前綴（1)dis-用于名詞、動(dòng)詞前表否定（不，反向）例如：disconnect,disarm,disagree,disadvantage,disable,discourage,discover,dishonesty,disillusion,disinterest,dislodge,disorder,disqualify,dissatisfy,distrust,disuse1）否定前綴（2)in-通常用于形容詞前表否定（變體：il-,im-,ir-）例如：incomplete,inaccurate,inappropriate,incapable,incorrect,indifferent,indivisible,infinite,inflexible,inimitable,inoperative,insensitive,insignificant.il-用于以字母l開(kāi)頭的形容詞前表相反例如：illegal,illegible,illiberal,illimitable,illiterate,illogicim-用于以字母m開(kāi)頭的形容詞前表相反例如：immaterial,immature,immemorial,immobile,immoderate,immodest,immortal,immovableir-用于以字母r開(kāi)頭的形容詞前表相反例如：irrational,irrealizable,irregular,irrelevant,irreligious,irremovable,irresponsible（2)in-通常用于形容詞前表否定（變體：il-,im（3）non-用于名詞、形容詞和副詞前（不,不重要，缺少傳統(tǒng)特征的）例如：non-hero,non-book,nonconductor,non-confidence,non-dollar,non-effective,non-metal,non-natural（4）un-用于形容詞、分詞前（不，非）例如：unable,unacceptable,unanswered,unattracted,unbroken,unconnected,uncontrolled,undecided,undeveloped,unemotional,unemployed,unforgettable,unfriendly,unimportant,unimproved,unnecessary,unpunished,untitled,untouchable,unusual（3）non-用于名詞、形容詞和副詞前（不,不重要，缺少2）表其它意義的前綴（1）mis-用于動(dòng)詞、名詞前（壞，錯(cuò)，誤）例如：misdirect,misunderstand,misbelief,mislead,mistreat,misuse（2）co-用于名詞、動(dòng)詞前（共同，一起，相互）例如：coact,coexist,cooperate,co-owner（3）over-用于動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞前（過(guò)）例如：overwork,overeat,overconfident,overestimate,overpressure,overprotect,oversleep2）表其它意義的前綴（4）under-用于動(dòng)詞前（低于，少于，不足）例如：underdevelop,underestimate,undervalue,underwrite（5）bi-用于形容詞、名詞前（雙，兩個(gè)）例如：bi-lingual,bicycle,bilateral(6)micro-用于名詞前（微型的，小的）例如：microphone,microphotograph,microprint,microsecond,micromotor(7)dis-disappeardisapprove（4）under-用于動(dòng)詞前（低于，少于，不足）（8）anti-anti-tank,anti-war,anti-society（9）pre-/postpreface,postwar（10）re-rearrange,restore（11）ex-exchange（8）anti-anti-tank,anti-war,1.2后綴1）名詞后綴（1)-er/-or/-ee,-eer,-ist,-ese,--ess,-ant:用于動(dòng)詞后，構(gòu)成表示人或物的名詞例如：manager,teacher,singer,author,calculator,employer,operator,employee,interviewee,engineer,volunteer,artist,dentist,pianist,scientist,Japanese,actress,waitress,hostess,assistant,applicant1.2后綴（2)-ment,-ance/ence,-ure,-ation/sion,-al(用于動(dòng)詞后),-ity,-th,-ty,-ness(用于形容詞后),-ship(用于名詞后)構(gòu)成表示行為,性質(zhì),狀態(tài)的抽象名詞例如：development,equipment,judgment,acceptance,confidence,difference,independence,failure,pressure,decision,preparation,translation,information,abbreviation,regulationrecommendation,organization,operation,participation,conversation,globalization,innovation,expectation.refusal,arrival,survival,proposal,ability,reality,unity,length,truth,wealth,width,warmth,safety,darkness,kindness,friendship,scholarship,leadership,membership,hardship（2)-ment,-ance/ence,-ure,（3)其它名詞后綴-age,-ing(用于動(dòng)詞后)例如：courage,storage,marriage,building,learning,writing-dom(用于形容詞或名詞后)例如：freedom,kingdom,wisdom-hood(用于名詞后)例如：childhood,fatherhood,manhood,neighborhood-en(用于表示材料的名詞后)例如：wooden,golden（3)其它名詞后綴2）形容詞后綴（1）-able,-tive,-ent(用于動(dòng)詞后)例如：acceptable，available，suitable，drinkable,movable,reasonable,collective,decisive,dependent,consistent（2）-al,-ful,-less,-ish,-ly,-y,-ary(用于名詞后)例如：natural,national,additional,powerful,faithful,careful,careless,hopeless,helpless,childish,selfish,friendly,motherly,thirsty,noisy,secondary,imaginary,revolutionary2）形容詞后綴3）動(dòng)詞后綴-ise/ize,-en,-ify(用于形容詞后)例如：realize,modernize,deepen,fasten,sharpen,shorten,widen,beautify,purify,verify,modify(例外：strengthen,lengthen,organize是由名詞加后綴構(gòu)成的)3）動(dòng)詞后綴4)副詞后綴(1)-ly(用于形容詞后)例如：carefully,regularly,terribly(2)-ward(用于名詞后)例如：backward,forward,homeward,(3)–wise例如：otherwise,likewise4)副詞后綴2.轉(zhuǎn)化法在詞形不變的情況下，一個(gè)單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種詞性。2.1動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞例如：Let’shavealookatthepictures.我們來(lái)看一下這些圖片。Heusuallygoesoutforawalkaftersupper.他通常晚餐后出去散步。Wehavemadeabigstepouttothespace.我們已經(jīng)朝太空邁出了一大步。2.轉(zhuǎn)化法2.2名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞許多表示物件，身體部位，某類人及少數(shù)抽象名詞，可轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞。例如：Didyoubookaseatontheplane?您在飛機(jī)上訂座位了么？Pleasehandmethebook.請(qǐng)把那本書(shū)遞給我。Youshouldshoulderresponsibilitiesinthismatter.這件事你應(yīng)該承擔(dān)責(zé)任。MayIaskwhochairsthemeeting?我可以問(wèn)一下誰(shuí)主持會(huì)議嗎？Shenursedherhusbandbacktohealth.她精心照顧她丈夫使他恢復(fù)健康。2.2名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞2.3形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞

形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞一般情況下前面要加the。例如：Theoldinthevillagearelivingahappylife.村里的老人過(guò)著幸福生活。Theinjuredweresenttohospitalimmediately.傷員立即被送到了醫(yī)院。Thericharenotnecessarilyhappierthanthepoor.富人不一定比窮人幸福。HepreferredmodernslikeMiroandKlee.他更喜歡Miro和Klee的現(xiàn)代音樂(lè)。2.3形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞3.合成法由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞合成一個(gè)新詞的構(gòu)詞法稱為合成法。合成詞之間有的要用連字符連接，有的直接連接在一起。3.1合成名詞名詞+名詞weekend,boystudent,headache名詞+動(dòng)詞daybreak,haircut名詞+動(dòng)名詞handwriting,oil-painting名詞+及物動(dòng)詞+er/orpain-killer代詞+名詞she-wolf動(dòng)詞+名詞typewriter,bottle-opener,postman動(dòng)名詞+名詞reading-room,sleeping-pill形容詞+名詞gentleman,blackboard副詞+動(dòng)詞outbreak3.合成法3.2合成形容詞名詞+形容詞show-white,duty-free名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞English-speaking,breathtaking,名詞+過(guò)去分詞man-made,heartfelt數(shù)詞+名詞+edfive-storeyed形容詞+名詞+ednoble-minded,white-haired,warm-hearted形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞good-looking副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working副詞+過(guò)去分詞well-known3.2合成形容詞3.3合成動(dòng)詞名詞+動(dòng)詞sleep-walk,air-condition,baby-sit形容詞+動(dòng)詞white-wash副詞+動(dòng)詞overthrow,mass-produce3.3合成動(dòng)詞4.截短法把詞縮短的方法就叫截短法。4.1略去后部例如：examination---exam,mathematics---maths,memorandum---memo,kilogram---kilo,laboratory---lab,advertisement---ad,taxicab---taxi4.截短法4.2略去前部例如：aeroplane---plane,telephone---phone4.3略去兩頭例如：influenza---flu,refrigerator---fridge,prescription---script4.2略去前部5.首字母縮略法5.1按字母讀

IOC(國(guó)際奧委會(huì)),IMF(國(guó)際貨幣基金組織),CCTV(中國(guó)中央電視臺(tái)),UN(聯(lián)合國(guó))

5.2作為一個(gè)詞讀NATO(NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization北大西洋公約組織)SALT(StrategicArmsLimitationTalks限制戰(zhàn)略性武器會(huì)談)OPEC(OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries石油輸出國(guó)組織)5.首字母縮略法7.歷年同類考題1.Obviously,nuclearpowercanneverbetheonly(solve)_______toenergycrisis.(2019.6)2.Nobodyatthemeetingwould(belief)_______thatthenewproposalcouldbecarriedoutsmoothly.(2019.6)3.Thelecturewasso(bore)_______thatmanyofthestudentsintheclassroomfellasleep.(2019.6)4.Thegovernmentistryingtofindawaytodealwiththeproblemofpollution(effective)_______.(2019.6)5.Sandymadequiteanumberof(apply)_______foramanagementpositionbutfailedeverytime.(2019.12)7.歷年同類考題6.Thegraduateshada(cheer)_______farewellpartybeforeleavingthecollege.(2019.12)7.Althoughhewas(deep)_______hurtbywhatshesaidtohim,hemadenoreply.(2019.12)8.I’mnotsurewhetherwecangainanyprofitfromthe(invest)_______.(2019.6)9.Theorganizationstarteda(nation)_______campaignagainstcigarettesmokinginpublicplaces.(2019.6)10.Applicationforthistrainingcourseshouldbesent(direct)_______totheadmissionoffice.(2019.6)6.Thegraduateshada(cheer)11.Themanagerwas(entire)_______unawareofthetroublewiththeheatingsysteminthehoteluntilthisweek.(2019.12)12.I’mafraidthereisnotmuch(differ)_______intheirpointsofview.(2019.12)13.Iamsurethesecretarywhohasjustbeenhiredwillprovedanefficient(employ)_______(2019.12)14.I’veheardthatthemusicalgroupwillsetoffforHongKongtogiveathree-day(perform)_______.(2019.6)15.Aftertheflood,lifewas(extreme)_______difficultforthefarmersinthisarea.(2019.6)11.Themanagerwas(entire)__16.Beforetheflighttakesoff,allthepassengersareaskedto(fast)_______theirseatbelts.(2019.6)17.IcannotgoshoppingwithyoubecauseIhavean(appoint)_______withmydentistthisafternoon.(2019.6)18.Thefatherwantstoknowwhyhisson(question)_______bythepolicelastweek.(2019.6)19.Followingthe(settle)_______ofthestrike,thetrainserviceisnowbacktonormal.(2019.12)20.Weshouldreadmoreandseemoreinorderto(wide)_______ourhorizons.(2019.12)16.Beforetheflighttakesof21.Someexpertssuggestthatweslowdownthe(economy)_______growthinthecountry.(2019.12)22.Doingasecondjobtoearnmoremoneyalsomeansyouhavetopay(addition)_______incometax.(2019.12)23.Wearenotshortofrawmaterialsatthemoment,butweneedreliable(equip)_______(2019.6)24.Followingthe(success)_______settlementofthestrike,thetrainserviceisnowbacktonormal.(2019.6)25.Ifabusinesswantstosellitsproducts(international)_______,itshoulddosomeworldmarketresearchfirst.(2019.6)21.Someexpertssuggestthat26.Itis(reason)_______forparentstopayfortheirchildren’seducation.(2019.12).27.Atthemeetinga(propose)_______wasputforwardbyJohnSmi