新編英語(yǔ)教程-6-unit-13課件

Unit13

TEXTIEUPHEMISMNeilPostman

1.Unit13

Pre-readingQuestions:

1.Whatis‘euphemism’?CanyougivesomeexamplesbothinEnglishandinChineselanguages?(Lib.W.)2.Doyouthinktheuseofeuphemismsmakesourlanguagemorepleasant?2.Pre-readingQuestions:1.WhaDefinition:

(Pre-rd):thesubstitutionofamild,indirect,orvagueexpressionforonethoughttobeoffensivelyharshorblunt.

Ency.Bri.(CD,98):thesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensiveexpressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.

3.Definition:(Pre-rd):thesubDefinition:

NEC(Book4):(anexampleof)theuseofapleasanter,lessdirectnameforsomethingthoughttobeunpleasant.or,thesubstitutionofamildorvagueexpressionforaharshorbluntone.ThewordisderivedfromaGreekwordmeaning‘tospeakfavorably’.TheGreekprefixeu-means‘well’.

4.Definition:NEC(Book4):(anEuphemism1.Euphemismsareusedtoreplacewordsassociatedwithsubjectsthatare‘sensitive’or‘taboo’,suchasdeath,sex,madnessandsoon.e.g.weavoidsaying‘Hediedlastnight’,butsayinstead‘passedaway’,‘joinhismaker’,‘leftus’,‘kickedthebucket’.5.Euphemism1.EuphemismsareusEuphemism2.Sometimeseuphemismsareemployedoutofpoliteness.Thewordsweusetorefertoournaturalbodilyfunctionsaregenerallyeuphemisms.Theword‘lavatory’isitselfaeuphemism,derivedfromtheLatin‘lavatorium’meaning‘a(chǎn)placeforwashing’.TheAmericanword‘rest-room’isanotherexample.‘Offal’(Brit)or‘inside’(US)isusedtorefertoapig’sstomach,liver,orlungs.Sucheuphemismsmaybestylistically‘permissible’iftheyarekeptwithinlimits.6.Euphemism2.SometimeseuphemiEuphemism3.Euphemismsarealsousedbypoliticiansandadvertiserstohiderealityfromus.Euphemismsofthiskindoftenleadtoadistortionofstyleandmeaningbecausetheytendtobeusedtodefendpracticesthatwouldsounduglyandbrutalinplainwords.AsGeorgeOrwellpointedoutinhisessay‘PoliticsandtheEnglishlanguage’:7.Euphemism3.EuphemismsarealEuphemism

Inourtime,politicalspeechandwritingarelargelythedefenseoftheindefensible.Thuspoliticallanguagehastoconsistlargelyofeuphemisms.Defenselessvillagearebombardedfromtheair,theinhabitantsdrivenoutintothecountryside,thecattlemachine-gunned,thehutssetonfire:thisiscalled‘pacification’.8.EuphemismInourtime,politicEuphemismAndamotorcarbecomes‘a(chǎn)symphonyofspeedandstyle’bytheadvertisers.Otherexamples:atliberty-outofwork,seniorcitizen-oldpeople,inthefamilyway-pregnant,burier-undertaker,mortician,prison-correctionalinstitution,

去世、逝世、作古、犧牲、與世長(zhǎng)辭（死亡），身體發(fā)福（胖）、賦閑、下崗、分流、待業(yè)（失業(yè)）、拮據(jù)（貧困）

9.EuphemismAndamotorcarbecomeIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.11.Whatisthedefinitionofeuphemismaccordingtotheauthor?

...asanauspiciousorexaltedterm(like‘sanitationengineer’)thatisusedinplaceofamoredown-to-earthterm(like‘garbageman’).auspicious

orexalted:favorableordignified,glorified,raisingthestatusofamanreferredto

moredown-to-earth:factual,tellingwhatsomethingactuallyis10.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.1Whyisatermlikegarbagemandown-to-earth,andsanitationengineerauspiciousorexalted?(3-2)Garbagemanisamancleaningthegarbage,whichisfactual,tellingwhatsomethingactuallyis.Butbyusingsanitationengineer,thesamemancleaningthegarbageseemstobecomeanengineer,whichisamoreglorifiedterm.11.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.12.Peoplewhoarepartialto...reallytalkingabout.

Euphemism-pronepeoplearesubjecttothechargethattheyareinsincere.Peopledon’tbelievethemaswellaswhattheytalkabout.12.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.13.Whatistheexamplegiveninthispara.toillustrateit?‘OperationSunshine’:aprettynamefortheexperimentswiththehydrogenbombintheSouthPacific,whichactuallybringalotofharmstothesurroundingareas.Thisisanimmoralact,butbygivingthisprettyname,thegovt.triedtoexpungethehideousimagerythatthebombevokes.Thenameispretty,buttherealityisugly.

Thissortofprocess...issuchabadname.(thisiswhyeuphemismhassuchabadconnotation:Peoplewhoarepartialto...reallytalkingabout.)13.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.14.WhatisG.Orwell’sopiniononeuphemism?(Note1)Politiciansprefertoeuphemisms.Theirspeechandwritingconsistlargelyofeuphemisms,tryingtomakesomebrutalrealityvague,etc.e.g.BritishruleinIndia,theRussianpurgesanddeportations,thedroppingoftheatombombonJapan,theJapaneseinvasionoftheAsiancountries(建立大東亞共榮圈).14.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.15.Whatisthefunctionofthelastsentences?Transition,guidingthereadertothenextpara.,tellingthemwhatwillbetalkedaboutnext.6.Whatisthispara.about?acommondefinition,euphemismhasgotabadname.15.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.21.Howdoyouunderstand‘Thingsdonothaverealnames’?Canyougiveexamples?(3-3,4)Themeaningofthemajorityofwordsisarbitraryandconventional;thuswordsarenomorethanlabelsgiventothings.Thenameofanobjectwasgivenintheancienttimes.Ithasbeenhandeddownthroughgenerationssothatitbecomesconventional.Namesaresymbolsofthethings.Theycanbechanged.16.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.2Ifwefirstcalledthemancleaninggarbagesomeothernameinsteadofgarbagemanorsanitationengineer,thatwouldbeOK.Ifwecalledtheanimalwecallpignow‘shrimp’,itwouldbecomeashrimp,andviceversa.Soarethenamesof‘lumberingelephant’foranautomobile,and‘perfume’forBronxodor.AsShakespearesaidinRomeoandJuliet,‘What’sinaname?ThatwhichwecallaroseByanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.’(Evenifwechangethenameoftheplantwecallconventionally‘rose’tosomeothername,thisplantwillstillsmellassweetasbefore/usual.)

Therefore,itiswrongtoassumethatanameandathingareoneandthesame.Inotherwords,namescanbechangedatanytimeifwewantorneed.17.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.22.Butanameisusually...onefromtheother.Isthissentencecontradictorytothefirstoneinthispara.?(3-5)No.Thingsdonothaverealnames.Namescanbechanged.Butsincewehavebeenusingthenameforalongtime,wearemostprobable/graduallycometoestablishakindodassociation,particularlyinsemantics,betweenthetwo.e.g.Whenwecalltheanimal‘pig’,wetendtothinkitfat,stupid,eatingandsleeping,etc.Becauseofthissemanticassociation,wehavetheexpressionsasmakeapigofoneself(eattoomuch),buyapiginabag(buywithoutcheckingitup),etc.18.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.23.Thisisallbecausewhatwecallthingsaffectshowwewillperceivethem.(=Thingswilltakeonadifferentlookwhennameddifferently.Thenamewegivetosomethingaffectsourperception.)Itisnotonlyharderto...thehorsemackerel.

鳳爪，龍虎斗，牛鞭,Goldlion-金獅，金利來(lái)，山水豆腐

19.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.24.Itwouldappear...ofthethingitself.

Itseemsthatmankindispredisposedtoregardthingsasbeinginseparablefromthelabelstheybear.Thisisamostintriguingdelusion.Wenaturallythinkthatthingsandtheircorrespondingnamesarethesame,butthisistheillusion.Thereissometruthinthisillusion.Withthechangeofthenamesofthings,youhavechangedtheirimagesintheeyeofpeople,which,ineffect,meansachangeinwhatthethingsreallyare.Ifyouchangethenamesofthings,youchangeyourwayofperception,andyou,ineffect,changethenatureofthethings.

20.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.25.DoyouagreewithPonthispoint?(3-6)Thismaysoundabitdubious.Whilethe1stchange(changeinthewaypeopleregardthings)hasbeenevidenced,the2ndchange(changeinthenatureofthethingitself)hasnot.6.Mainidea:Achangeinnameleadstoachangeinnature.21.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.31.Allsortsofscoundrels...theyarepromoting.Thescoundrelsgiveacharmingnametothedirtythingtheyarecommittingtohideitsrealdirtyorillegalnature,tomakeusbelievetheyaredoingsomethinggood.

搶劫－交保護(hù)費(fèi)

22.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.32.Euphemizing...ofperceivingthings.Givinganewnametosomethingbyusingeuphemismwillgenerateanewwayofperceivingthings.ThisisthesameasWhatwecallthingsaffectshowwewillperceivethem.

e.g.Themanwhowantsus...noticeorrespect.Thestatusofagarbagemanisconsiderablyraisedintheeyeofthepublicfroma‘man’to‘a(chǎn)nengineer’.‘Garbage’,awordwithbadconnotationsisreplacedby‘sanitation’,ashiftfocusfromwhathedisposesoftowhathepreserves.23.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.33.Theteacherwho...beattendedto.Itistruethattheteacheriseuphemizingwhenhehasususe‘culturallydifferentchildren’inplaceof‘slumchildren’,butwhatheisdoingistotrytoturnourattentiontoanaspectoflifethatmighteasilybeneglected.4.Mainidea:euphemism-amethodofgeneratingnewandusefulwaysofperception24.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.41.Euphemizingitselfisnotcontemptible.Itiscontemptibleonlywhenittriestohidesomethingtrue,esp.thedirtynature.e.g.OperationSunshine...but‘culturallydifferentchildren’isdifferent.2.Mainidea:euphemismisnotacontemptibleprocess.

25.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.51.Igrantthat...theintendedeffect.Sometimeseuphemismisonlyasuperficialterm.Itcannotachievetheintendedeffect:toelevatethepraiseorthestatus,ortocallattentionto...(asstatedinl.53)Inotherwords,althoughthenamechanges,thenatureremainsthesame.E.g.(ll.56-60)Evenifateacher,whobelieves‘slumchildren’arethosewhoareingreatporverty,lesseducated,rude,rough,impolite,orthelike,usetheterm‘culturallydifferentchildren’,itmakesnodifferencetotheeffectthatpeopleintendtoachievewhencreatingthiseuphemism.Otherexamples:seniorcitizen-oldpeople,mentalinstitution-lunaticasylums

26.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.52.Nonetheless,euphemizing...onasubject.However,ifwechangethenamebyusingeuphemism,wewillalsochangeourwayofperception.Thisisthesameaswehaveinl.27,ll.32-3.e.g.(ll.62-4)seniorcitizensforoldpeople-perceivethemtohavepoliticalidentitiesthoughtheyareofanoldage.Thoughtheyareold,theystillhavethepoliticalidentitiesandtheycanstillbeelectedasPresidentorsomething.27.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.53.

Infact,...topredict:whetheraparticulareuphemisticexpressionwillbeacceptedornot,whetheritwillchangepeople’swayofperceptionornot.e.g.(ll.65-70)chairperson,sanitationengineer,seniorcitizen,tunafish

28.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.54.Thereisdanger...appearridiculaous.Thechangeofpeople’swayofperceptiondoesnotoccurquicklyoralways.Sometimeswehavesuchchange,butsometimesnot.Andthechangeneedstoundergoalongway.Thechangewilloccurifthereisasocial,cultural,(orother’s)tendency.i.e.ifthenewperspectivecoincideswithakindoftendencyinthesociety,otherwise,theeuphemisticnamewillremainincongruousorridiculous.e.g.(ll.73-5)‘facilitator’(teacher):wildlyacceptedinELTfieldnow,pedegogicaltheory‘childperson’(boysandgirls):ridiculous

29.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.55.Whytheattempttorename‘oldpeople’‘seniorcitizens’hasturnedoutsuccessfulandthattorename‘boysandgirls’‘childpersons’wouldnot?(3-8)Amongthegeneralpublicaswellastheoldpeoplethemselves,thereistheurgeforrecognitionoftheirpoliticalidentity.Butsofartherehasnotemergedsuchanurgetoeliminatethegenderdistinctionbetween‘boys’and‘girls’.6.Mainidea:changemustbesupportedbyauthentictrendsThereisadangerinsupposingthatanewnamecanchangeattitudesquicklyoralways.30.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.61.Buttosuppose...thepowerofnames.Asweknowfromabove,anewnamecannotalwayschangeattitudes.Butifwethinkanewnamewillnotatallchangetheattitudes,weunderestimatethepowerofnames.e.g.(ll.77-80)black-negro(euphemism)-black(euphemisminreverse):perceptionsandattitudeshavechangedsignificantlywiththechangeofthename.31.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.62.Doyouthinkso?(3-9)Notreally.ThechangeinnamemightnothavebeensopowerfulasPassumes.Iftherewasanymarkedchangeinpeople’sperceptionofandattitudetotheAmericansofAfricanorigininthe60’s,itshouldreallybeattributedtothemountingcivilrightsmovementatthattime.3.Mainidea:

32.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.71.Thekeyidea...employeuphemism.Euphemizingcanaffecttheculture,e.g.black(racediscrimination),chairperson(sexdiscrimination)Idon’tthinkeuphemismisnot‘earthy’(down-to-earth),directlanguage.e.g.dead,passaway-bothplainlyandhonestly,butdifferentconceptionofwhattheeventmeans.shithouse,restroom-bothleadtothesameplace,butdifferentattitudetowardsprivacyandpropriety(=politeness).facilitator,teacher-bothrefertothepersondoigthesamejob,butdifferentfunctionineducation

33.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.72.WhatIamsaying...tovalueandtosee.Changinganamebyusingeuphemism(thisfigureofspeech)hasnothingtodowithmorality.Onlywhenthenamehassomemoralcontentexplicitlyorimplicitly,wehavethemoralityquestion.e.g.OperationSunshine:hidetheuglyreality,animmoralact,hidetheimmoralreality

but,sanitationengineer:nothingtodowithmorality34.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.73.Mainidea:amoreelaborateddefinitionNATOplayswordgamesWHILElaunchinganundeclaredwaragainstYugoslavia,US-ledNATOisplayingagameofwords.Atnewsbriefings,PentagonandNATOofficialsarelikelytouseeuphemismstowhitewashtheircrimesinYugoslavia.35.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.7

ShortlyafterUS-ledNATObeganitsairstrikesagainstYugoslavia,Pentagonofficialstoutedtheiractionsas"humanitarianintervention"tojustifytheirbarbarism.Duringtheirmorethan70daysofstrikes,theyrepeatedlyplayedthesamegameofwords.First,theyexplainedtheirmissileraidsontheChineseEmbassyinBelgradeasa"mistake,"andthenattemptedtotransformtheiratrocitiesintoregrettablebutnecessary"collateraldamage."36.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.7Intheireyes,noothermeansismoreeffectiveinhoodwinkingthepublicthaneuphemisms,withwhichtheylulltheircitizensintothinkingthattodieforthiswaramountsto"joiningtheimmortals."Whatasmartexpression!WhileinflictingthescourgeofwaronYugoslavpeople,PentagonofficialsseemtolettheworldknowthatYugoslaviashouldthankthemfornotusing"selectiveordinances."37.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.7Everyphraseusedisso"sweet"and"gracious"tohear,itisdifficulttoassociatethewordswithwarmaniacsstainedbythebloodofYugoslavians.Theirwell-preparedeuphemisticwords,however,cannotfoolpeopleofcommonandmoralsense.Pentagonofficialsmadeafatalmistakewhentheycookeduptheirlies:Whocanbelieveawolfinsheep'sclothing?38.In-readingInterpretation:ParUnit13

TEXTIEUPHEMISMNeilPostman

39.Unit13

Pre-readingQuestions:

1.Whatis‘euphemism’?CanyougivesomeexamplesbothinEnglishandinChineselanguages?(Lib.W.)2.Doyouthinktheuseofeuphemismsmakesourlanguagemorepleasant?40.Pre-readingQuestions:1.WhaDefinition:

(Pre-rd):thesubstitutionofamild,indirect,orvagueexpressionforonethoughttobeoffensivelyharshorblunt.

Ency.Bri.(CD,98):thesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensiveexpressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.

41.Definition:(Pre-rd):thesubDefinition:

NEC(Book4):(anexampleof)theuseofapleasanter,lessdirectnameforsomethingthoughttobeunpleasant.or,thesubstitutionofamildorvagueexpressionforaharshorbluntone.ThewordisderivedfromaGreekwordmeaning‘tospeakfavorably’.TheGreekprefixeu-means‘well’.

42.Definition:NEC(Book4):(anEuphemism1.Euphemismsareusedtoreplacewordsassociatedwithsubjectsthatare‘sensitive’or‘taboo’,suchasdeath,sex,madnessandsoon.e.g.weavoidsaying‘Hediedlastnight’,butsayinstead‘passedaway’,‘joinhismaker’,‘leftus’,‘kickedthebucket’.43.Euphemism1.EuphemismsareusEuphemism2.Sometimeseuphemismsareemployedoutofpoliteness.Thewordsweusetorefertoournaturalbodilyfunctionsaregenerallyeuphemisms.Theword‘lavatory’isitselfaeuphemism,derivedfromtheLatin‘lavatorium’meaning‘a(chǎn)placeforwashing’.TheAmericanword‘rest-room’isanotherexample.‘Offal’(Brit)or‘inside’(US)isusedtorefertoapig’sstomach,liver,orlungs.Sucheuphemismsmaybestylistically‘permissible’iftheyarekeptwithinlimits.44.Euphemism2.SometimeseuphemiEuphemism3.Euphemismsarealsousedbypoliticiansandadvertiserstohiderealityfromus.Euphemismsofthiskindoftenleadtoadistortionofstyleandmeaningbecausetheytendtobeusedtodefendpracticesthatwouldsounduglyandbrutalinplainwords.AsGeorgeOrwellpointedoutinhisessay‘PoliticsandtheEnglishlanguage’:45.Euphemism3.EuphemismsarealEuphemism

Inourtime,politicalspeechandwritingarelargelythedefenseoftheindefensible.Thuspoliticallanguagehastoconsistlargelyofeuphemisms.Defenselessvillagearebombardedfromtheair,theinhabitantsdrivenoutintothecountryside,thecattlemachine-gunned,thehutssetonfire:thisiscalled‘pacification’.46.EuphemismInourtime,politicEuphemismAndamotorcarbecomes‘a(chǎn)symphonyofspeedandstyle’bytheadvertisers.Otherexamples:atliberty-outofwork,seniorcitizen-oldpeople,inthefamilyway-pregnant,burier-undertaker,mortician,prison-correctionalinstitution,

去世、逝世、作古、犧牲、與世長(zhǎng)辭（死亡），身體發(fā)福（胖）、賦閑、下崗、分流、待業(yè)（失業(yè)）、拮據(jù)（貧困）

47.EuphemismAndamotorcarbecomeIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.11.Whatisthedefinitionofeuphemismaccordingtotheauthor?

...asanauspiciousorexaltedterm(like‘sanitationengineer’)thatisusedinplaceofamoredown-to-earthterm(like‘garbageman’).auspicious

orexalted:favorableordignified,glorified,raisingthestatusofamanreferredto

moredown-to-earth:factual,tellingwhatsomethingactuallyis48.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.1Whyisatermlikegarbagemandown-to-earth,andsanitationengineerauspiciousorexalted?(3-2)Garbagemanisamancleaningthegarbage,whichisfactual,tellingwhatsomethingactuallyis.Butbyusingsanitationengineer,thesamemancleaningthegarbageseemstobecomeanengineer,whichisamoreglorifiedterm.49.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.12.Peoplewhoarepartialto...reallytalkingabout.

Euphemism-pronepeoplearesubjecttothechargethattheyareinsincere.Peopledon’tbelievethemaswellaswhattheytalkabout.50.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.13.Whatistheexamplegiveninthispara.toillustrateit?‘OperationSunshine’:aprettynamefortheexperimentswiththehydrogenbombintheSouthPacific,whichactuallybringalotofharmstothesurroundingareas.Thisisanimmoralact,butbygivingthisprettyname,thegovt.triedtoexpungethehideousimagerythatthebombevokes.Thenameispretty,buttherealityisugly.

Thissortofprocess...issuchabadname.(thisiswhyeuphemismhassuchabadconnotation:Peoplewhoarepartialto...reallytalkingabout.)51.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.14.WhatisG.Orwell’sopiniononeuphemism?(Note1)Politiciansprefertoeuphemisms.Theirspeechandwritingconsistlargelyofeuphemisms,tryingtomakesomebrutalrealityvague,etc.e.g.BritishruleinIndia,theRussianpurgesanddeportations,thedroppingoftheatombombonJapan,theJapaneseinvasionoftheAsiancountries(建立大東亞共榮圈).52.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.15.Whatisthefunctionofthelastsentences?Transition,guidingthereadertothenextpara.,tellingthemwhatwillbetalkedaboutnext.6.Whatisthispara.about?acommondefinition,euphemismhasgotabadname.53.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.21.Howdoyouunderstand‘Thingsdonothaverealnames’?Canyougiveexamples?(3-3,4)Themeaningofthemajorityofwordsisarbitraryandconventional;thuswordsarenomorethanlabelsgiventothings.Thenameofanobjectwasgivenintheancienttimes.Ithasbeenhandeddownthroughgenerationssothatitbecomesconventional.Namesaresymbolsofthethings.Theycanbechanged.54.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.2Ifwefirstcalledthemancleaninggarbagesomeothernameinsteadofgarbagemanorsanitationengineer,thatwouldbeOK.Ifwecalledtheanimalwecallpignow‘shrimp’,itwouldbecomeashrimp,andviceversa.Soarethenamesof‘lumberingelephant’foranautomobile,and‘perfume’forBronxodor.AsShakespearesaidinRomeoandJuliet,‘What’sinaname?ThatwhichwecallaroseByanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.’(Evenifwechangethenameoftheplantwecallconventionally‘rose’tosomeothername,thisplantwillstillsmellassweetasbefore/usual.)

Therefore,itiswrongtoassumethatanameandathingareoneandthesame.Inotherwords,namescanbechangedatanytimeifwewantorneed.55.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.22.Butanameisusually...onefromtheother.Isthissentencecontradictorytothefirstoneinthispara.?(3-5)No.Thingsdonothaverealnames.Namescanbechanged.Butsincewehavebeenusingthenameforalongtime,wearemostprobable/graduallycometoestablishakindodassociation,particularlyinsemantics,betweenthetwo.e.g.Whenwecalltheanimal‘pig’,wetendtothinkitfat,stupid,eatingandsleeping,etc.Becauseofthissemanticassociation,wehavetheexpressionsasmakeapigofoneself(eattoomuch),buyapiginabag(buywithoutcheckingitup),etc.56.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.23.Thisisallbecausewhatwecallthingsaffectshowwewillperceivethem.(=Thingswilltakeonadifferentlookwhennameddifferently.Thenamewegivetosomethingaffectsourperception.)Itisnotonlyharderto...thehorsemackerel.

鳳爪，龍虎斗，牛鞭,Goldlion-金獅，金利來(lái)，山水豆腐

57.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.24.Itwouldappear...ofthethingitself.

Itseemsthatmankindispredisposedtoregardthingsasbeinginseparablefromthelabelstheybear.Thisisamostintriguingdelusion.Wenaturallythinkthatthingsandtheircorrespondingnamesarethesame,butthisistheillusion.Thereissometruthinthisillusion.Withthechangeofthenamesofthings,youhavechangedtheirimagesintheeyeofpeople,which,ineffect,meansachangeinwhatthethingsreallyare.Ifyouchangethenamesofthings,youchangeyourwayofperception,andyou,ineffect,changethenatureofthethings.

58.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.25.DoyouagreewithPonthispoint?(3-6)Thismaysoundabitdubious.Whilethe1stchange(changeinthewaypeopleregardthings)hasbeenevidenced,the2ndchange(changeinthenatureofthethingitself)hasnot.6.Mainidea:Achangeinnameleadstoachangeinnature.59.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.31.Allsortsofscoundrels...theyarepromoting.Thescoundrelsgiveacharmingnametothedirtythingtheyarecommittingtohideitsrealdirtyorillegalnature,tomakeusbelievetheyaredoingsomethinggood.

搶劫－交保護(hù)費(fèi)

60.In-readingInterpretation:ParIn-readingInterpretation:

Para.32.Euphemizing...ofperceivingthings.Givinganewnametosomethingbyusingeuphemismwillgenerateanewwayofperceivingthings.ThisisthesameasWhatwecallthingsaffectshowwewillperceivethem.

e.g.Themanwhowantsus...noticeorrespect.Thestatusofagarbagemanisconsiderablyraisedintheeyeofth