月精讀團(tuán)講義上

44月邏輯考點(diǎn)精讀團(tuán)第38期任何問(wèn)題聯(lián) 38【請(qǐng)密切留意講座課程通知】請(qǐng)關(guān)公 個(gè) ：【上課方式】YY上課，上課前請(qǐng)確保會(huì)用YY，上課頻道是：8683，找到4月精讀團(tuán)的子頻道，頻道密【電腦先YY語(yǔ)音→安裝之后→賬號(hào)→登錄→改YY昵稱(chēng)→在右上角輸8683→ENTER點(diǎn)擊左下角教室列表選擇對(duì)應(yīng)的子頻道【上間（晚上7點(diǎn)半到10點(diǎn)330P1文章42日P2P3文章精45日P4P5文章精48日P6P7文章精411日P8P9P10文章每次上課前要自己完成題目，把文章的生詞查出來(lái)，句子一句話(huà)一句話(huà)翻譯出來(lái) Throughoutitshistory,agriculturewastheeconomicmainstayoftheOttomanEmpire,whichdominatedNorthAfrica,theMiddleEast,Turkey,andsoutheasternEuropeforover600yearsuntiltheearlytwentiethcentury.Mostcultivatorspossessedsmalllandholdings,engaginginahostoftasks,withtheircropsandanimalproductsmainlydedicatedtoself-consumption.Butenormouschangesovertimeprevailedintheagrariansector.Beginninginthelateeighteenthcentury,agriculturebecamemoreandmorecommercialized,withincreasingamountsofproducegoingtosaletodomesticandinternationalconsumers.Atleastthreemajorenginesincreasedthisagriculturalproductiondevotedtothemarket,thebeingrisingdemand,bothinternationalanddomestic.Abroad,especiallyafter1840,thelivingstandardsandbuyingpowerofmanyEuropeansimprovedsubstantially,permittingthemtobuyawiderchoiceandtyofgoods.Risingdomesticmarketswithintheempirewerealsoimportant,thankstoincreasedurbanizationaswellasmountingalconsumption.Inthelatenineteenthcentury,newlyopenedrailroaddistrictsbroughtaflowofdomesticwheatandothercerealstomajorcoastalcities.RailroadsalsoattractedmarketgardenerswhonowcouldgrowandshipfruitsandvegetablestotheexpandingandnewlyaccessiblemarketsoftheseThesecondenginedrivingagriculturaloutputconcernscultivators'increasingpaymentoftaxesincashratherthaninkind(thatis,inagriculturalorotherproducts).Somehistoriansassertedthattheincreasingcommitmenttomarketagriculturewasaproductbothofapercapitataxburdenandthestate'sgrowingpreferencefortaxpaymentsincashratherthankind.Inthisview,suchernmentdecisionsforcedcultivatorstogrowcropsforsaleinordertopaytheirtaxes.Thus,statepolicyisseenasthemostimportantfactorinfluencingthecultivators'shiftfromsubsistencefarmingtomarketagriculture.However,cultivators'risinginvolvementinthemarketwasnotsimplyareactiveresponsetothestate'sdemandsforcashtaxes;otherfactorswereatwork.Therewasathirdenginedrivingincreasedagriculturalproductioncultivators'owndesiresforconsumergoods.AmongOttomanconsumers,increasinglyfrequentchangesintaste,alongwiththerisingavailabilityofcheapimportedgoods,stimulatedarisingconsumptionofgoods.Thispatternofrisingconsumptionbeganintheeighteenthcentury,asseenbytheurbanphenomenonoftheTulipPeriod(1718-1730)atimeofurbanrevivalandorientationtowardtheWestandacceleratedsubsequently.Wantingmoreconsumergoods,cultivatorsneededmorecash.Thus,ruralfamiliesworkedharderthantheyhadpreviously,notmerelybecauseofcashtaxes.Insuchcircumstances,leisuretimediminished,cash esrose,andtheflowofconsumergoodsintothecountrysideaccelerated.Increasesinagriculturalproductionbothpromotedand paniedavastexpansionoftheareaoflandundercultivation.Atthebeginningoftheeighteenthcenturyandindeeduntiloftheempire,thereremainedvaststretchesofuncultivated,sometimesnearlyempty,landoneveryside.Thesespacesbegantofillin,aprocessfinallycompletedonlyinthe1950sinmostareasoftheformerempire.Manyfactorswereinvolved.Inmanycases,familiesincreasedtheamountoftimeatwork,bringingintocultivationuncultivatedlandalreadyundertheircontrol.Theyalsoengagedinsharecropagreeingtoworkanother'slandandpayingthatashareoftheoutput.Oftensuchacreagehadbeenpasturelandforanimalsbutnowwasgivenovertocropproduction.TheextraordinarilyfertilelandsofMoldaviaandWallachia(modernRomania),forexample,hadbeenamongtheleastpopulatedlandsoftheOttomanempireintheeighteenthcentury,butnowsawlargeamountsoflandbroughtundertheplow.Significantconcentrationsofcommercialagricultureformedinareaseasilyaccessiblebywater,suchastheDanubeRiverbasin.■Duringthenineteenthcentury,expansioninsuchareascontinued,andinteriorregionsjoinedthelistaswell.■Therewerealsosomeincreasesinproductivity.■Irrigationprojects,oneformofintensiveagriculture,developedinsomeareas,andtheuseofmodernagriculturaltoolsincreased.Butmoreintensiveexploitationofexistingresourcesremainedcomparativelyunusual,andmostincreasesinproductionderivedfromplacingadditionallandundercultivation.■Accordingtoparagraph1,inwhichofthefollowingwaysdidagriculturalproductionintheOttomanempirebegintochangeatendoftheeighteenthcenturyAgriculturalproductsnolongercontributedasmuchtotheOttomanAgriculturalworkerslefttheirfarmstoworkincommercialindustriesintheFarmerswithsmalllandholdingsbegantofocusonasingletaskratherthanonmanyFarmproductsweresoldcommerciallyinsteadofbeingkeptforalThewordsubstantiallyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningwithoutThewordaccessibleinthepassageisclosestinmeaning.Accordingtoparagraph2,allofthefollowingcontributedtoarisingdemandfortheagriculturalproductsoftheOttomanempireduringthenineteenthcenturyEXCEPTthesaleofdomesticwheatinplaceofothercerealsincoastalthedevelopmentofrailroadsystemsleadingtocoastaltheriseinlivingstandardsandbuyingpoweramongtheemergenceofnewdomesticmarketsintheOttomanWhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassageIncorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialSomehistorianshaveassertedthattheincreasingcommitmenttomarketagricultureallowedtheernmenttoraisetaxesandhavethempaidincash.Theernmentraisedtaxesandrequiredtheybepaidincash,sofarmershadtousethecashtheyobtainedfromsellingtheirfarmproductsinthemarkettopaytheirtaxesSomehistorianshaveassertedthattheincreasingcommitmenttomarketagriculturewasaproductofthestate'sgrowingpreferencefortaxpaymentsincashratherthankind.Accordingtosomehistorians,thegrowthofmarketagriculturewastheresultofmountingtaxeswhichthe ernmentwantedindividualstopayincash.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresentstheexplanationforthechangeinagriculturalproductionmentionedinparagraph3ThestateallowedcultivatorstopaytheirtaxesincropsaswellasinCultivatorsneededcropstheycouldselltopaytaxesinStatepoliciesbeganfavoringfarmerswhoshiftedtomarketagriculturebyloweringthosefarmers'taxes.CultivatorshadmoremoneytoinvestincropsbecauseofalowertaxThewordstimulatedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph4,theincreasingdesireofOttomancultivatorstopurchaseconsumergoodsledtoallofthefollowingchangesEXCEPT:CultivatorsworkedharderandforlongerCultivatorshadlesscashavailabletousefortaxCultivatorssucceededinincreasingtheamountof etheyMoreconsumergoodsbecameavailableinruralThewordengagedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningThewordexploitationinthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph5,whichofthefollowingwastrueoftheprocessofbringingnewlandundercultivationItbeganininteriorareasandquicklyspreadtoareasnearItwascompletednearoftheeighteenthItoccurredslowlybecausemostuncultivatedlandwasnotveryItoftenoccurredasaresultoffarmingfamiliesworkinglongerWhatcanbeinferredfromparagraph5aboutagriculturalproductionduringthenineteenthIrrigationandtheuseofmoderntoolscontributedlittletoincreasedproductionincomparisonwithotherfactors.Interiorregionsincreasedtheiragriculturalproductionmuorethanregionsnearriverbasinsdid.Agriculturalproductionwasaidedbyusingless-productivelandforanimalpastureinsteadofforgrowingcrops.AgriculturalproductionincreasedinsomeareasbutdecreasedinothersduringthenineteenthLookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtotheTheseincreasesresultedfromusingtechnologytoimproveyieldsonexistingfarmland,asystemknownasintensiveagriculture.WherewouldthesentencebestClickonasquaretoaddthesentencetotheDragyourchoicestothespaceswheretheybelong.Toreviewthepassage,clickonViewText.AnswerChoicesUntilthelateeighteenthcentury,farmerswerelimitedtosellingtheircropsandanimalproductsforcashinnearbytowns.Startinginthelateeighteenthcentury,farmersincreasinglyproducedcropsforsaleindomesticandinternationalmarkets.ManyfarmerssoldtheirproductsinordertobeabletopaytheirtaxesincashandconsumergoodsforRailroadschangedthewayfarmingwasdone,sincetheybroughtmoderntoolsfromtownstotheagriculturalareas.Increasedproductivityresultedmorefromthecultivationofadditionallandthanfromtheuseofnewtoolsandintensiveagriculturalprocesses.Farmingwasconcentratedinriverbasinsthroughoutthenineteenthcentury,whileinteriorareasweredevotedtopasturelandforanimals.P2HowPlantsandAnimalsArrivedintheHawaiianScientistshaveattemptedtoexplainhowlivingthingsthatarenotnativetotheHawaiianIslandswereabletoreachtheislandsfromdistantplaces.ThewayinwhichbirdsreachedtheHawaiianIslandsisobviousenough.Someoftheplantsthatprobablycamewiththemhadseedsthatreadilyattachedtofeathers,about7percentoftheHawaiiannonendemic(nonnative)seedplantsprobablyarrivedinthisway.TheHawaiianinsects,too,arrivedbyair.EntomologistshaveusedairplanesandshipstotrailfinenetsoverthePacificatdifferentheightsandhavetrappedavarietyofinsects,mostofwhich,aswouldbeexpected,arelight-bodied.ThesetypesalsopredominateintheHawaiianIslands(anindicationoftheirairbornearrival),althoughheavierdragonflies,sphinxmoths,andbutterfliesarealsofoundthere.Theinfluenceofthewindsinprovidingcolonistsisshownbythefactthat,althoughplantsarefarmorecommonthanfernsintheworldasawhole,theirdiversityinHawaiiisevenlybalanced:225immigrantfloweringplantsand135immigrantferns.Therelativelygreatersuccessofthefernsisprobablyduetothefactthattheirspores(reproductivestructures)aremuchsmallerandlighterthantheseedsoffloweringplants.OfthenonendemicseedplantsoftheHawaiianIslands,about7.5percentalmostcertainlyarrivedcarriedbythewind,whileanother30.5percenthavesmallseeds(uptothreemillimetersmeter)andthusmayalsohavearrivedthisOneofthemostinterestingplantsthatprobablyarrivedasawind-borneseedisthetreeMetrosideros.Itisunusualbecauseitsseedsarerelativelytiny,andthishasalloweditto widelydispersedthroughthePacificislands.Itisabletoformforestsonlowlandlavawithvirtuallynosoil—agreatadvantageonavolcanicisland.Metrosiderosshowsgreatvariabilityinitsappearanceindifferentenvironments,fromalargetreeinthewetrainforest,toashrubonwindstridges,toaslittleas15centimetershighinpeatlands,anditisthereforethedominanttreeoftheHawaiianforest.Thedifferentformsarenotdistinctspecies,andintermediatesarefoundwheretwodifferenttypesareadjacenttooneProbablythesinglemostimportantmethodofentryofseedplantstotheHawaiianIslandshasbeenasseedswithinthedigestivesystemsofbirdsthathaveeatentheirfruit(e.g.blueberry,sandalwood),about37percentofthenonendemicseedplantsoftheislandsprobablyarrivedinthisway.Significantly,manyplantsthatsucceededinreachingtheislandsarethosethat,unliketherestoftheirfamilies,bearfleshyfruitsinsteadofdryseeds,suchasthespeciesofmint,lily,andnightshadefoundinHawaii.Dispersedbyseaaccountsforonlyabout5percentofthenonendemicHawaiianseedplants.wellasthewidespreadcoconut,theislandsalsocontainScaevolatoccata,thisshrubhasbuoyantfruitsandformsdensehedgesalongtheedgeofthebeach.AnotherseabornemigrantisErythrina,mostspeciesofthisplanthavebuoyant,beanlikeseeds.OnHawaii,afteritsarrivalonthebeach,Erythrinawasunusualinadaptingtoanislandenvironment,andanewendemicspecies,thecoraltreeEsandwichensis,hasevolvedontheisland.Unlikethoseofitsancestors,theseedsofthecoraltreedonofloat—anexampleofthelossofitsdispersalmechanismoftencharacteristicofanislandspecies.ThesuccessfulcolonistsoftheHawaiianIslandsaretheexceptions,manygroups,bothplantsandanimals,havefailedtoreachtheislandsbynaturalprocesses.Therearenotrulyfreshwaterfishandnonativeamphibians,reptiles,ormammals(exceptforonespeciesofbat),while21ordersofinsectarecompleyabsent.Asmightbeexpected,mostofthesearetypesthatseemingeneraltohaveverylimitedpowersofdispersal.Forexample,theants,whichareanimportantpartoftheinsectfaunainothertropicalpartsoftheworld,wereoriginallyabsent.Theyhave,however,sincebeenintroducedbyhumans,and36differentspecieshavenowestablishedthemselvesandtheirusualdominantroleininsectfaunas.Thisprovesthattheobstaclewasreachingtheislands,notthenatureoftheHawaiianenvironment.Theword"obvious"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph1,howaredragonflies,sphinxmoths,andbutterfliesdifferentfromotherinsectsinHawaii?TheyareTheyarenativetoTheyflyatmuchhigherlevelsabovetheTheywerebroughttotheislandsbyWhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.Intheworldasawhole,floweringplantsaremuorecommonthanferns,butinHawaiitheoppositeistrue.Awidevarietyofplants,including225floweringplantsand135ferns,wereprobablybroughttoHawaiibywind.FernsarewellsuitedtothewindyconditionsinHawaii,asdemonstratedbytheirhighdiversitycomparedtofloweringplants.Hawaiihasahigherproportionoffernstofloweringplantsthantheworldasawholebecausemanyofitscolonistsarrivedbywind.Accordingtoparagraph2,Hawaiianplantswhoseseedsarenomorethan3millimetersinaremorelikelytobefloweringplantsthanmakeupabout7.5percentofallnonendemicplantsonthemakeupthemajorityofseed-bearingplantsonthemayhavebeentransportedtotheislandsbyAccordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingaretrueofthetreeMetrosiderosIthasverysmallseedsthatwereprobablybroughttotheislandsbyItneedsalmostnosoiltoIthasevolvedintoatleastthreedistinctspeciessincereachingtheItadaptsitssizetofitenvironmentalThephrase"adjacentto"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningnextmixedcompetingrelatedInparagraph4,whatpointistheauthormakingabouttheparticularspeciesofmint,lilyandnightshadefoundinHawaii?Thesespecieshavecloserelativesthat,becausetheyproducedryseeds,areunabletogrowintheHawaiianIslands.Ifthesespeciesdidnotproduceediblefruits,theyprobablywouldnothavesucceededinreachingtheislands.Thesespecies,inadditiontoHawaii’sblueberryandsandalwood,providefurtherexamplesfruitingplantsthatnowgrowinHawaiibutthatarenotnativetotheThesespecieshavecloserelativesintheHawaiianIslandsthatareabletoattractbirdswithoutproducingfleshyfruit.Theword"widespread"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningTheword"dense"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph5,whichofthefollowingplantsdoesNOThaveseedsthatScaevolaEWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph6abouttheanimalscurrentlyontheHawaiianIslands?Exceptonespeciesofbat,alloftheamphibians,reptiles,andmammalsontheislandswereintroducedbypeople.Exceptforonespeciesofbat,therearenoamphibians,reptiles,ormammalsontheExceptforonespeciesofbat,noneoftheamphibians,reptiles,ormammalsontheislandshavespreadtootherislands.Exceptforonespeciesofbat,alloftheamphibians,reptiles,andmammalsontheislandsdiedoutafterpeoplearrived.Whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthatanumberofspeciesofants“havenowestablishedthemselvesandfilledtheirusualdominantroleininsectfaunas”?TodemonstratethatspeciesintroducedbyhumansoftendisrupttheislandecosystembyreplacingendemicspeciesToprovideanexampleofsomeofthemostsuccessfulcolonistsoftheHawaiianTosupporttheclaimthatmanytypesoforganismsareabsentfromHawaiibecausetheycouldnotgetthere,notbecausetheyareunsuitedtoi Toarguethatantshavebetterpowersofdispersalthanthe21ordersofinsectsthatareabsentfromtheislandsScientistshaveattemptedtoexplainhowlivingthingsthatarenotnativetotheHawaiianIslandswereabletoreachtheislandsfromdistantplaces.ThewayinwhichbirdsreachedtheHawaiianIslandsisobviousenough.■Someoftheplantsthatprobablycamewiththemhadseedsthatreadilyattachedtofeathers,about7percentoftheHawaiiannonendemic(nonnative)seedplantsprobablyarrivedinthisway.■TheHawaiianinsects,too,arrivedbyair.■EntomologistshaveusedairplanesandshipstotrailfinenetsoverthePacificatdifferentheightsandhavetrappedavarietyofinsects,mostofwhich,aswouldbeexpected,arelight-bodied.■ThesetypesalsopredominateintheHawaiianIslands(anindicationoftheirairbornearrival),althoughheavierdragonflies,sphinxmoths,andbutterfliesarealsofoundthere.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothe erfromtheAmericanmainlandorfromotherPacificIslands,theyoftenbroughtadditionalcolonistswiththem.Wherewouldthesentencebest28.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.ThenonnativeplantsandanimalsofHawaiiarrivedontheislandsbyseveraldifferent EuropeintheHighMiddleFor500yearsafterthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpirein476A.D.,aperiodknownastheearlyMiddleAges,Europeenduredanageofpoliticalinstability,economicdecline,andreducedpopulation.Butasthemillenniumapproached,thesituationbegantoimprove.Towardofthetenthcentury,anincreaseintheamountofcrop-producinglandwas paniedbyanincreaseinpopulation,withthepotentialforthatnumbertoriseevenhigher.Theincreaseinagriculturalproductioncameaboutasaresultofacombinationoffactors,themostprominentofwhichwerechangingmethodsoffieldmanagementandimprovementsinagriculturaltechnology.FormuchoftheearlyMiddleAges,peasantscontinuedtheRomanpracticeofdividingtheirfieldsintwoleavingonefallow,oruncultivated,forayear,andplantingtheircropsintheotherhalf.Fallowlandrestoreditsnutrients,butthepracticemeantthathalfthelandproducednothingeveryyear.InsouthernEuropewithitsdrierclimatethissystemoftwo-fieldcroprotationcontinued,butinnorthernEurope,peasantsimprovedonthissystembydividingtheirlandintothreeparts.Onetheyleftfallow,anothertheyplantedinthespring,andthethirdtheyplantedwithwintercrops.Thisthree-fieldcroprotation,dependentonmorerainfallthansouthernEuropereceived,meantthattwo-thirdsinsteadofone-halfofapeasant'slandwasunderproductioninoneyear.RelatedtothechangesincroprotationwereimprovementsinplowsandanimalMorelandundercultivationspurredexperimentationintheconstructionofplows.attachedattachedwheelstotheirplows, adeiteasierforoxentopullthemthroughthewettersoilofnorthernEurope,andmadeitpossibleforaplowtomovemorequicklydownaprovidedithadaspeedyanimalpulling■Oxenareslowanduninligentcomparedtohorses,butpeasantscouldnotusehorsestopullplowsuntiltheydevisedadifferentkindofharnessingthanthestrapthatcircledanox'sneck.Withaharnessrestingonitsshouldersinsteadofitsneck,ahorsecouldbeusedtoplow,andhorsescouldwalkmorequicklyandworklongerhoursthanoxen.■Theyalsorequiredlessguidance,sincetheyunderstoodverbalsignalstoturnortostop.■Heavier,wheeledplowspulledbysuitablyharnessedhorsesmeantthatpeasantscouldworkmorelandinadaythaneverbefore.WhetheranincreaseinpopulationacrosswesternEurope,butparticularlyinthenorth,stimulatedinnovationsorwhethersuchinnovationscontributedtoariseinpopulation,thecumulativeofthesechangesinagriculturewasapparentinthetenthcentury.ConditionsinEuropewereripeforaneconomicandculturalupswing.EvenbeforetradewiththeeasternMediterraneanincreasedstartinginthetwelfthcentury,tradeandtownswereontherise.Travelwasstilldangerous,butmerchantswerewillingtorisktransportinggoodsoverlongdistances.Bythelatethirteenthcentury,afewmerchantsfromItalyhadevenreachedChina.Greatersurplusesincropsmeantpeoplehadmoretosellatmarket.Morepeopleandgoodsledtoregularlyheldmarketsinthemostpopulatedlocationinaregion.Itwouldbeimpossibletosaywhethertradegaverisetotownsorviceversa.Whatisclearisthateachfosteredtheotherinconditionsofgreatersocialstability.Travelontraderoutesincreased,andsometownsspranguptoproviderestandrefreshmenttraders.Thedistancebetweentownsoftencorrespondedtothedistancethattraderscouldcoverinaday.Merchantskepttheireyesopenforcustomerswithmoneytospend.Theresidencesofkings,nobles,andpowerfulofficialsbecamesitesofmarketsforlocalandlong-distancetraders.InChampagne,innortheasternFrance,sixlargeannualmarketsattractedmerchantsfromalloverEuropeinthetwelfthcentury.Theirdifferentcurrenciespromptedthedevelopmentofbankingtechniques.Withtheuseofcoinsnowthenorm,moneychangersdailypostedchangingexchangeratessothatmerchantswouldknowtheworthoftheircoinsinrelationtotheworthofothermerchants'coins.By1300,tradehadtransformedlifeforthebetterthroughoutwesternEurope.Paragraph2suggeststhattheland-managementpracticesdevelopedinthenorthcouldnothavebeenadoptedinsouthernEuropebecausethesouthernclimatewastoosouthernfarmersweretoostronglytiedtotraditionalRomanfarmingthenewpracticewouldhaverequiredmuchadditionalfarmland,whichwaslackinginthesouthernfarmershadalreadydevelopedanewcrop-rotationWhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassageIncorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialPeasantshadtoattachwheelstotheirplowstomakeitpossiblefortheiroxentoplowtheheavy,wetsoilofnorthernEurope.Withspeedyoxenpullingtheplow,peasantswereabletoplowtheheavysoilofnorthernAddingwheelstoaplowmadeplowingtheheavysoilofnorthernEuropemucheasierandpotentiallyfaster.AttachingwheelstoaplowmadeitnecessarytousespeedierAccordingtoparagraph4,whatinitiallykeptfarmersfromusinghorsestopulltheirHorsesmovedtooquicklyfortraditionalfarmFarmersdidnothaveaccesstomanyHorseswerethoughttobetooweaktopullThetraditionalharnesswasunsuitableforAccordingtoparagraph4,farmersfoundhorsestobebetterthanoxenforpullingplowsforallofthefollowingreasonsEXCEPT:HorsesaresmarterthanHorsescanpullplowsHorsesareabletoplowforlongerperiodsofHorsesdonotneedverbalsignalstoturnandThewordcumulativeinthepassageisclosestinmeaningThewordapparentinthepassageisclosestinmeaningeThewordeachinthepassagereferstowhichofthepeopleandcropsurplusesandtradeandmerchantsfromItalyandmerchantsfromInparagraph5,whydoestheauthorstatethatafewItalianmerchantshadreachedToemphasizehowmuchfartherEuropeanmerchantstraveledduringthistimeperiodthaninpreviouscenturiesTosupporttheideathatChinesegoodswereimportantforEuropeanToshowhowEuropeanmerchantsinfluencedChineseToindicatethewide-rangingtastesofEuropeanconsumersduringthethirteenthThephrasecorrespondedtointhepassageisclosestinmeaningParagraph6suggeststhatmarketsdevelopedneartheresidencesofkings,nobles,andpowerfulofficialsforwhichofthefollowingreasonsNoblesandofficialsmadeitlegalformerchantstoselltheirMerchantscouldselltheirgoodsinrelativesafetyattheseNoblesandofficialsestablishedtheirresidencesalongtraditionaltradeMerchantscouldselltheirgoodsmoreeasilytowealthynoblesandThephrasethenorminthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph6,whatledtothedevelopmentof bankingMerchantsfromdifferentEuropeanregionsneededtocomparethevalueoftheircurrencyatlargemarkets.Merchantsparticipatinginlargemarketswantedaplacetosafelystorethemoneytheymadefromtheirsales.Organizersoflargemarketsdevelopedmethodsfordeterminingthevalueofgoodsfromlong-distancetraders.MerchantsneededtoborrowmoneytobuythegoodsofothermerchantsatlargeLookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtotheAstrongerpartofthebodyhadtobearthestrainofpullingforthehorseto eausefulfarmWherewouldthesentencebestDragyourchoicestothespaceswheretheybelong.Toreviewthepassage,clickonViewText.AnswerPeasantsinsouthernEuropedevelopedathree-fieldsystemofcroprotationthatwasbasedonagriculturalpracticesusedbyRomanfarmers.Byrotatingtheirland,usingthreefieldsratherthanthetraditionaltwo,manynorthernfarmerswereabletoharvesttwiceduringtheyear,significantlyincreasingtheirannualproduction.AgriculturalinnovationsledtopopulationgrowtheverywhereinEurope,andtheresultingtownswerethereasonthattradeincreased.Byusingwheeledplowsandreplacinghorseswithoxen,farmerscouldplowthesoilofNorthernEuropemorequickly,contributingtoeconomicimprovements.AsEuropeantownmarketsexpandedto etradecenterssellinggoodsfromdistantlocations,thesocialandeconomicpowerofmerchantsincreased.Agrowingsystemoftradethatincludedlong-distancemerchantsandlargeannualmarketscontributedtoinnovationsineconomicpracticeandtheflourishingoftownculture. legaciesofthefamousEuropeanvoyagesofdiscoveryinthe andnineteenthcenturiesareacollectionandscientificdescriptionofplantsandanimalsfromaroundtheworld.TheseformthenucleusofthegreatcollectionsinmodernmuseumsandhavebeenresponsibleforaradicalrevisioninthewaythaterceivethestructureofEarthandtheforcesthathaveshapeditssurfaceovertime.Asthefaunaandflorafromfar-flunglandscametodescribedandincorporatedintothebodyofknowledgeabouttheworld,itwasnotedthatweresomestrikingsimilaritiesamonglivingandextinctorganismsoftheSoutherncontinents.Inthe1840s,theEnglishbotanistSirJosephDaltonHookercommentedontheremarkablefactthatthefloraofSouthAmericaandOceania(mainlyAustralia,NewZealand,NewGuinea,andtheMalayArchipelago)sharedsevenfamiliesoffloweringplantsand48generathatwerenottobefoundelsewhere.Later,similarpatternswereobservedinothergroupsofplantsandanimals,suchasliverworts,lichens,mayflies,midges,andvarioustypesofvertebrates.HowcouldthesesimilaritiesbeexplainedinviewoftheenormousstretchesofoceanthatseparatetheSouthernHemispherecontinentstodayOneidead