考研英語一真題

SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:

2018年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(一)

本文由凱程陸老師整理Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition1 childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour 2 ,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3 .4,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood. 5 peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat6 pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto 7 exposure 8thishormoneputsusinatrusting 9 :InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanwere10 whoinhaledsomethingelse.11 forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay 12 us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate 13 acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtyseh 4 oanadultrgac.erdask,ts?”egoe,,and,!”htsndo15 .Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf 16 thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17 them.Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere 18 tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.19 ,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedhe“0 rdnapactivity.[A]on[B]like[C]for[D]from[A]faith[B]concern[C]attention[D]interest[A]benefit[B]debt[C]hope[D]price[A]Therefore[B]Then[C]Instead[D]Again[A]Until[B]Unless[C]Although[D]Whenproduces[C]applies[D]maintains[A]consult[B]compete[C]connect[D]compare[A]at[B]by[C]of[D]to[A]context[B]mood[C]period[D]circle[D]supporters11.[A]Funny[B]Lucky[C]Odd[D]Ironic12.[A]monitor[B]protect[C]surprise[D]delightover14.[A]transferred[B]added[C]introduced[D]entrusted15.[A]out[B]back[C]around[D]inside16.[A]discovered[B]proved[C]insisted[D].remembered17.[A]betrayed[B]wronged[C]fooled[D]mocked18.[A]forced[B]willing[C]hesitant[D]entitled19.[A]Incontrast[B]Asaresult[C]Onthewhole[D]Forinstance20.[A]inflexible[B]incapable[C]unreliable[D]unsuitableSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?halfofU.S.jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—havearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcanextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?[B]Low-wagelaborers.[C]Robotowners.[D]Middle-classworkers.2hfegtteauthor’s[A]Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.littlesupport.[C]Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled[D]NegativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoidedEducationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison[A]creativepotential.[B]job-huntingskills.[C]individualneeds.[D]cooperativespirit.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat[A]encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation.[B]increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment.[C]easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor.[D]preventingtheincomegapfromwidening.25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith[A]opposingviewsonit.[B]possiblesolutionstoit.[C]itsalarmingimpacts.[D]itsmajorvariations.Text2AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentp’sef.enstsrsmeeeoehr,tatslaMostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016inthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyusedt”oy.yksandrsmsyetarenaboutany.ygeassumeatllyrgsandactivelygtg,”econcluded.Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedsyeyfndtgesenladopoliticalengagement.Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasonnysreesnsr,”eonpsrsn.tadyemfessnnrnactuals”al.nr,eeoesnlayeetf.ssesallyngs,”seeditorinchiefatBarnaGroup.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills–andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia.castdoubtsonpractice.eserlaabilitytohandleinformation.socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews.eerpe,.)stngsharpendefineboastshareAccordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,youngpeopletendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace.verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresources.havesstrongsenseofresponsibility.eoesndt”TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblemisreadersoutdatedvalues.s’ds’s’pWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnlineACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrendTheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia.ofPersonalInterests.Text3ofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain'sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificial(AI)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.ItIsagainstthatbackgroundthattheagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsIn2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients'rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy.DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.smeoeeeneS,ergwtd”eanddy".tsnsetttsgandaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.ItisnotenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublictosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybeexpectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism.MsDenham'sreportisawelcomestart.istrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.tdoyeattentionotsItfellshortofthelatter'sexpectationsItputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham'sverdictwithresistance.necessaryadjustments.sincereapologies.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2thatprivacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcosts.leakingpatients'dataisworsethansellingit.makingprofitsfrompatients'dataisillegal.thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofitAccordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdealistheviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas.theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw.theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftware.themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareisambiguous.cautious.appreciative.contemptuous.Text4TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreportedanetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,revenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirementcosts.Therearemanybankruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSPSisinahistoricsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanentlydecreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,andaregulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenewrealityAndinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakersexertself-interestedpressureoneS’segtresoel,aspectsfstatusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisiswhyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears,leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvitalmodernization.Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved---Democrats,Republicans,thePostalService,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestusers—hasfinallyagreedonaplantofixthesystem.LegislationismovingthroughtheHousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears,whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures.Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letterpermanentrateincreaseandfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedicare.Thelatterstepwouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretireehealthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunion.–wheresomeoneisboundtobareminimumnecessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,note.e’soeoegate,arntlaccountsr0tfeagency’s.ogsanynfSaturdayletterdelivery.Thatcommon-sensechangeenjoyswidepublicsupportandwouldsavetheUSPS$2billionperyear.Butpostalspecial-interestgroupsseemtohavekilledit,atleastintheHouse.Theemergingconsensusaroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsaregettingfrightenedaboutapoliticallyembarrassingmeate.ts,,antyegsaboutgpostalsystemforthe21stcentury.[A].itsunbalancedbudget.[B].itsrigidmanagement.[C].thecostfortechnicalupgrading.[D].thewithdrawalofbanksupport.AccordingtoParagraph2,theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfduetofrominterestgroups.[B].theinadequatefundingfromCongress.[C].theshrinkingdemandforpostalservice.[D].theincompetenceofpostalunions.Thelong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbeaddressedby[A].removingitsburdenofretireehealthcare.[B].makingmoreinvestmentinnewvehicles.[C].adoptinganewrate-increasemechanism.[D].attractingmorefirst-classmailusers.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswithrespect.tolerance.discontent.gratitude.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A].TheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDays[B].ThePostalService:KeepAwayfromMyCheese[C].TheUSPS:ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickCure[D].ThePostalServiceNeedsMorethanaBand-AidBDirections:41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)InDecemberof1869,CongressappointedacommissiontoselectasiteandprepareplansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartmentBuilding.ThecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsforTothehorrorofsomewhoexpectedaGreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheothersideoftheWhiteHouse,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyledesignbyAlfredMullettwasselected,andconstructionofabuildingtohouseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871.withitselegantfour-storylibrary(completedin1876),DiplomaticReceptionRoom,andSecretary'sofficedecoratedwithcarvedwood,Orientalrugs,andstenciledwallpatterns.TheNavyDepartmentmovedintotheeastwingin1879,whereelaboratewallandceilingstencilingandmarquetryfloorsdecoratedtheofficeoftheSecretary.TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown,housedthethreeExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimatelyassociatedwithformulatingandconductingthenation'sforeignpolicyinthelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirstquarterofthetwentiethcentury-theperiodwhentheUnitedsignificantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmanyhistoricevents.ManyofthemostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricaleventsthathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB'sgranitewalls.TheodoreandFranklinD.Roosevelt,WilliamHowardTaft,DwightD.Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,GeraldFord,andGeorgeH.W.Bushallhadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecomingpresident.Ithashoused16SecretariesoftheNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and24SecretariesofState.WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapaneseemissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthebombingofPearlHarbor.TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsauniquepositioninboththenationalhistoryandthearchitecturalheritageoftheUnitedStates.DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasury,AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuiltfrom1871to1888tohousethegrowingstaffsoftheState,War,andNavyDepartments,andisconsideredoneofthebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitectureinthecountry.Constructiontook17yearsasthebuildingslowlyrosewingbywing.WhentheEEOBwasfinished,itwasthelargestofficebuildinginWashington,withnearly2milesofblackandwhitetiledcorridors.Almostalloftheinteriordetailisofcastironorplaster;theuseofwoodwasminimizedtoinsurefiresafety.Eightmonumentalcurvingstaircasesofgranitewithover4,000individuallycastbronzebalustersarecappedbyfourskylightdomesandtwostainedglassrotundas.ThehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswerelaid.Thefirstexecutiveofficeswereconstructedbetween1799and1820.Aseriesoffires(includingthosesetbytheBritishin1814)andovercrowdedconditionsledtotheconstructionoftheexistingTreasuryBuilding.In1866,theconstructionoftheNorthWingoftheTreasuryBuildingnecessitatedthedemolitionoftheStateDepartmentbuilding.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)e’seesthadfyactivityandachievementnepassingofthereligiousdrama,andthecreationofnewformsundertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyandcomedy.Thesenewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenbyscholarsandperformedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwesternEurope,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningtomakethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalormedieval,literaryorfarcical.Court,schoolorganizationsofamateurs,andthetravelingactorswereallrivalsinsupplyingawidespreaddesirefordramaticentertainment;and(47)noboywhowentagrammarschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformofliter