英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文-英語和漢語中的稱謂語的文化內(nèi)涵的差異

word文檔可自由復(fù)制編輯大學(xué)本 科 畢 業(yè) 論 文TheDifferencesofAddressFormsinEnglishandChineseandtheirCultureConnotation目 錄摘 要稱謂語是發(fā)話人用來稱呼交際對方的用語，它是一種語言現(xiàn)象，但其功能遠(yuǎn)不僅如此。稱謂語的使用，反應(yīng)出特定的社會現(xiàn)象和文化內(nèi)涵。中國擁有五千多年的悠久歷史，中國發(fā)展至今，保留著大量的稱謂語，這些稱謂語都反應(yīng)了一個時代的特征和文化內(nèi)涵。如今，隨著中國的對外開放以及加入WTO，中國與外界的聯(lián)系也越來越密切、深入、廣泛。同時，中國的現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展也使中國在國際上的地位日漸提高，影響力逐漸擴(kuò)大，全世界開始關(guān)注中國，并開始研究和學(xué)習(xí)中國語言。然而英語仍然是世界通用語言，大多數(shù)的發(fā)達(dá)國家都是英語系國家，因此我們很有必要學(xué)習(xí)其先進(jìn)的文化、知識和技術(shù)。本文通過收集、歸納中英稱謂語，研究和學(xué)習(xí)中英稱謂語的差異，分析其反映的文化內(nèi)涵，從而達(dá)到學(xué)習(xí)雙方文化的目的，利于雙方文化交流溝通。關(guān)鍵詞：稱謂語；差異；文化內(nèi)涵AbstractAddressformsarethelanguagesusedbythespeakerstocalltheotherpeopleofaconversation.Theyarethephenomenaoflanguage,buttheyhavemuchmorefunctions.Addressformsreflecttheparticularsocialphenomenonandcultureconnotation.Chinahasalonghistoryofmorethan5000years.Tillnow,thereexistagreatnumberofaddressforms.Theseaddressformsallreflectthecharacteristicsofanageandthecultureconnotation.Nowadays,withtheChineseopeningtotheoutsideandjoiningintoWTO,itrelateswiththeoutsideworldmoreclosely,moredeeply,morecomprehensively,atthemeantime,thedevelopmentofChinesemodernizationimprovesChinesestatusgraduallyovertheworld,andChineseinfluencesbecomewider.AllthecountriesovertheworldstarttopayattentiontoChina,andstarttostudyandlearnChineselanguage.ButEnglishisstillthecommonusedlanguageovertheworld,andthelanguageofthemostdevelopedcountriesisEnglish.Soiquitenecessaryforustolearntheiradvancedcultures,knowledge,technologies.ThisthesisfocusoncollectingtheaddressformsofEnglishandChinese,studyingandlearningthedifferences,andanalyzingthecultureconnotationreflectedinthem.Soastoreachthegoal oflearning the cultures of both sides, and make the exchanging andcommunicationsofdifferentculturesmoreconveniently.Keywords:Addressforms; Differences; CultureconnotationChapterI IntroductionLanguageisacarrierofculture,anditalsoreflectsonecountryculturalcharacteristics.Addressformisanelementoflanguageandaveryimportantbaseofcommunication.Itsproperuseisthefoundationofmaintainingpeopleconvenientcommunication.WiththedevelopmentoftheworldandtherisingofChina,thecommunicationsbetweentheculturesofChinaandwesterncountriesbecomemoreandmore.HowtoresearchandstudytheproperuseofaddressformswillplayanimportantroleinthecommunicationsbetweentheChinesecultureandwesternculture.Atpresent,lotsofexpertsandscholarshavestudiedthetopicandmanybooksandpapershavewrittenthetopic,theseworksaremainlyemphasizingontheaddressformsinChineseand English, and the differences between two languages. These works arecomprehensiveandtheyhaveachievedgreatsuccesses.Thistopicinthisthesisarebasedonpredecessors’works,andthepurposeofwritingthisthesisistoraisemyownviewsandideasonaddressforms.Besidesthepredecessors’works,thisthesiswillalsoraisethegeneralizationandwesternizationofChineseforms.Thedevelopmentofsocietybringspeoplenewideaandnewmind,andlotsoftraditionaladdressformschangetheiroriginalmeaningswiththetimegoing.Also,withtherapidproccedingofInternetandinformationtech,alotofnewaddressformshavebeencreatedandusedinourdailylife.Meanwhile,afterChinaentryintoWTO,culturesofwesterncountriesflowintoChinaandaffectevenimpactChinesecultureandpeoplemind,peoplestarttoadjusttheirlifeincludingaddressformstoaccordwiththeinternationalstandards.SoitisquitenecessarytoanalysethephenomenaofgeneralizationandwesternizationofChineseaddressforms,andfindouttheorigin.Itwillhelpustounderstandourownhistoryandculture,thentheworld.ChapterII Thedefinitionofaddressformandthefunctions2.1.DefinitionAccordingtotheexplanationinModernChineseDictionary,addressformreferstothenamesbasedonthekinshiporotherrelationsamongthepeopleandpeoplestatusesandprofessions.Addressformreflectslanguage,anditalsoreflectsthesocialcultures.Inanylanguages,addressformplaysanimportantroleinsocialintercourses.Thetheoryofsociolinguisticsputsthattheuseofaddressformshouldbelimitedintheframeofethnicculture.Andtheaddressformdependsontherelationsofsimilarityordissimilarity,therelationsofascendance,coherencerelationsandotherrelations.Itshouldproperlyrecognizetherelationsamongtherolesinparticularsituations.Itshouldalsoobeythebehavioralnormsofspeechrolesexpectedbythesociety.Addressformcanbepartedintwobranches:kinshipaddressformandsocialaddressform..2.FunctionsIninterpersonalcommunications,addressformsconsistofthreeaspects:addressformsforbothsidesofcommunication,addressformsforspeakersown,andaddressformsforothers.JoshuaFishmanraisedthetheoryofregisterintheresearchofsociolinguistics.Heputtheuseofaddressformsintofiveregisters:familyregister,friendregister,religionregister,educationregister,workregister.Fishmanconsidersthatpeoplecanchoosetheaddressformsindifferentsituationsbasedonthefiveregisters.Theauthorthinksthatthefunctionsofaddressformsaretomaintainthecoherenceofspeechesandclearanceofmeaningsandtomakethepropagationsofinformationbetweencommunicativesidesmorefluentlyandconveniently.Thefeaturesareasfollowing:(1)Addressformshelptobuildnewhumanrelations,expressthewilltogetclose,orjustbeusedasanaddressforms,orexpressthewilltobeaway.Forexample,onthecallingofnames,twostrangersmeetwitheachotherforthefirsttime,andonegetstoknowtheotheronenameisZhangXiaojun,whenhecallsXiaoJun,itwilllettheotheronefeelsfamiliar.Itreflectshewantstogetclosetotheotheroneanduseaproperstrategy.(2)Addressformsadjusttheoldhumanrelation;itcanmaketheoriginalrelationscloserorremoterorkeepthemstill.Fromthefollowingconversation,wecanseethatdifferentusesofaddressformsreflectbothsideentalactivitiesingeniously,andimplytheirwillingstoadjusttheoriginalrelation.E.g.Agentlemansaystoalady:Darling,forgivemethistime,ok?”Theladyanswers:Noway!ChenZhongqing,Iwontbefoolagain!”Intheconversation,thetwopeoplechoosedifferentaddressforms,andreflecttheirdifferentaimstoadjusttheoriginalrelation.ThehusbanduseDarlingaveryfamiliaraddressform.Hisaimisquiteclear,hetriestogetclosetohiswife,andprayfortheforgiveness,whilethewifechoosethefullnametocallthehusbandinordertokeepdistance,evenmaketheoriginalrelationremoter,andshowshermentalactivityofnon-cooperationandrefusetoacceptherhusbandapology.ChapterIII ThedifferencesofkinshipaddressformsinEnglishandChineseandtheircultureconnotation.1.ThedefinitionofkinshipaddressformsKinshipaddressformsrefertothenamesthatdefinethekinmembersandprinciplerelationscenteredontheprinciple.Kinshipaddressformsarethenamesorcallingsamongrelativesbasedonconsanguinityandaffinity.Kinshipaddressformsarethemarkscenteredontheprincipletodefinetherelationsamongrelativesandprinciple.Accordingtotheconsanguinityandaffinityrelations,theauthorcollectsandclassifiesthekinshipaddressformsusuallyusedinourdailylife.Consanguinity:Chinese English丈夫 husband妻子 wife父親 father母親 mother兒子 son女兒 daughter哥哥、弟弟 brother姐姐、妹妹 sister祖父、外祖父 grandfather祖母、外祖母 grandmother孫子、外孫 grandson孫女、外孫女 granddaughter伯父、叔父、舅舅、姑父、姨父 uncle侄子、外甥 nephew伯母、嬸母、舅母、姑母、姨母 aunt侄女、外甥女 niece堂兄弟姐妹、表兄弟姐妹 cousinAffinity:Chinese English公公、岳父 father-in-law婆婆、岳母 mother-in-law女婿 son-in-law兒媳 daughter-in-law大伯、小叔、內(nèi)兄、內(nèi)弟、姐夫、妹夫 brother-in-law大姑、小姑、大姨、小姨、嫂子、弟媳婦 sister-in-law3.2.KinshipaddressformsinChinesearemorecomplexthanthoseinEnglishWhyChinesekinshipaddressformsaremorecomplex.First,itistheetiquettetraditionofChineseculture.TheChinesenationwasreputedasacivilizednationandastateofceremoniesintheworld.Thesystemofetiquettehasformedandhighlydevelopedmanythousandyearsago,anditcombinedwiththeConfucianidealslater.Itsaffluencesandbondingforcesbecamemorecomprehensiveandwider.Soinsuchaetiquettesociety,thecultureofetiquettebecomesomature.Theremustbecomplexaddressformstocomplywiththem.Second,itisbecauseournationhadbeeninthefeudalsocietyforalonghistory,andtheunitofsocialcommunityisfamilyorclan.Sothepowerofclanisverystrong.Intheclan,thecloseanddistantrelationsareclassifiedbylevelsstrictly,andthedistinctionsofinternalandexternalrelativesareveryclear.Solotsofinterrelatedaddressformsappearedandwereclassifiedindetail.Meanwhile,theaddressformsinEnglisharequitesimple.Afewwordscancoverlotsofthem.BritishetiquettecultureformedmanythousandyearslaterthanChinese,andaftertheRenaissance,somebooksofetiquetteappearedinthewesterncountries,butthetheyonlyfocusedonteachingpeoplehowtohavearefinedwayofspeakingandgoodmannersandtobegentle.Theseetiquetteprinciplesarejustsomedecorationsandembellishesforthesuperclasssociety.TheyarenotlikewhattheChineseancientancestorsrecognizedtheetiquetteasthefoundationtorunthecountrywellandgivethepeoplepeaceandsecurity.Sotheetiquetteprinciplesarenotsocomprehensive,systematic,detailedasChineseones.Eventhoughthewesterncountriesalsowentthroughthefeudalsociety,andtherewereserfdomandthefeudalPatrilinealclansystem,butaftertheRenaissanceandtheindustryrevolution,westernlegalsystemsteppedintoanewperiod.Theideaoffreedom,equalityandfraternityspreadeverywhere,andundertheaffluencesoflegalsystem,theaddressformsofconsanguinityandaffinityinEnglisharesimplerthanthosequitecommonforustoseeinChinese.SoaddressformsinChinesearemorecomplex.3.3.KinshipaddressformsinChineseemphasizethepositionwhilethoseinEnglishdonotKinshipaddressformsinChineseemphasizethepositionandeldersandjuniorsareeachintheirplaces.Kinshipaddressformsshouldrecognizetheexactpositionofoneamongthebrothersandsisters,thiscomplywiththeideasofeldersgaintherespectsinetiquette.ThefamilyshouldobeythePatrilinealclansystemorderofeldersandjuniorsareeachintheirplacesandeldersgaintherespectsfromthejuniors.Ageandpositionareimportantandstrictbasistodistinguish,becauseinthefeudalsocietywheregainrespectsornotbasedonage,evenonehour,onedayearlier,theformeronegetsthepositionaselder,andhastherightstogainrespectsandobediencefromthelaterones,andthedutiesattachwiththerights,suchasrecognizingtheelderbrotherasthefatherandintheancienttimetheemperorpassedthepositiontotheeldestson.SothekinshipaddressformsinChinesedistinguishtheelderandjunioronesclearly.ButthekinshipaddressformsinEnglishdonotemphasizethedifferenceofages.Themalesinthesamegenerationcalleachotherbrother,andthefemalescallsister,andthewesternpeopleusuallyusethenameornicknameasaddressformsinthesamegeneration.Jesusadvocatedallthemembersinafamilyareequalandhecalledhismothernamedirectly,andheconsideredsonsanddaughterscoulddebatewithparents,evencouldbeenemies.Sotherenodifferenceofwhosepositionhighorlow,andinthesamegeneration,thememberscouldcallthenamesdirectlynomatterwhoareelderorjunior,toshowfamiliarandfriendly.SothepeopleinChinesecannotcalltheelders’namesdirectly,butthoseinthewesterncountriescan.Andinthewesterncountries,thecentrefamilyhasthedominantposition,therelationsamongthefamilymembersarequitesimple.Allmembersdonotpaymuchattentiontothekinshipofeachother,forthemembersdonotstaywitheachotherinthesamehouseorplace.Soinotnecessarytodistinguisheachotherposition..4.KinshipaddressformsinChineseemphasizetheinternalandexternalrelationswhilethoseinEnglishdonotInChineseCultureandanslationofChineseandEnglish,professorLuHongmeiputsthatintheChineseaddressformsculture,peoplefirstlyemphasizethedifferencesofpaternallineandmaternalline,followedwiththedifferencesofbranchgrowthandmarriagerelations.Suchasthesearedifferentaddressformsbasedondifferentbranchesofthefamilyandclan,thoughthemembersareinthesamegenerationandhavethesamegender.Moreover,thereareeightaddressformssuchas表兄弟、表姐們、堂兄弟、堂姐妹inthekinshipaddressformsinChinese,theseaddressformstiedtightlywiththetraditionalideasofgreatdifferencesamonginternalandexternaloneswhichpassedfromtheancienttime.ChinesemeansexternalinEnglish,表親referstheexternalrelatives,theyarenotthemembersinthesamefamily,but堂兄弟referstotheinternalrelatives,theyarethemembersofthefamily.Andtherealsoatraditionalideathatwhenthedaughtergrowsupandmarrieswithaman,shebecomesamemberofotherfamily,notaninternalmember.Sotheassetsofthefamilyandotherskillspassedfromtheancestorswillbepassedtothemalesandinternalonesbutnotthefemalesandexternalones.ThereforethekinshipaddressformsinChineseemphasizetheinternalandexternalrelations.InthekinshipaddressformsinEnglish,therearenotsomanydifferencesofpaternallinesandmaternallines,andpeopleonlyusecousininsteadof表兄弟、表姐們、堂兄弟、堂姐妹inChinese,allthesereflectthatkinshipaddressformsinEnglishdonotemphasizethedifferencesofinternalandexternalrelationsasthoseinChinese.ChapterIV ThedifferencesofsocialaddressformsinEnglishandChineseandtheircultureconnotation.1.ThedefinitionofsocialaddressformsSocialaddressformsrefertotheaddressformsbesideskinshipaddressforms.Theyreflectthecultureofsociallifeandmutualrelations,thesocialrelationsbetweenthetwosidesofcommunication,andthesocialrolesandtherespectedlevelsandsoon.Socialaddressformscanbeapartintonon-kinshipaddressformsandsituationaddressforms.Non-kinshipaddressforms,refertotheaddressformsbesidekinshipones,suchasboy,girl,guy,theyarecommonusedinthesociety.Theyreflectthatthecommunicativetwopeopledonothavetherelationshipofkin.Situationaddressformsrefertotheparticularaddressformsusedinparticularsituation,theyreflectthepeopleclasses,status,andalsotherelationsbetweensupplyanddemand.Hereisaconversationbetweenablackdoctorandawhitepoliceman:Whatsyourname,boy?thepolicemanaskedDr.Poussaint,Imaphysician.”Whatsyourfirstname,boy?”Alvin.”Inthisconversation,thewhitepolicemanshouldcalltheblackmanocbutheusesyaddressthedoctor,thentheblackmantellsthepolicemanhistitleandposition,butthewhitepolicemanstillignoresthatandusesy”toaddresstheblackman.Itreflectsthatatthatperiod,blackpeoplewereinalowclassanddidnotgainrespectsfromthewhitepeople..2.ThedifferencesofsocialaddressformsinEnglishandChineseandtheircultureconnotationBeingpoliteandmodestisatraditionalvirtueofourChinesenation.Itisalsoexistedinwesternculture,buttherearegreatdifferencesofeachculturalbackgrounds.Thepracticalusesofaddressformsarequitedifferent.Thispointisespeciallyreflectedonthetitleaddressforms.PeopleinChinausethepositiontitletocalltheofficerstoshowrespect,suchasTeacherZhang,ProfessorLi,PrincipalWangandsoon.ThoughlotsofpeopleadvocateusingComradeinstead,theoldhabitcannotbecorrectedeasily.Evenmore,someonewantstoshowtherespectasmuchaspossible,soheorsheignorethewordviceofthepositiontitle.Butinthewesterncountries,theuseoftitleaddressformsarelimitedfortheroyals,superclassofgovernment,themembersintheareasofreligions,military,andlegislation.OwenTrollope,Americansociallinguist,summarizedtherulesofsocialaddressformsinAmericanEnglishasfollowing:Cardinal YourexcellencyU.SPresident Mr.PresidentPriest Father(+LN) (LN=Lastname)Nun Sister(+religiousname)Physician Doctor(+LN)Ph.D. Doctor(+LN)Ed.D.etc Doctor(+LN)Professor Professor(+LN)Thisisjustacommonruleofsocialaddressforms.Thepracticalusesofaddressformsaremuchmorecomplex.Onthematterofaddressforms,Chineseculturebelievesthejunioronesshouldrespecttheelderones.Thisrelatestoourtraditionalmorals.Whenwecalltheelderones,weoftencallOldWang,WangOld,OldGrandpa,OldGrandmaandsoon.BecauseinChina,thewordd”referstoonewhoisfullofknowledge,wisdomandskills.Butinthewesterncountries,exceptintheveryformalsituationspeoplecallMr,Lady,Mrs.Peoplewhoarefamiliarwitheachotherusuallycalltheirnames,thesamefortheseniorsandjuniors,eldersandjuniors,teachersandstudents.Theythinkthatreflectstheirclosefriendships.Especiallywhenyoucalltheagedwithanaddressformattachedtoold,theyusuallybecomeveryangryfortheythinkthatintimatestheyareweak,poorinhealth,andlackofvigor.Theyexpectyoutocalltheirnamesdirectly.Meanwhileinthissituationyouwillbeconsiderednotbeingbroughtupwell.Inaddition,therearelotsofwordswiththemeaningofrespectinChinese.Themostpopularoneswerecomrade,masterandsoonintheearlytime.Nomatterwhatgenderyouare,theseaddressformswereincommonuse.Recently,withthedevelopmentofReformandOpeningofChina,Mr,Lady,Missandsoonareoftenused.TheInternationaladdressformsareusedmoreandmorecomprehensively.ThisalsoreflectstheimpactsandaffluencesofinternationalizationonChinesetraditionalsenseofvalue.Inthewesternculture,theaddressformsofshowingrespectareusuallyMr.,Mrs.,Miss,Sir,Madametc.Justlikeweputforwardabove,theformerthreeaddressformscanbeattachedtofamilynameorfullname.ButwhenyouuseMr.,Mrs.,Sir,Madam,youshouldknowthefollowings:eventhoughMr.,Mrs.canbeattachedtofamilynameorfullname,theycannotbeattachedtothereligiousname,andtheyareusuallyusedforthepersonswithnotitleorunknowntitle,ortheyareveryformal,anddonotshowthecloserelation.Mr.canbeattachedtothetitleofgovernmentofficer,forexample,Mr.President.Itcanbeattachedtothenamesofplaces,sportsorjobs,suchasMr.American(ThechampionofmusculardevelopmentmatchinAmerica),Mr.Baseball(Thebaseballplayerwhoperformsverywellinthebaseballgame).Mrs.isanaddressformreferstothewomanmarried,itcanbeattachedtothefamilynameofthehusbandorthenameaftermarriage,itlikesMr.,canbeattachedtothenamesofplaces,sports,jobs,suchasMrs.American(ThechampionofBeautymatchinAmericaandmarried).Sir,Madamusuallycannotbeattachedtothefamilynames.Theydonotshowthecloserelationsofpeople.Sirisusedtocalltheseniors,elders,chancellors,police,teachers(forstudents),maleguests(forthestaffsofshop).Andwhenthestrangersmeetwitheachother,somewilluseSirtocalltheothers.Madamisanaddressformtocallthefemalesunfamiliar.Itisusuallyusedbythestaffstocallthefemaleguests.Madamcouldbeattachedtothereligiousnameintheearlytime,butnowitisusuallyusedwithfamilynamesandpositions,suchasMadamSmith,MadamPresident,MadamAmbassador.Sircanbeattachedtofullnamesorreligiousnames,butcannotbeattachedtofamilynames.Whenitisusedwithfullnames,itdoesnotrefertothegeneralmeaningofsir.Itmeansthenobilityofapeople,suchasSirJohnWhiteorSirJohn.ChapterV ThegeneralizationandwesternizationofChineseaddressforms.1.ThegeneralizationofChinesekinshipaddressformsThegeneralizationofChinesekinshipaddressformsmeansthatpeopleusethekinshipaddressformstocallthenon-kinshippeople.themainpartofgeneralizationofaddressforms,anditenrichesthemeaningsanddirectionsofkinshipaddressforms.ChildrencalltheagedpeopleGrandpa.Theycalltheeldermalepeopleother”inthestreet,eventhoughtheydonothavetherelationsofconsanguinity.WhattheydoconformstheprinciplesofloveinthecommunicationsofhumaninChineseculture.Theywanttoexpresstheirconcerningandmodesty.5.2.ThegeneralizationofChinesesocialaddressformsThegeneralizationofChinesesocialaddressformsreferstotheusingoftheaddressformswhichhaveparticularsocialrelationcharacteristicstotheoneswhodonothavethecharacteristics.Forexample,intheaddressformsofposition,peopleignoretheviceofoneposition.Theycalldirectorinsteadofvice-director,callprofessorinsteadofvice-professor.Theseintimatetherespectandglorification,andpeopleachievetheirrequiresbasedontheseaddressforms.Inthecommonaddressforms,someaddressformshaveparticulardirections,butafterthegeneralization,theyhavemuchmoredirections,suchascomrade,master,Missandsoon.Wecanstudyfromthesociolinguisticsangle,thatis,differentgeneralizationsofaddressformsofdifferentlanguagesreflectdifferentchoicesofthenationsinthecommunications.Thesechoicesarethesedimentsoflanguagesandthephenomenonbasedlanguagesinthenationalcultures.5.3.ThewesternizationofChineseaddressformsWiththedevelopmentofChina,ourcommunicationswiththeoutsideworldbecomemoreandmore.Differentculturesmergewitheachother.LotsofChinesetraditionalculturesandcustomsarefadingaway.Becauseoftheimpactsandinfluencesofwesternideasandcultures,lotsofwesternizationphenomenaappearintheChineseaddressforms.5.3.1.FromCommunityspirittoPersonalspiritNowadays,withtheopeningtotheoutside,lotsofintellectualsareaffectedbythewesternpersonalspirit,especiallythesocalledwhumanbeingthechildrenbornin1980s.Theybecomematuregradually,havestrongsenseofindependence,liketodosomethingnewandstrange,andbewillingtoadventure.Theydonotliketofollowthemainstreamofsociety.Insuchenvironment,someintellectualsstarttocultivatetheirchildreindependencespirit,sotheywillallowthechildrentocalltheparemesdirectly,soastorespectthechildevelopmentsofpersonalities.5.3.2.FromtheConceptofClasstotheSenseofEqualityInthecurrentsociety,thesenseofequalityisgraduallychangingChinesetraditionalsenseofclass,especiallyintheaspectofsocialaddressforms.Peoplebecomeequal,Theycalledeachothercomradeandmasterintheearlytime,butlater,suchassir,lady,Missbecamepopular.Greatchangeshappenedintheaspectofequalityofmaleandfemale.Nowthesocietyrecognizesthatomencanbracehalfoftheskyandintheaddressformsamongthecouples,suchashoney,darling,sweetheartareverycommonnow,inaddition,therearealsoallkindsofnicknames.5.3.3.FromEmphasizingtheFacetoEmphasizingthePracticalUseandAbilitiesWiththedevelopmentofsocietyandthefiercecompetitions,Chinesepeoplebecomemorepracticalandpaymoreattentiontotheabilitiesanddisbursements.Itreflectsagreattrendofpragmaticism,suchasPh.D.Liu,EngineerZhang.ThesetwoaddressformsemphasizethatthedegreeofPh.D.andthepositionofengineeraregainedbygreateffortsanddisbursements.ChapterVI ConclusionLanguageisthecarrierofculture,whilecultureistheconnotationoflanguage.Languagereflectsthesenseofvalueandsocialculturecontentsofanation,anditalsoreflectsthetraditionalspecialconnotationofnationalculture.Addressformwhichisanimportantpartoflanguage,isveryclosetotheculture.InChineseculture,addressformreflectstwomoralconceptsofmoralrules:Eldersandjuniorsareineachplaceandgreatdifferencesofinternalandexternalrelations.Juniorsshouldrespecttheelders,theeldersoccupytheupperpositioninthesystem.Thesystememphasizestheorders,rules,positions,classesandpowers,notpeopleabilitiesandcreativities.