教學大綱-生物學與細胞臨床五年制等

中山大學UndergraduateCourseSchool(Department)：DepartmentofCourseTitle:BiologyandCell二〇BiologyandCell（編寫日期：2016年7月）(Date:一、課程基本說明I.BasicCourseTitle:BiologyandcellCourseCourse3Class（）劉建中(副LiuOfferedofBiologyStudentsForensicHealth，Yearof1st ObjectiveandCellBiologyisanimportantbranchoflifesciencewhichfocusesonresearchingcellularstructures，functionsandotherbiologicalphenomena.Itiscloselyrelatedtomedicalscience,therebyservingasanimportantbasiccourseformedicaleducation.Themajorgoalofthiscourseistoensurethemedicalschoolstudentsunderstandthecutting-edgeandtrendofcellbiology.Weexpectthemedicalstudentswillnotonlymasterthebasicknowledgeofthecellsincludingthemechanismandfunctionalsignificanceoftheindividualcellcomponentscutting-edgeandtrendofcellbiology.Weexpectthemedicalstudentswillnotonlymasterthebasicknowledgeofthecellsincludingthemechanismandfunctionalsignificanceoftheindividualcellcomponentsbutalsolearnthenovelmethodandtechnologyinthefielduponthetraining,whichwillultima ybenefittheteachingofothertheoreticalandclinicalmedical,thiscourserequiresthatthestudentsinformedthestructureandthefunctionofcellcomponents,masterthecharacteristicsandmolecularmechanismunderlyingcellactivities.IICourse（一）課程內容i.Course（含學時分配，學時分配要到“章”或“節(jié)”，并對各章節(jié)的重點、難點內容加以必要的說明）(Pleaseprovideacoursecalendar;specifywhichchapterorsectiontheclasshourwouldcover;providenecessaryinformationonthekeypoints,difficultpointsandotheryouthinknecessarytoclarifyineachChapter1.教學內容Teachingcontents2學時2Class細胞生物學概述Introductionofcell細胞生物學發(fā)展的幾個主要階段Majorperiodsduringtheevolutionofcell細胞生物學與醫(yī)學Cellbiologyandmedical教學要求TeachingTograspfirmly:conceptofcellbiology,severalmajoreventsduringtheevolutionofcellbiology,contentandtheoriginatorofcelltheory,majorresearchfieldsincellbiology.Tobefamiliarwith:hottopicsincellbiology,severalminoreventsduringtheevolutioncellToknowgenerally:therelationshipbetweencellbiologyandmedical重點與難點KeyanddifficultKeyPoints:severalperiodsduringtheevolutionofcellbiology.Difficultpoints:severalperiodsduringtheevolutionofcellbiology.胞的概念與分子Chapter2.Theconceptandmolecularbasisof教學內容Teachingcontents(4學時,4Classhours;實驗：9學時,Experiment:9class細胞的基本概念Basicconceptof細胞的與進化Originandevolutionof細胞的分子基礎Molecularbasisof教學要求Teaching的含量與種類及分子結構，tRNA的分子結構，氨基酸的基本組成，蛋白質的一至四級結乳類細胞膜的糖脂類型，細胞的與進化，Miller模擬進化的實驗內容，酸性氨基了解：miRNAsiRNA（RNA干擾）的作用機制，piRNA、snRNA、核酶、四類糖Tograspfirmly:conceptofthecell,majordifferencesamongprokaryoticcells(mycoplasma,bacteria,archaebacteria),eukaryoticcelland,compositionandfunctionofsmallbiologicalmolecules,chemicalcompositionofnucleicacids,polymerizationofacids,typesofnucleicacids,DNAdoublehelixmodel,basepairingrule,molecularstructureandfeatureofmRNA,typesofrRNAanditsstructure,tRNAstructure,basiccompositionofaminoacid,primary,secondary,tertiarystructure,Quaternarystructure,proteinphorsphorylationanddephorsphorylation,threecharacteristicsofenzyme,existingformofsugarincellsurface,twolinkagemodeofsugarandprotein,majorfunctionofsugarchainincellsurface.Tobefamiliarwith:structuredifferencesamongprokaryoticcells(mycoplasma,bacteria,archaebacteria),eukaryoticcelland,typesofglycolipidsincellsurface,originandevolutionofcell,Millerexperimentthatmocktheoriginoflife,acidandalkalineaminoacid,proteinstructure.Toknowgenerally:mechanismofmiRNAandsiRNA,conceptofsnRNA,piRNA,ribozyme,typesofglycolipids重點與難點Keyanddifficult重點：細胞的分子基礎，DNA難點：細胞的分子基礎，RNAKeyPoints:molecularbasisofcell,DNADifficultpoints:molecularbasisofcell,molecularstructureandtypesof胞膜與物質的穿膜Chapter4.Thecellmembraneandtrans-membranetransportof教學內容Teachingcontents(4學時,4Classhours;實驗：3學時,Experiment:3class小分子物質和離子的穿膜Chemicalcompositionofcellmembraneanditsbiologicalcharacteristics大分子和顆粒物質的穿膜Trans-membranetransportofsmallmoleculesand細胞表面特化結構SpecializedstructuresincellDysfunctionofcellmembraneanditsrelating教學要求Teaching白與脂雙層結合方式分為哪3類及其與膜脂結合方式，膜不對稱的3個方面，膜脂分子能4種功能，糖蛋白與糖脂中低聚糖側鏈的功能，膜蛋白的運動性，細胞膜的流動鑲2種形式。了解：構成膜糖的單糖類型，細胞膜的片層結構模型和單位膜結構模型，3類運Tograspfirmly:componentsofcellmembrane,3typesoflipidsincellmembrane,ratioandtypesofphospholipids,distributionofsphingomyelininneuralcellmembrane,functionofcholesterolincellmembrane,distributionofsugarlipidsincellmembrane,nameoftypesofmembraneproteinsbasedontheirmodeofinteractionwithlipids,distributionandeffectofsialicacidoncellmembrane,theasymmetryofcellularmembrane,movementmodesforlipids,influencefactorsformembranemobility,simplediffusionandtherelatingmolecules,passivetransportanditsrelatingproteins,carrierproteinmediatedfacilitateddiffusion,activetransportanditscharacteristics,receptormediatedendocytosis.Tobefamiliarwith:typesofglycerolphospholipid,thesimplestandcomplicatedglycolipids,proteinfunctionincellularmembrane,thefunctionofsugarchaininglycoproteinandglycolipids,motilityofproteinincellularmembrane,fluidmosaicmodelofcelllularmembrane,characteristicsofchannelprotein,endocytosisandexocytosis.Toknowgenerally:sugartypesincellularmembrane,otherproposedmodelsofcellularmembraneinadditiontothefluidmosaicmodel,channelproteinsinpassivetransport,specializedstructuresoncellsurface,conceptofcellularmembrane,extracellularmatrixandtheirfunction,dysfunctionofcarrierproteinanditsrelatingdisease,dysfunctionofchannelproteinanditsrelatingdisease,dysfunctionofreceptoranditsrelatingdisease.重點與難點Keyanddifficult跨膜。難點：小分子物質的跨膜，大分子和顆粒物質的跨膜KeyPoints:chemicalcompositionandmolecularstructureofcellularmembrane,trans-membranetransportofsmallmolecules,macro-moleculesandparticles.Difficultpoints:trans-membranetransportofsmallmolecules,macro-moleculesand第五章細胞的內膜系統(tǒng)與囊泡轉Chapter5.Cellmembranesystemandvesicle教學內容Teachingcontents5.5學時5.5Class1)內質網oplasmicreticulum2)復合體Golgi溶酶體過氧化物酶體Vesicleandvesicle細胞內膜系統(tǒng)與醫(yī)學的關系Relationshipbetweencellmembranesystemandmedical教學要求Teaching膜糖蛋白具有高度同源性，過氧化物酶體的形態(tài)結構，囊泡類型。膜駐留蛋白的與轉移，復合體的發(fā)現(xiàn)，復合體膜的基本成分，溶酶體的發(fā)現(xiàn)，過氧化物酶體的發(fā)現(xiàn)、發(fā)生，內質網的病理變化，復合體的病理形態(tài)變化，Tograspfirmly:theconceptofcellularmembranesystem,oplasmicreticulum(ER)accountsforthemajorformofcellularendo-membranesystem,typicalenzymeinER,ERmorphologyandstructure,rERfunction,signalpeptideandsignalpeptidehypothesis,sERfunction,DetoxificationmechanismofrER,threetypesofvesiclesingolgicomplex,polarityofgolgicomplex,typicalenzymesingolgicomplex,functionofgolgicomplex,functionoflysosome,typicalenzymesinlysosome,classificationoflysosomesbasedontheoriginandfunction,functionofperoxysome,typicalenzymesinperoxysome,functionofcopiandcopiiTobefamiliarwith:3typesofproteinsinER,signalpeptidesofproteinsretainedinER,glycosylationprocessinrER,proteintransportwithincellendo-membranesystemS,lipidsynthesisinERmembranesystemandlipidtransportfromERtoothercellendo-membranesystem,proteincomplexingolgicomplex,proteincharacteristicinlysosome,structureofperoxysome,typesofvesicles.Toknowgenerally:thediscoveryhistoryofER,specializedstructureofER,detailedmechanismofsignalpeptidefunctioninproteinsretainedinER,thediscoveryofgolgicomplex,distributionofgolgicomplexindifferenttypesofcells,lipidsingolgi,discoveryoflysosome,peroxysome,originofperoxysome,dysfunctionofER,golgicomplexrelatingdisease,vesiclestransportmechanism.重點與難點Keyanddifficult重點：內質網，復合體，溶酶體，囊泡與囊泡轉運。KeyPoints:ER,golgicomplex,lysosome,vesiclestransport.Difficultpoints:ER,lysosome.第六章線粒體與細胞的能量轉Chapter6.MitochondrionandEnergy教學內容Teachingcontents4學時4Class線粒體的基本特征Basiccharacteristicsofthe細胞呼吸與能量轉換cellularrespirationandenergyenergy線粒體與人類學和醫(yī)學研究mitochondrionandanthropology教學要求Teaching掌握：線粒體的超微結構、化學組成及作用，酸的分解，三的作用；氧化學滲透假說的主要內容，基粒的結構和功能，ATP的合成機制，能量轉換的效率，細胞Tograspfirmly:thestructure,chemicalcompositionandfunctionofmitochondrion;thepositionofpyruvate;theroleofcitricacidcycle;themolecularstructure,functionandmachanismoftheoxidativephosphorylation;electrontransportrespiratorychain;themaincontentofchemiosmoticcouplinghypothesis;thestructure,functionandmechanismofelementaryparticle/ATPase;theefficiencyofenergyconversion;themainprocesseslocationsofcellularTobefamiliarwith:themarkerenzymesofoutmembrane,innermembrane,intermembranespaceandmatrix;theinfluenceonmorphologyandamountofmitochondrion;thegeneticsystemandsemi-autonomousofmitochondrion;thetransportofmitochondrionproteinfromnucleus;molecularchaperone.Toknowgenerally:thechemicalcompositionofmitochondrion;precursorprotein;mtDNAgenome;glycolysis;citricacidcycle;thefeatureofmitochondrialdisease.重點與難點KeyanddifficultKeyPoints:thestructureandenergyconversionofDifficultpoints:electrontransportrespiratorychain;oxidativephosphorylation;thebindingchangemechanismforATPsynthase.胞骨架與細胞的運Chapter7.Cytoskeletonandcell教學內容Teachingcontents(3學時,3Classhours;實驗：3學時,Experiment:3class微管微絲intermediatecytoskeletonandcell細胞骨架與疾病cytoskeletonand教學要求Teaching管的功能，馬達蛋白分為哪3個，肌動蛋白與微絲的結構，微絲結合蛋白的分類及其3（，微管的體外裝配，微管的體內裝配，微管的驅動蛋白與動力蛋白的間絲的組裝特點，中間絲的裝配與調節(jié)。Tograspfirmly:theconcept,distributionandfunctionofcytoskeleton;thestructuresoftubulinandmicrotubule;theconceptsofMTOCgamma-tubulinringcomplexandcentrosome;dynamicinstabilityandtreadmillingofmicrotubule;thefunctionofmicrotubule;thecategoriesofmotorprotein;thestructuresofactinandmicrofilament;thecategoriesandfunctionsofactinbindingprotein;thefunctionofmicrofilament;thestructure,categoriesandfunctionofintermediatefilament.Tobefamiliarwith:theconcept,categories,distributionandfunctionofmicrotubuleassociatedprotein;threephasesofmicrotubuleassembly(nucleationphase,transportdirectionsandfeaturesofkinesinanddynein;microfilamentassembly;dynamicinstabilityandtreadmillingofmicrofilament;thefeaturesandregulationofintermediatefilamentassembly.Toknowgenerally:theinfluenceofmicrotubuleassemblyanddepolymerization;theinfluenceofmicrofilamentassembly;themolecularbasisofmusclecontraction;thediscoveringandnamingofintermediatefilament;themechanismofcellmotility;intermediatefilamentwithcancer,nervoussystemdiseaseandgeneticdisease.重點與難點KeyanddifficultKeyPoints:thestructures,assemblyandfunctionofmicrotubuleandmicrofilament.Difficultpoints:microtubuleassemblyandtreadmilling.胞Chapter8.教學內容Teachingcontents(5.5學時,5.5Classhours;實驗：3學時,Experiment:3classhours)核膜nuclear染色質與chromatinand核仁核基質nuclear細胞核的功能thefunctionof細胞核與疾病nucleusand教學要求Teaching了解：人類分組；特殊類型的，命名規(guī)則；核仁周期；細胞核與Tograspfirmly:thestructure,chemicalcompositionandroleofnuclearmembrane;thestructureandfunctionofnuclearporecomplex;theconceptandroleofnuclearlocalizationsignal;theconceptofnuclearlamina;theconceptandchemicalcompositionofchromatin;therolesofhistoneandnonhistoneproteins;therelationshipanddifferenceofheterochromatinandeuchromatin;themainstructureofnucleosome;thestructureofchromosome;theelementarystructuresofchromosome;thestructureandroleofnucleosome;thefunctionofnucleus.Tobefamiliarwith:thestructureofcentromere-kinetochorecomplex;karyotype;nucleolusorganizingchromosome;theroleofnuclearlamina;thestructureandchemicalcompositionofnuclearskeleton;thechangeofnuclearmembraneduringthecellcycle.Toknowgenerally:humankaryogram;specialtypeofchromosome;namingruleofchromosome;nucleolarcycle;nucleusanddisease.重點與難點Keyanddifficult難點：染色質包裝為的過程KeyPoints:thestructureofnuclearmembrane,nuclearporecomplex,nucleosomeandnucleolus;chromatinandchromosome.Difficultpoints:theprocessofchromosome胞連接與細胞粘Chapter10.Celljunctionandcell教學內容Teachingcontents(3學時3Class細胞連接Cell細胞粘附Cell教學要求Teaching方式，免疫球蛋白超概念，免疫球蛋白超黏附分子的結構和功能。2天皰瘡的病因，鈣粘素與疾病，免疫球蛋白超黏附分子與醫(yī)學，整聯(lián)蛋白與醫(yī)學。Tograspfirmly:theconceptandcategoriesofcelljunctions;thelocation,structureandfunctionoftightjunction;theconceptandtwotypesofanchoringjunction;structuralproteinsofanchoringjunction;theconceptofadheringjunction;thetransmembraneadhesionproteinforadhesionbeltandfocaladhesion;locationofadhesionbeltandfocaladhesion;theconceptofdesmosomejunction;locationofdesmosomejunction;thetransmembraneadhesionproteinforhemidesmosome;mainfunctionsofhemidesmosome;theconceptofcommunicatingjunction;twotypesofcommunicatingjunctioninanimals;twotypesofgapjunction;synapse;thestructureandlocationofgapjunction;thebasiccomponentofgapjunction(connexon);theconceptandroleofcelladhesion;fourtypesofcelladhesionmolecules;thestructuralsofcelladhesionmolecules;thestructureandfunctionofcadherin.Tobefamiliarwith:intracellularanchorproteinsofadhesionbeltandfocaladhesion;thestructureofdesmosomalplaque;threewaysofcelladhesionmoleculestomediatecellrecognitionandadhesion;themolecularstructure,functionandfamilymembersofselectin;thestructureandfunctionofimmunoglobin-superfamily.Toknowgenerally:pathogenicreasonsforpemphigusandbullouspemphigoid;therelationshipbetweencadherin,immunoglobin-superfamily,andintegrinanddiseases.重點與難點KeyanddifficultKeyPoints:typesofcelljunctions;celladhesionmoleculesandcelladhesion.Difficultpoints:characteristicsofcelljunctionsandcelladhesion.第十一章細胞外基質及其與細胞的相互Chapter11.Extracellularmatrixandcell-cell教學內容Teachingcontents(3學時3Class細胞外基質的主要組分Maincomponentsofextracellular基膜與整聯(lián)蛋白Basallaminaand細胞外基質與細胞的相互作用Extracellularmatrixandcell-cell教學要求TeachingTograspfirmly:conceptsandcategoriesofextracellularmatrix;thestructureofglycosaminoglycan;sixtypesofglycosaminoglycan;structuralcharacteristicsofhyaluronicacid;molecularstructureofproteoglycan;molecularstructureofcollagen;thesynthesis,installationanddegradationofcollagen;thefunctionofelastin;thecommoncharacteristicsofnon-collagenglycoproteinsinextracellularmatrix;thestructureandtwoformsoffibronectin;thestructureoflaminin;theconceptandbiologicalfunctionofbasallamina.Tobefamiliarwith:theframeworkofextracellularmatrix;thesynthesisandinstallationofproteoglycaninendoplasmicreticulum;themaincharacteristicsofproteoglycan;molecularstructureofelastin;thecompositionofelasticfiber;locationofbasallamina;thecomponentsofbasallamina.Toknowgenerally:celltypesthatcansynthesizeandsecretcollagen;extracellularmatrixandcell-cellinteraction;extracellularmatrixanddiseases.重點與難點KeyanddifficultKeyPoints:maincomponentsofextracellularDifficultpoints:maincomponentsofextracellularmatrix;installationofcollagen第十二章胞信號轉Chapter12.Cellsignal教學內容Teachingcontents(3學時3ClassKeymoleculesinsignal細胞內主要的信號轉導通路Importantsignaltransduction信號通路的整合與調控Integrationandregulationofsignaltransduction信號轉導與人類疾病Signaltransductionpathwaysandhuman教學要求TeachingTograspfirmly:conceptsoffirstmessenger,secondmessengerandreceptor;thenatureandcategoriesofreceptor;cellsurfacereceptorandintracellularreceptor;molecularswitchesinsignaltransduction;conceptsofproteinphosphorylation,proteinkinaseandproteinphosphatase;theworkingmodelofGTPbindingproteins;namesofcommonsecondmessengers;importantsignaltransductionpathwaysincells;functionsofthemainsignalpathwaysmediatedbyGprotein-coupledreceptor;maineffectorsofGprotein-coupledreceptor;fourtypesofenzyme-linkedreceptormediatedsignalpathways;commoncharacteristicsofsignalTobefamiliarwith:conceptsofautocrine,paracrineandendocrine;proteolysisrelatedsignalpathways;signalpathwaysmediatedbyintracellularreceptors;signaltransductionToknowgenerally:adaptorprotein;integrationofsignalpathwaynetworks;cellularresponsetoextracellularsignals;signaltransductionanddiseases.重點與難點Keyanddifficult活蛋白激酶C。KeyPoints:categoriesandfunctioningmechanismofreceptors;mainsignaltransductionpathwaysinsidecells.Difficultpoints:Gprotein-coupledreceptorsactivateorinhibitadenylatecyclaseandregulatecellmetabolism;Gprotein-coupledreceptorsactivateproteinkinaseC.第十三章細胞與細胞周Chapter13.Celldivisionandcell教學內容Teachingcontents(4學時,4Classhours;實驗：6學時,Experiment:6class細胞cell細胞周期cell細胞周期的調控theregulationofcell細胞周期與醫(yī)學cellcycleand教學要求Teaching蛋白依賴性激酶概念，Cyclin-Cdk復合物是細胞周期調控體系的，Cdk激酶抑制物，熟悉：MPF的發(fā)現(xiàn)和命名，重組節(jié)，減數(shù)的意義，細胞周期蛋白多通過泛素化了解：有絲的變異形式--封閉式有絲，無絲的概念和特征，泛素化降解機制，細胞減數(shù)及其調控，癌和抑癌在細胞周期調控中的作用，細胞周Tograspfirmly:theconcept,significance,stagingandcharacteristicofmitosis;theconceptsofmitoticapparatus,meiosis,synaptonemalcomplexand binationnodule;thechangesinprophaseofmeiosisI;similaritiesanddifferencesbetweenmitosisandmeiosis;theconceptandstagingofcellcycle;theconceptsofcyclinandcyclin-independentkinase;cyclin-cdkisthecoreoftheregulationofcellcycle;cdkinhibitorprotein;theregulatefactorsofcellcycle;theconcept,categoriesandfunctionofcellcyclecheckpoint.Tobefamiliarwith:thediscoveringandnamingofMPF; binationnodule;thesignificanceofmeiosis;theubiquitinationofcyclin.Toknowgenerally:closedmitosis;theconceptandcharacteristicofamitosis;themechanismofubiquitination;meiosisofoocyteanditsregulation;theroleofoncogeneandanti-oncogeneintheregulationofcellcycle;therelationshipofcellcycleandmedicine.重點與難點Keyanddifficult重點：細胞的方式，細胞各個時期的特點。KeyPoints:themannerofcelldivision;thecharacteristicsofthephasesofcelldivision.Difficultpoints:cellcycleandtheregulationofcellcycle.第十五章胞Chapter11.Cell教學內容Teachingcontents(4學時4Class細胞分化的基本概念theconceptofcell細胞分化的分子基礎themolecularbasisofcell細胞分化的影響因素theinfluencefactorsofcell細胞分化的醫(yī)學意義themedicalsignificanceofcell教學要求Teaching胚層，細胞決定的概念，細胞分化的表達調控，研究細胞分化機制的經典實驗，效應和父體效應，胚胎誘導的概念方式，旁分泌因子的四個主要及其重編程，小RNA的種類及其與細胞分化的關系，去分化和轉分化，同源異型框的概作用，組印跡的概念，細胞分化的醫(yī)學意義。Tograspfirmly:theconcept,characteristics,molecularbasis,universalruleandinfluenceofcelldifferentiation;thethreeprimarygermlayersofananimalembryo;theconceptofcelldetermination;theregulationofgeneexpressionofcelldifferentiation;theclassicalexperimentofcelldifferentiation;maternaleffectgeneandpaternaleffectgene;theconceptandimplementationofembryonicinduction;thecategoriesandeffectsofparacrinefactors.Tobefamiliarwith:theconceptsoftotipotency,multipotency,unipotencyandcellline;embryonicstemcell;inducedpluripotencystemcell;cellularreprogramming;thecategoriesofmiRNA;therelationshipofmiRNAandcelldifferentiation;dedifferentiationandtransdifferention;theconceptandfunctionofhomeoboxgene.Toknowgenerally:twoinfluencesofcelldetermination;theexceptionsofcelldifferentiation;theroleofchromatincovalentmodificationingenetranscription;theconceptofgeneimprinting;themedicalsignificanceofcelldifferentiation.重點與難點KeyanddifficultKeyPoints:theconceptandinfluenceofcelldifferentiationDifficultpoints:themolecularbasisofcelldifferentiation.第十六章胞Chapter16.Cellsenescenceandcell教學內容Teachingcontents(3學時3Class細胞衰老Cell細胞的Cell教學要求Teaching掌握：細胞衰老的概念，機老的概念，細胞衰老的形態(tài)變化，不育細胞群、暫熟悉：細胞衰老和機老的關系，Hayflick界限學說，端粒的概念和功能，哺乳動物細胞的凋亡相關及其功能。Tograspfirmly:theconceptsofcellsenescenceandbodyaging,morphologicalchangescausedbycellsenescence;theconceptsofinfertilecellpopulation,temporaryundividingcellpopulation,andadultstemcells;therelationshipbetweencellsenescence,proliferationabilityanddifferentiationstatus;importantmodelsforstudyingcellsenescence;changesincellmorphology,structureandmetabolismofsenescentcells;therelationshipbetweencellsenescenceandmembranesystemchanges;themechanismandtheoriesofcellsenescence;categoriesofcellsenescence-relatedgenes;affectingfactorsofadultstemcellsenescence;twotypesof