2009年考研英語真題及解析

2009年考研英語2009 入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試Section UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Researchonanimalinligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusthowsmarthumansare._1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmerintheScienceTimes.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisa(n)4innotbeingtoobright.Inligence,it5,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow6_thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—a(n)7_process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8.Isthereanadaptivevalueto9_inligence?That’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourowninligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalwe’veevermet.Researchonanimalinligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimals13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,14,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat15animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatinligenceinhumansisreally17,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18,theywouldhopetostudya(n)19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?20theresultsareinconclusive.1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][D]5.[A]insists[B]sums[C]turns[D]puts6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A][B][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A][B]C][D]12.[A][B][C][D]13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A]by[B]in[C]as[D]for15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A] [C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A]Above[B]After[C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A]By[B]In[C]So[D]BetterSection ReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TextHabitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesanegativeimplication.Soitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.Ratherthandismissingourselvesasunchangeablecreaturesofhabit,wecaninsteaddirectourownchangebyconsciouslydevelonewhabits.Infact,themorenewthingswetry–themorewestepoutsideourcomfortzone–themoreinherentlycreativewe e,bothintheworkplaceandinourown allives.Butdon’tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothebrain,they’retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberaypressintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,”saysDawnaMarkova,authorofTheOpenMind.“Butwearetaughtinsteadto‘decide,’justasourcallshimself‘theDecider.’”Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe’reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960sdiscoveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:ytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively.Attheendofadolescence,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,”explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006bookThisYearIWill...andMs.Markova’sbusinesspartner.“That’saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou’regoodatandngevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.”Thisiswheredevelonewhabitscomesin.InWordsworth’sview,“habits”ischaracterizedby [B] [D]Brainresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitscan [B] [D]Theword“ruts”(Line1,paragraph4)isclosestinmeaning [B] [D]DawnaMarkovawouldmostprobablyagreeideasarebornofarelaxinginnovativenesscouldbedecisivenessderivesfromfantasticRyan’scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardizedpreventsnewhabitsfrombeingnolongeremphasizesmaintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingcomplieswiththeAmericanbeliefTextItisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe’sthekid’sdad.Allheneedstodoissout$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togettheresults.Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirst eavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyear,accordingtoDougFogg,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsdirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.Amongthemostpopular:paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandfamiliescanusetotrackdownkidsputupforadoption.DNAtestingisalsothelatestrageamongpassionategenealogists---andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily’sgeographicroots.Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbyswabbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting.AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.Butsomeobserversareskeptical,“Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyarengancestrytesting,”saysTroyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors---numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather’slineormitochondrialDNA,whichispasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon’trelyondollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.InParagraphs1and2,thetextshowseasyflexibilityinpopularitywithPTKisusedlocateone’sbirthpromotegeneticchoosechildrenforSkepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailstracedistantrebuildreliablefullyusegeneticachievetheclaimedInthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfaces lackofpatentAnappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytoForsandAgainstsofDNADNATestingandItsDNATestingOutsidetheLiesBehindDNATextTherelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike.Progressinbothareasisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandinlectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatitis,becausebuildingneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicalhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,withthecountryenteringarecessionandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak,theU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducatedandoneoftheprimarycausesofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderinautomotive-assemblyproductivity.YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHonda,Nissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterpartsasaresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedonthejob.Morerecently,whileexamininghousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthatilliterate,non-English-speakingMexicanworkersinHouston,Texas,consistentlymetbest-practicelaborproductivitystandardsdespitethecomplexityofthebuildingindustry’swork.Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment?Wehavetothatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhenernmentsdon’tforceit.Afterall,that’showeducationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswerehuntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn’thavetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfindingfood.OnlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaytheretimeforotherAseducationimproved,humanity’sproductivitypotentialincreasedaswell.Whenthecompetitiveenvironmentpushedourancestorstoachievethatpotential,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation.Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnotasufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomicperformance.Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroaderformaleducation.Alackofformaleducation,however,doesn’tconstraintheabilityofthedeveloworld’sworkforcetosubstantiallyimproveproductivityfortheforeseeablefuture.Onthecontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyeducationisn’tdevelomorequicklytherethanitis.TheauthorholdsinParagraph1thattheimportanceofeducationinpoorissubjecttogroundlesshasfallenvictimofhasbeenItisstatedinParagraph1thattheconstructionofaneweducationtakeseffortsofdemandspriorityfromtherequiressufficientlaborAmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.SworkforcesistheJapaneseworkforceisbettertheJapaneseworkforceismoretheU.SworkforcehasabettertheU.SworkforceismoreTheauthorquotestheexampleofourancestorstoshowthateducationwhenpeoplehadenoughpriortobetterwaysoffindingwhenpeopleonlongerwentasaresultofpressureonAccordingtothelastparagraph,developmentofresultsdirectlyfromcompetitivedoesnotdependoneconomicperformancecannotaffordpoliticalTextThemostthoroughlystudiedinlectualsinthehistoryoftheNewWorldaretheministersandpoliticalleadersofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.AccordingtothestandardhistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas“somuchimportanceattachedtoinlectualpursuits.”Accordingtomanybooksandarticles,NewEngland’sleadersestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding,dominantPuritantraditioninAmericaninlectuallife.TotakethisapproachtotheNewEnglandersnormallymeanstostartwiththePuritans’theologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch---importantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect.Butinkeewithourexaminationofsoutherninlectuallife,wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriersofEuropeanculture,adjustingtoNewWorldcircumstances.TheNewEnglandcolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderstoodidealsofcivilityandvirtuosity.TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland.BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoMassachusettschurchinthedecadeafter1629,therewerepoliticalleaderslikeJohnWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston.Thesemenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofinlectualearnestness.Weshouldnotforget,however,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated.Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeyzed,itisobviousthattheirviewswerelessfullyinlectualized.Theirthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitionsquality.AtailornamedJohnDane,whoemigratedinthelate1630s,leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns.Sexualconfusion,economicfrustrations,andreligioushope---allcametogetherinadecisivemomentwhenheopenedtheBible,toldhisfatherthatthefirstlinehesawwouldsettlehisfate,andreadthemagicalwords:“comeoutfromamongthem,touchnouncleanthing,andIwillbeyourGodandyoushallbemypeople.”O(jiān)newonderswhatDanethoughtofthecarefulsermonsexplainingtheBiblethatheardinPuritanMeanwhile,manysettlershadslighterreligiouscommitmentsthanDane’s,asonelearnedinconfrontingfolkalongthecoastwhomockedthattheyhadnotcometotheNewWorldforreligion.“Ourmainendwastocatchfish.”Theauthorholdsthatintheseventeenth-centuryNew Politicsbenefitedmuchfrom lectualpursuijoyedaliberalItissuggestedinParagraph2thatNewbroughtwiththemthecultureoftheOldpaidlittleattentiontosouthern lectualwereobsessedwithreligiousTheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusettswerefamousintheNewWorldfortheirgainedincreasingimportanceinreligiousabandonedhighpositionsbeforecomingtotheNewcreatedanew lectualatmosphereinNewThestoryofJohnDaneshowsthatlesswell-educatedNewEnglanderswereinfluencedbytroubledwithreligiouspuzzledbychurchfrustratedwithfamilyThetextsuggeststhatearlysettlersinNewweremostlyengagedinpoliticalweremotivatedbyanillusorycamefromdifferentleftfewformalrecordsforlaterPartBInthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)CoincidingwiththegroundbreakingtheoryofbiologicalevolutionproposedbyBritishnaturalistCharlesDarwininthe1860s,BritishsocialphilosopherHerbertSpencerputforwardhisowntheoryofbiologicalandculturalevolution.Spencerarguedthatallworldlyphenomena,includinghumansocieties,changedovertime,advancingtowardperfection.41. AmericansocialscientistLewisHenryMorganintroducedanothertheoryofculturalevolutioninthelate1800s.Morgan,alongwithTylor,wasoneofthefoundersofmodernanthropology.Inhiswork,heattemptedtoshowhowallaspectsofculturechangedtogetherintheevolutionofsocieties.42. Intheearly1900sinNorthAmerica,German-bornAmericananthropologistFranzBoasdevelopedanewtheoryofcultureknownashistoricalparticularism.Historicalparticularism,whichemphasizedtheuniquenessofallcultures,gavenewdirectiontoanthropology..Boasfeltthatthecultureofanysocietymustbeunderstoodastheresultofauniquehistoryandnotasoneofmanyculturesbelongingtoabroaderevolutionarystageortypeof.HistoricalparticularismbecameadominantapproachtothestudyofcultureinAmericananthropology,largelythroughtheinfluenceofmanystudentsofBoas.Butanumberofanthropologistsintheearly1900salsorejectedtheparticularisttheoryofcultureinfavorofdiffusionism.Someattributedvirtuallyeveryimportantculturalachievementtotheinventionsofafew,especiallygiftedpeoplesthat,accordingtodiffusionists,thenspreadtoother.Alsointheearly1900s,FrenchsociologistéDurkheimdevelopedatheoryofculturethatwouldgreatlyinfluenceanthropology.Durkheimproposedthatreligiousbeliefsfunctionedtoreinforcesocialsolidarity.Aninterestintherelationshipbetweenthefunctionofsocietyandculture—knownasfunctionalism—becameamajorthemeinEuropean,andespeciallyBritish,Otheranthropologistsbelievedthatculturalinnovations,suchasinventions,hadasingleoriginandpassedfromsocietytosociety.Thistheorywasknownasdiffusionism.Inordertostudyparticularculturesascompleyaspossible,Boasbecameskilledinlinguistics,thestudyoflanguages,andinphysicalanthropology,thestudyofhumanbiologyandHearguedthathumanevolutionwascharacterizedbyastrugglehecalledthe“survivalofthefittest,”inwhichweakerracesandsocietiesmusteventuallybereplacedbystronger,moreadvancedracesandsocieties.Theyalsofocusedonimportantritualsthatappearedtopreserveapeople’ssocialstructure,suchasinitiationceremoniesthatformallysignifychildren’sentranceintoadulthood.Thus,inhisview,diverseaspectsofculture,suchasthestructureoffamilies,formsofmarriage,categoriesofkinship,ownershipofproperty,formsofernment,technology,andsystemsoffoodproduction,allchangedassocietiesevolved.Supportersofthetheoryviewedcultureasacollectionofintegratedpartsthatworktogethertokeepasocietyfunctioning.Forexample,BritishanthropologistsGraftonElliotSmithandW.J.Perryincorrectlysuggested,onthebasisofinadequateinformation,thatfarming,potterymaking,andmetallurgyalloriginatedinancientEgyptanddiffusedthroughouttheworld.Infact,alloftheseculturaldevelopmentsoccurredseparayatdifferenttimesinmanypartsoftheworld.PartCReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsfromlivingwithothers,andthedeliberateeducatingoftheyoung.Intheformercasetheeducationisincidental;itisnaturalandimportant,butitisnottheexpressreasonoftheassociation.(46)Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience;butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.Religiousassociationsbegan,forexample,inthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandtowardoffevilinfluences;familylifeinthedesiretogratifyappetitesandsecurefamilyperpetuity;systematiclabor,forthemostpart,becauseofenslavementtoothers,etc.(47)Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.Eventoday,inourindustriallife,apartfromcertainvaluesofindustriousnessandthrift,theinlectualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhumanassociationunderwhichtheworld'sworkiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentionascomparedwithphysicaloutput.Butindealingwiththeyoung,thefactofassociationitselfasanimmediatehumanfact,gainsinimportance.(48)Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.Theneedoftrainingistooevident;thepressureto plishachangeintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswhollyoutofaccount.(49)Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornotweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.Ifhumanityhasmadesomeheadwayinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitutionisitsdistinctivelyhumaneffectwemaywellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelythroughdealingswiththeyoung.(50)Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducation--thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.Inundevelopedsocialgroups,wefindverylittleformalteachingandtraining.Thesegroupsmainlyrelyforinstillingneededdispositionsintotheyounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichkeepstheadultsloyaltotheirgroup.SectionⅢPartRestrictionsontheuseofplasticbagshavenotbeensosuccessfulinsomeregions.“Whitepollution”isstillgoingon.Writealettertotheeditor(s)ofyourlocalnewspapergiveyouropinionsbrieflymaketwoorthreeYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETDonotsignyourownname oftheletter.Use"LiMing"Donotwritetheaddress.(10PartWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youdescribethedrawingexplainitsintendedmeaning,andgiveyourYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20答案：Section BADB 11-15DBCD6-10ADCB 16-20CBAASectionPart21-25C 31-35DBBCC26-30ACDA 36-40BBDAPart41-45CEABPart譯文：雖然我們可以說衡量任何一個(gè)社會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)價(jià)值的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是其豐富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但這種作用并不是我們最初的組成部分。譯文：雖然在與年輕人的接觸中我們很容易忽視自己的行為對(duì)他們的性情所產(chǎn)生的影響，然而在與成年人打交道時(shí)這種情況就不那么容易發(fā)生。SectionPartDearIhavebeenreadingyournewspaperformanyyearsandnowIamwritingthislettertoinformyouofthepressingsituationwearefacingnow.Accustomedtousingplasticbagsindailylife,somepeoplestilltakethe“whitepollution”forgranted,whichwillgreatlyworsenourenvironment.Asweknow,limitingtheuseofdisposableplasticbagsisofutmostsignificance.Therefore,tosavethesituationfromfurtheraggravating,Iwouldliketogivethefollowingsuggestions:Firstandforemost,groupsandindividualswhoarepollutingourenvironmentbyusingtheplasticdisposableplasticbagsshouldbeseverelypunished.Inaddition,thelocalmediacanmakefulluseoftheirowninfluencetopublicizethenegativeeffectofplasticbagsandenhancepeople’sawarenessofenvironmentalprotection.Lastbutnotleast,newtechnologiesshouldbedevelopedtofindpossiblealternativeswithdegradableandrenewablematerials.Ihopethatmysuggestionsarehelpfulandyourpromptattentiontomysuggestionswouldbehighlyappreciated.Part

LiMingAswecanseeinthepicture,manypeople,oldoryoung,menorwomen,areinfrontofacomputerandusingtheinternetinthespacejustlikeahugewebofaspider.Thecaptioninthedrawingreads:“theinternet:nearorfar”.ItisobviousthatthehugespiderwebisthesymboloftheInternetandthesymbolicmeaningofthepictureistheeffectoftheinternetonpeople’swayoflife.ThereisnodoubtthattheInternetprovidesuswithconsiderableconvenience.Internetisrevolutionizingourwayofliving,makingmanythingspossiblewhicharebeyondourdreams.Asacommunicationtool,theinternetmakesuscloserthaneverbeforebyprovidingimmediatecommunicationvia ,,MSNorICQ,nomatterhowfarawayourfriendsare.Sointhissense,theinternetismakingusnearertoeachother.However,therearenegativeeffectsoftheinternetonpeople’slife.Asisshowninthepicture,peopleareimprisonedintheirownrespectivesmallcabins,indulgingintheirownworld.Theychoosecontactingonlineratherthancommunicatingfacetoface.Duetotheaddictiontothefictionalexperience,peopleseemtohaveforgottenthetraditionalandmostefficientcommunicationmethod,andthusindifferencehas eanot monphenomenoninthemodernworld.Weoftenhearparentscomplainthattheyhavelessandlesstimechattingwiththeirchildreneitherbecausetheirchildrenspendtoomuchtimeplayinggamesorchattingonlinewithfriendsorstrangers.Alsotherearecoupleswhoseldomtalkwitheachother.Therefore,internetseemstomakenearpeoplefaraway.Hence,howtousemoderncommunicatingtoolssuchasinternetproperlyhas esahotissueinrecentyears.Whileweareenjoyingtheconvenienceprovidedbytheinternet,weshouldalsobearinmindthathumanbeingsaresocialbeingswhoneedrealinter alinteractions.Jointeffortsareneededtoensureenoughtimeforpeopleespeciallyfamiliestohaveface-to-facecommunicationwitheachother.Onlyinthiswaycanweexpectahealthydevelopmentoftherelationshipamongindividuals.答案詳解這是一篇關(guān)于動(dòng)物智能方面的文章，節(jié)選自2008年5月7日登在《》的TheCostofSmarts（“聰明的代價(jià)”）。文章以果蠅實(shí)驗(yàn)為例，論述了對(duì)動(dòng)物智力的帶參考譯文：對(duì)動(dòng)物智能的研究總是讓我們思考人類到底有多聰明。讓我們想卡爾·齊默的點(diǎn)速度比較緩慢，這是因?yàn)橹橇σ揽康氖菍W(xué)個(gè)循序漸進(jìn)的過程）而不是一種本能。許多其他的物種也有學(xué)習(xí)的能力，很顯然他們學(xué)到的東西之一就是知道何時(shí)停止。遠(yuǎn)于我們的那些物種，而是含蓄地問我們自己智力的真正代價(jià)是什么。我們見過的每種動(dòng)能進(jìn)行試的話，他們測(cè)定我們?nèi)棠投?，誠度以及對(duì)地的力。們會(huì)試圖希望研究一個(gè)最基本的問題：人類是否真正了自己所生存的世界？對(duì)此，目前仍無定論。重要詞匯：upkeep保養(yǎng)，維持adaptive適應(yīng)的wistful渴望的，惆悵的castaglancebackwardleavesb/sthinthedust把/某物遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地甩/落在后面operantconditioning操作性條件反射inconclusive非決定性的，無結(jié)果答案解析：解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義，Suppose假設(shè)，Observe觀察，Imagine想象，Consider考慮，后面的賓語是“thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmerintheScienceTimes”，即“”，后面接著說了實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果及其含義。將四個(gè)選項(xiàng)代入文中，最符合符合語境的就是Consider考慮，這句話的意思是“讓我們考慮考慮卡爾·齊默在《科學(xué)時(shí)代》雜志上解析tendtofearto表示“唯恐…”，happento表示“碰巧…”，bethreatenedto表示“被…”。文中表示比較聰明的果蠅往往比普通果蠅較短，填tendto符合題意，這句話的意思是“受到解析lighterthinnerstablerdimmer比較暗淡的。本句是前一句推出的結(jié)論，即由“果蠅越聰明越短”推出“燈泡越暗使用時(shí)間越長”，故選D符合題意。lighter，thinner，stabler一般不用于修飾bulb（燈解析：本題考查邏輯關(guān)系和詞義辨析，tendencyadvantageinclination傾priority“bulbsburnlonger”advantage最符合題意。這句話的意思是“同時(shí)也表解析turnsoutinsistonsumup總結(jié)，putforward提出。根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容，F(xiàn)ruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitflytendtoliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhatdimmerbulbsburnlonger,thatthereisanadvantageinnotbeingtoobright.即果蠅越聰明越短，燈泡越暗淡使用時(shí)turnout符合這兒的意思。這句話的意思解析：本題考查介詞，off表示“離開”，behind表示“在…之后”，over表示“在…alongoff。這句話的意思是“它需要更解析：本題考查形容詞。incrediblespontaneousinevitable不可避免的，gradual漸進(jìn)的。根據(jù)文中的意思，智力取決于學(xué)習(xí)，而學(xué)習(xí)是一個(gè)漸進(jìn)的過程，所以選gradual。這句話的意思是“這是因?yàn)橹橇σ揽康氖菍W(xué)個(gè)循序漸進(jìn)的道什么時(shí)候停止學(xué)習(xí)，與上文的例子燈泡呼應(yīng)。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，fight，doubt懷疑，stop停止，think思考，正確答案為C。這句話的意思是“許多其他的物種也有學(xué)習(xí)的解析：本題考查形容詞，修飾inligence。invisible看不見的，indefinite不確定的，這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)意思不符合，可以首先排除。different不同的，limited有限的，都可以與而是所有物種的智力都是有限的，所以limited符合文意。這句話的意思是“有限的智解析：本題考查固定搭配，castaglancebackward意思為“回顧”。其他選項(xiàng)：upward解析：本題考查名詞，featureinfluenceresultcost代價(jià)。根據(jù)前文可以知道，聰明是有代價(jià)的：比如果蠅越聰明越短，因而cost“代價(jià)”與文不與mindonthemindofeveryanimal符合題意。這句話的意思是“我們見過的每解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞，與之搭配的賓語是eprens，選項(xiàng)中只有eform能與exprensever遞送，crry運(yùn)送，appyexperent搭配。這句話的意思是“如果動(dòng)物有機(jī)會(huì)的話，他們會(huì)對(duì)人類作什么樣的實(shí)解析：experiments，本句提到一個(gè)具forinstancebychance偶然，incontrast相反，asusual像往常一樣。這句話的意思