汽車專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯及課后答案-黃韶炯(全部單元都有)

Unit1AutomotiveBasicsAutomobiles,trucks,andbusesareessentialformsoftransportation.Theyarecomplexmachinesmadeupofmanyparts.Thesepartscanbegroupedintoanumberofsystems.Anunderstandingofhowthesystemworkwillhelpyouunderstandhowtheautomobileworks.轎車、卡車和客車是交通運(yùn)輸?shù)闹匾M成部分。它們都是由許多部件組成的復(fù)雜機(jī)器。這些部件可以歸類為汽車的幾個(gè)組成系統(tǒng)。了解這些各個(gè)小系統(tǒng)是如何工作的將有助于我們理解整個(gè)汽車系統(tǒng)是如何工作。Anautomobilecanbedividedintotwobasicparts:abodyandachassis.Thebodyistheenclosurethathousestheengine,passengers,andcargo.Itisthepartoftheautomobilethatyousee.Thechassisisthatpartoftheautomobilebeneaththebody.汽車可以分為兩個(gè)基本部分：車身和底盤。車身包圍發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、乘客和行李，它是汽車你所看到的部分。而車身以下的部分就是底盤。1.1THEBODYAnautomobilebodyisasheetmetalshellwithwindows,doors,ahood,andatrunkdeckbuiltintoit.Itprovidesaprotectivecoveringfortheengine,passengers,andcargo.Thebodyisdesignedtokeeppassengerssafeandcomfortable.Forexample,insulationinthebodyreducesnoiseandprotectsagainstheatandcold.Thebodystylingprovidesanattractive,colorful,modernappearanceforthevehicle.Itisstreamlinedtolessenwindresistanceandtokeepthecarfromswayingatdrivingspeeds.轎車車身是一個(gè)鈑金件殼體，它上面有車窗、車門、發(fā)送機(jī)罩和行李艙門等部件，它給發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、乘客和行李提供防護(hù)。車身設(shè)計(jì)來確保乘客乘坐的安全和舒適。比如：車身絕熱層可以減少噪音和抵御冷熱。車身造型設(shè)計(jì)使得汽車有一個(gè)華美、現(xiàn)代、吸引人的外觀。車身的流線型設(shè)計(jì)可以減少風(fēng)阻，防止汽車行馳過程中發(fā)生擺動(dòng)。Theautomobilebodyhastwobasicparts-theupperbodyandtheunderbody.車身有兩個(gè)基本部分-車身上部和車身下部。1.2ThechassisThechassisisanassemblyofthosesystemsthatarethemajoroperatingpartsofavehicle.Thechassisincludeseverythingexceptthebody.Thethreeimportantpartsofthechassisaretheframe,theengine,andthepowertrain(alsocalledthedrivetrain).Eachofthesethreepartsismadeupofanumberofsystems.Asystemisamechanicalorelectricalunitthatperformsaspecificfunction.Thus,eachsystem(suchassteering,brake,orfuel)hasacertainjobtodoinrunningavehicle.Weshalllookateachofthesepartsandsystemstoseehowtheyfittogethertoformtheautomobilechassis.底盤集中了汽車大部分的運(yùn)動(dòng)組件，它包括除了車身以外的所有部件。底盤有三個(gè)重要的系統(tǒng)：車架、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。這三個(gè)系統(tǒng)又都有許多個(gè)完成某一個(gè)特定功能的機(jī)械或電氣系統(tǒng)組成。為了保證汽車正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，每個(gè)系統(tǒng)（比如：轉(zhuǎn)向、制動(dòng)或燃油系統(tǒng)）都要實(shí)現(xiàn)一定的功能。下來我們看看這些系統(tǒng)和組件是如何相互連接從而組成汽車底盤的。1.2.1TheframeThefirstmajorpartofthechassisistheframe.Itismadefromtoughsteelsectionswelded,riveted,orboltedtogether.Theframelookslikeasteelladder,thoughitsometimehasanXshapeforextrastrength.Itformsafoundationforthecarbodyandthepartsoftheseveralsystems.Thebodyisjoinedtotheframewithbolts.Rubbershockmountsorwashersareusedateachjoint.Thesereducevibrationandroadnoise.Inmostmoderncarstheframeisbuiltintothebody.Acarwiththeframebuiltintothebodyhasaunitizedbodyorunibody.Theframesupportsthesuspensionsystem,steeringsystem,andthebrakingsystem.底盤最重要的部分就是車架。車架由鋼件通過焊接、鉚接或螺栓聯(lián)接而成，看上去就像一架鋼梯。有時(shí)為了得到額外的強(qiáng)度，車架做成了X形狀。車架為車身和很多系統(tǒng)部件提供了底1座。車身和車架使用螺栓聯(lián)接。每個(gè)聯(lián)接使用橡膠防震支架或墊圈來減振降噪?，F(xiàn)代轎車車架和車身做在了一起。采用這個(gè)形式的汽車車身叫做承載式車身。車架支撐懸架、轉(zhuǎn)向和剎車系統(tǒng)。Thefrontandrearwheelsareattachedtothechassisbyasuspensionsystem.Thissystemismadeupofsprings,shockabsorbers,controlarms,andstabilizers.Thesesupportthevehicleandcushionitfromroadbumpsforbetterrideandhandling.前后輪通過懸架系統(tǒng)和底盤相連。懸架系統(tǒng)由彈簧、減振器、控制臂和橫向穩(wěn)定桿組成。它們支撐著車身，并減緩由于路面不平引起的顛簸，以獲得更好的乘坐舒適性和操作穩(wěn)定性。Thesteeringsystemcontrolsthecar’sdirectionoftravel.Itincludesawheelandcolumn,stegears,rods,andlinkages.Asthesteeringwheelisturned,itsmotionistransferredtotheidlerarmandtierods.Thesecausethefrontwheelstoturntotherightofleft.Onsomecars,apowerunit(calledpowersteering)makessteeringeasier.轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)控制車輛行馳的方向。它包括方向盤、轉(zhuǎn)向管柱、轉(zhuǎn)向器、轉(zhuǎn)向拉桿和轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)裝置。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向盤，方向盤的運(yùn)動(dòng)被傳遞到隨動(dòng)臂和橫拉桿，從而使得前輪向左或向右轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。有些車輛使用助力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置，從而使得轉(zhuǎn)向更加輕便。Thebrakesystemgivestheautomobileitsstoppingpower.Hydraulicbrakesarefoundonallmoderncars.Asthebrakepedalispushedwiththefoot,brakefluidisforcedthroughbrakelinesintocylindersthatpressthebrakeshoesagainstadrum.Thisstopsthemotionofthecar.Powerunits(powerbrakes)areusedtomakebrakingeasier.Mostmoderncarshavediscbrakesonthefrontwheels.(Somehavethemonboththefrontandrearwheels.)Discbrakesworklikeapairofplierssqueezingarotatingdisc.Drumbrakesarealsoused.制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)給車輛制動(dòng)的動(dòng)力?，F(xiàn)代轎車都使用液壓制動(dòng)。當(dāng)踩下制動(dòng)踏板，制動(dòng)液通過制動(dòng)管路流入制動(dòng)缸，強(qiáng)迫制動(dòng)蹄接觸制動(dòng)鼓，從而阻止車輛運(yùn)動(dòng)。為了使剎車更加輕便，車輛也使用助力制動(dòng)?，F(xiàn)代轎車在前輪裝備盤式制動(dòng)器（。一些轎車在前后輪都使用盤式制動(dòng)器。）盤式制動(dòng)器工作原理類似一對(duì)鉗子夾住旋轉(zhuǎn)的盤片。也有前后輪都使用鼓式制動(dòng)器的汽車。1.2.2TheengineTheengineprovidespowertomovetheautomobile.Themostcommontypeofautomobileengineisthegasoline-burningpistonengine.Itisfoundinmostautomobiles.Diesel-fuelburningenginesarealsousedinmodernpassengercars,aswellasinlargetrucks.Allengineshavefuel,exhaust,cooling,andlubricationsystems.Gasolineenginesalsohaveanignitionsystem.發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)給汽車提供動(dòng)力。最常見的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是汽油機(jī)。大多數(shù)汽車都使用它?，F(xiàn)代客車和大型卡車使用柴油機(jī)。所有的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)都具有燃油、排放、冷卻和潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)。汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)還有一套點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)。Theignitionsystemsuppliestheelectricsparkneededtoignitetheair-fuelmixtureinthecylinders.Whentheignitionswitchisturnedon,currentflowsfromthe12-voltstoragebatterytotheignitioncoil.Thecoilbooststhevoltagetoproducethestrongsparkof20,000Vneededtoignitetheenginefuel.Thedistributordirectstheelectricalcurrenttotherightsparkplugattherighttime.Dieselenginesusetheheatcausedbyenginecompressiontoignitethefuelcharge.Theseenginesarecalledcompressionignitionengines.點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)提供點(diǎn)燃?xì)飧變?nèi)油氣混和物的電火花。當(dāng)打開點(diǎn)火開關(guān)，電流從12V電池流向點(diǎn)火線圈。點(diǎn)火線圈升高電壓，產(chǎn)生用于點(diǎn)火的20000V尖峰電壓。分電器引導(dǎo)電流在正確的時(shí)刻流向正確的火花塞。柴油機(jī)使用壓縮發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生的熱量來點(diǎn)燃燃料，因此被稱為壓燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。Theautomobilesuppliesalltheelectricityitneedsthroughitselectricalsystem.Forexample,the2electricalsystemsupplieselectricityfortheignition,horn,lights,heater,andstarter.Theelectricitylevelismaintainedbyachargingcircuit.Thiscircuitconsistsofthebattery,alternator(orgenerator),andtheregulator.Thebatterystoreselectricity.Thealternatorchangestheengine’smechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergyandrechargethebattery.Theregulatorpreventsdamagetothesystembyregulatingthemaximumvoltageinthecircuit汽車通過自身的電氣系統(tǒng)給自身供電。比如：電氣系統(tǒng)給點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)、喇叭、燈光、供暖系統(tǒng)和起動(dòng)器供電。系統(tǒng)電壓通過充電系統(tǒng)保持穩(wěn)定。充電系統(tǒng)由電池、發(fā)電機(jī)和調(diào)節(jié)器組成。電池儲(chǔ)存電能。發(fā)電機(jī)將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡娔?，并給電池充電。調(diào)節(jié)器調(diào)節(jié)電氣系統(tǒng)的最大電壓，提供過壓保護(hù)。Thefuelsystemstoresliquidfuelanddeliversittotheengines.Thefuelisstoredinthetank,whichisconnectedtoafuelpumpbyafuelline.Thefuelispumpedfromthefueltankthroughthefuellines.Itisforcedthroughafilter(whichremovesmoistureanddirt)intothecarburetor,whereitismixedwithair,orintothefuelinjectionsystem.Thefuelismixedwithairtoformacombustiblemixtureinthecarburetor,themanifold,orthecylindersthemselves.燃油系統(tǒng)儲(chǔ)存液態(tài)燃料，并且把燃料送至發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。燃料儲(chǔ)存在通過油管與油泵連接的油箱里。油泵通過油管將油箱內(nèi)的油泵出，并通過濾清器（去除濕氣和雜污）送達(dá)化油器與空氣混合或者噴油系統(tǒng)。燃油在化油器、歧管或氣缸自身內(nèi)與空氣混合，形成可燃混和物。Theexhaustsystemhasfourjobs:Tocollectburnedgasesfromtheengines.Toremovedangerousemissionthatpollutestheair.Toreduceexhaustnoises.Togetridoftheexhaustgases.排放系統(tǒng)要實(shí)現(xiàn)四個(gè)功能：、收集發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的廢氣。2、去除污染空氣的排放物。3、減少排放噪音。4、排出廢氣。Exhaustgasescontaincarbonmonoxide,unburnedhydrocarbons,andoxidesofnitrogen.Sincealloftheseareharmful,theexhaustsystemisdesignedtoreducethemasmuchaspossible.IntheUnitedStaresallmodernautomobileshaveemissioncontrolsystems.汽車廢氣包含一氧化碳，未燃燒的碳?xì)浠衔锖偷趸衔?。所有的這些都是有害的，排放系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)要盡可能多減少這些有害物質(zhì)。美國(guó)所有的現(xiàn)代車都配備了排放系統(tǒng)。Thecoolingsystemremovesexcessiveheatfromtheengine.Thetemperatureinenginecombustionchambersisabout1094°C.Sincesteelmeltsataround1354°C,thisheatmustbecarriedawaytopreventenginedamage.Airandacoolantareusedtocarryawaytheheat.Theradiatorisfilledwithacoolant.Thewaterpumpcircuitsthiscoolantthroughtheengineandthewallsoftheengineblockandhead.Heatalsoisremovedbytheradiatorfan,whichdrawsairthroughthenarrowfinsoftheradiator.Thissystemalsosuppliesheattothepassengercompartmentandthewindowdefroster.冷卻系統(tǒng)去除發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)多余的熱量。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)燃燒室的溫度可以達(dá)到1094攝氏度。鋼的熔點(diǎn)大約是1354攝氏度，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)多余的熱量必須消除來防止發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)過熱。空氣和冷卻劑用來帶走這個(gè)熱量。散熱器內(nèi)裝滿了冷卻劑。水泵使冷卻劑在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)殼體和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)蓋循環(huán)流動(dòng)。也可以使用冷卻風(fēng)扇來降溫。冷卻風(fēng)扇將風(fēng)從散熱器狹窄的孔徑吹出，從而帶走熱量。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)可以給乘客艙和車窗除霜器提供熱量。Thelubricationsystemisimportantinkeepingtheenginerunningsmoothly.Motoroilisthelubricantusedinthesystem.Thelubricationsystemhasfourfunctions:Itcutsdownfrictionbycoatingmovingpartswithoil.3Itproducesasealbetweenthepitonringsandthecylinderwalls.Itcarriesawaysludge,dirt,andacids.Itcoolstheenginebycirculatingthemotoroil.潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)非常重要，它使得發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)平滑工作。潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)使用機(jī)油作為潤(rùn)滑劑。潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)有四個(gè)功能：1、通過運(yùn)動(dòng)部件油膜，它可以減小摩擦。2、它在活塞環(huán)和氣缸壁之間產(chǎn)生油封。、它可以帶走金屬碎屑、雜污和酸。4、通過機(jī)油的循環(huán)，它可以冷卻發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。Tokeepthissystemworkingeffectively,oilfiltersandmotoroilmustbechangeregularly.Allothermovingpartsinanautomobilemustalsobelubricated.Theseincludethetransmission,differential,wheelbearings,andsteeringlinkage.為了使得潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)有效工作，機(jī)油濾清器和機(jī)油必須定期更換。汽車內(nèi)所有的運(yùn)動(dòng)部件都必須要潤(rùn)滑，這包括變速器、差速器、輪軸軸承和轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)。1.2.3ThepowertrainThepowertrain,ordrivesystem,deliverspowerfromtheenginetothewheels.Thepowerfromtheenginemovesthroughthetransmission.Transmissionsareeitherstandard,withamanualshiftleverandfootclutch,orautomatic.傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力傳給車輪。來自發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力傳遞給變速器。變速器可以是一個(gè)帶手動(dòng)換檔桿和離合器的手動(dòng)變速器或者自動(dòng)變速器。Thetransmissionhasgearsthatcontroltheamountofpowerdeliveredtothewheels.Thetransmissionincreasesthepower(torque)tostartthecarmoving.Thistorqueisreducedwhenthetransmissionchangesgearsathigherspeeds.Thetransmissionalsocontainsasetofgearsthatcanreversethedirectionofthewheels.Thetransmissiondeliversthepowertothedifferential.Adrive(orpropeller)shaftwithuniversaljointsateitherendofthedriveshaftallowsaxlemovementoffront-engine,rear-wheeldrivecars.Theseflexibleuniversaljointpreventthedriveshaftfrombreaking.Thedifferentialdeliverspowertothewheelsthroughaxle.Certaingearsallowonewheeltoturnfasterthantheotherwheelwhenthevehicleisturningacorner.變速器使用齒輪來控制傳遞到車輪力矩的大小。當(dāng)車輛起步時(shí)，變速器增大扭矩。當(dāng)車速增大，變速器改變齒輪來減小扭矩。變速器還有一套使得車輪反向運(yùn)動(dòng)的齒輪。變速器將扭矩傳遞給差速器。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)前置后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)轎車的驅(qū)動(dòng)軸兩側(cè)裝有萬(wàn)向節(jié)，可允許產(chǎn)生軸向運(yùn)動(dòng)。萬(wàn)向節(jié)防止驅(qū)動(dòng)軸斷裂。差速器通過半軸將扭矩傳遞給車輪。當(dāng)車輛轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)，齒輪使得一側(cè)車輪比另一側(cè)車輪旋轉(zhuǎn)得更快。Thesearethebasicsystemsoftheautomobile.Eachofthesystemsisdesignedforaspecificjob.以上就是汽車的基本系統(tǒng)。每個(gè)系統(tǒng)都為了一個(gè)專門的功能而設(shè)計(jì)。ExercisesTheautomobile’sfurtherdevelopmentwillbedeterminedbyalreadyexistingandsteadilyincreasingrequirements,byadditionalfurtherrequirementsandbythetechnicalpossibilitiesformeetingtheserequirements.Thefollowingfocalpointsfordevelopmentandresearcheffortscanbediscerned:汽車的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展取決于已經(jīng)存在的、目前穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)和未來的需求以及為了滿足這些需求的技術(shù)。下來給出發(fā)展研究的幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)：Furtherimprovementsoftheautomobilethroughproductsinnovationinallclassisfunctions,i.e.performance,fueleconomy,environmentalimpact,safety,comfortandreliability.Furtherdevelopmentofnewtechnologiessuchaselectrics,alternativematerials,newtestandproductionmethods.Long-rangesolutionsfortrafficproblemssuchashighwaycongestion,smogincitiesandcarbondioxideenrichmentofouratmosphere.4傳統(tǒng)功能的產(chǎn)品革新，比如：性能、燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性、環(huán)境友好、安全、舒適性和可靠性。新技術(shù)的發(fā)展，比如：電氣、替代材料、新型測(cè)試和生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。解決交通問題的技術(shù)，比如：交通擁堵，城市煙霧和溫室效應(yīng)。Unit2 Automotiveengine2.1PurposeandlocationsofenginesThepurposeofanautomobileengineistosupplythepowerneededtomovethevehicle.Theengineproducesthispowerbyburningfuelinsideit.Becausetheengineburnsfuelinside,orinternally,theengineisknownasaninternalcombustionengine(ICE).汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的功用是提供汽車行馳所需的動(dòng)力。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)通過發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)內(nèi)部燃燒燃料來產(chǎn)生這個(gè)動(dòng)力。由于燃料燃燒在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)內(nèi)部進(jìn)行，這種發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)被稱作內(nèi)燃機(jī)。Mostautomobileenginesarelocatedatthefrontofthevehicle.Manyenginesdrivetherearwheels.Thisrequiresalongdriveshaftextendingfromthefrontwheelstotherearwheels.Otherenginesdrivethefrontwheels.Intherear-wheel-drivearrangement,theenginesitslongitudinally.Itslongdimensionisfromfronttoback.對(duì)于大多數(shù)汽車，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)布置在汽車前部。許多發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)后輪，這就要求從前輪到后輪的長(zhǎng)驅(qū)動(dòng)軸。其余發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)前輪。對(duì)于后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的汽車而言，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)由前到后縱向布置。Inthefront-wheel-drivearrangement,theenginesitscrosswise,transversely.Witheitherarrangement,thepoweriscarriedtothedrivewheels(rearorfront)bygearsandshafts.對(duì)于前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的布置，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)橫置。無論哪種布置方式，能量都是通過齒輪和傳動(dòng)軸傳到驅(qū)動(dòng)輪（前輪或后輪）。Somecarshavetheenginemountedinbackofthefrontseat.Thisiscalledamid-enginearrangement.Othercarshavebeenbuiltwiththeenginemountedattherear,inbackofrearseat.TheVolkswagen“beettle”isanexampleofrear.有些汽車的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)位于前排座椅的后面。這種布置被稱為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中置。還有些汽車的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)位于后部，安置在后排座椅后面。大眾汽車的甲殼蟲就是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)后置的一個(gè)例子。2.2EnginetypesVariouskindsofengineareusedinautomotivevehicles.Thetwomajortypesare:Thepistonengineinwhichpistonsmoveupanddown,orreciprocate,intheenginecylinder.Thisistheengineusedinallcarestoday,exceptforsomemodelsofMazda.TheWankelrotaryengineinwhichrotate,orspin.TheMazdaMotorCorporationofJapanisthemajormanufacturerofthisengine.汽車上使用著不同種類的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。它們可以分成兩大類：、往復(fù)活塞式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)：發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在氣缸內(nèi)作上下往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。除了馬自達(dá)公司的幾款以外，現(xiàn)今幾乎全部轎車都采用這種發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。、轉(zhuǎn)子發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)：活塞在氣缸內(nèi)作旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。日本的馬自達(dá)公司是這類發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的主要生產(chǎn)商。Therearetwotypesofpistonengines-sparkignition(SI)andcompressionignition(CI).Spark-ignitionenginesuseanelectricsystemwithsparkplugs.Electricsparksatthesparkplugsignite,orsetfire,thefuelintheenginecylinders.Thecombustionofthefuelmakestheenginerunandproducepower.Thisistheengineusedinmostproducepower.Thisisthetypeofengineusedinmostautomotivevehicles.活塞式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)可以分為兩類：點(diǎn)燃式和壓燃式。點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)使用帶火花塞的點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)?；鸹ㄈ碾娀鸹c(diǎn)燃發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)氣缸內(nèi)的燃料。燃料燃燒驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，并做功。這是大多數(shù)動(dòng)力源采用的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，也是大多數(shù)汽車采用的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)形式。Thecompression-ignitionengineusestheheatofcompressiontoignitethefuel.Whenairiscompressed,itgetsveryhot.Inthedieselengine,theairiscompressedsomuchthatits5temperaturegoesupto538degreesCelsiusorhigher.Thedieselfuelissprayedintothisveryhotairandisignitedbytheheat.Someautomobileshavedieselengines.Manyheavy-dutytrucksandbusesarepoweredbydieselengines.壓燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)使用壓縮產(chǎn)生的熱量來點(diǎn)燃燃料。當(dāng)空氣被壓縮，它可以達(dá)到非常高的溫度。對(duì)于柴油式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，壓縮空氣可以使得空氣溫度達(dá)到538度或者更高。此時(shí)，柴油被噴射到這熾熱的空氣中，被空氣的熱量點(diǎn)燃。一些轎車使用柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。重型卡車和客車普遍使用柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。Thereareotherenginesstillintheexperimentalstagethatmightsomedaybecomeimportant.Theseincludegas-turbineengines,steamengines,Stirlingengines,andelectricmotors.還有一些目前尚且處于試驗(yàn)階段，但未來可能會(huì)非常重要的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，比如：燃?xì)鉁u輪機(jī)、蒸汽機(jī)、斯特靈發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和電動(dòng)機(jī)。2.3BasicenginesystemsAspark-ignitionenginerequiresfourbasicsystemstorun.Dieselenginesrequiresthreeofthesesystems.Theyarefuelsystem,ignitionsystem(expectdiesel),lubricatingsystemandcoolingsystem.Eachperformsabasicjobinmakingtheenginerun.Thesearedescribedbrieflybelow.點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)需要4個(gè)基本系統(tǒng)，而柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)需要3個(gè)基本系統(tǒng)。它們是燃油系統(tǒng)、點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)（柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)不需要），潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)和冷卻系統(tǒng)。每個(gè)系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)基本功能來使得發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。下文將簡(jiǎn)短介紹這些系統(tǒng)。2.3.1fuelsystemThefuelsystemsuppliesgasolineordieselfueltotheengine.Thisfuelismixedwithairtomakeacombustiblemixture(amixturethatwillrun).Eachcylinderisrepeatedlyfilledwiththemixture.Then,themixtureisignitedorburned,producinghighpressure.Thehighpressuremakesthepistonmove(orrotorsspin).Thisturnsshaftsthatrotatethewheels,causingthevehicletomove.燃油系統(tǒng)給發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)提供汽油或柴油燃料。燃油與空氣混合形成可燃混合氣。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的每個(gè)氣缸重復(fù)充滿這種可燃混合氣，然后它們被點(diǎn)燃或壓燃，產(chǎn)生高壓。這個(gè)高壓使得發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)活塞運(yùn)動(dòng)（或者轉(zhuǎn)子旋轉(zhuǎn)），驅(qū)動(dòng)軸來旋轉(zhuǎn)車輪，從而使得汽車行駛。2.3.2ignitionsystemEverytimethefuelsystemdeliversair/fuelmixturetoacylinder,theignitionsystemfollowsupbyadeliveringanelectricspark.Thisignitethemixturewhichcreatesthehighpressurethatmovesthepistonsandturnsthecarwheels.Theactionisrepeatedmanytimeseachsecondwhiletheengineisrunning.每當(dāng)燃油系統(tǒng)將可燃混合氣送至氣缸，點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)接著就發(fā)出電火花來點(diǎn)燃缸內(nèi)的可燃混合氣，從而產(chǎn)生高壓，使得活塞運(yùn)動(dòng)和汽車行駛。當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，每秒鐘要點(diǎn)火多次。Theignitesystemtakesthelowvoltageofthebatteryandbuildsituptoaveryhighvoltage:ashighas47,000voltsinsomesystems.Thishighvoltagejumpsthegapsinthesparkplugs,producingthesparksthatignitetheair/fuelmixtureintheenginecylinders.點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)將電池的低電壓升壓到高壓。對(duì)于某些系統(tǒng)，可以達(dá)到47000伏。這個(gè)高壓擊穿火花塞間隙，產(chǎn)生電火花，點(diǎn)燃發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)氣缸內(nèi)的可燃混合氣。2.3.3ThelubricatingsystemTheenginehasmanymovingmetalparts.Ifmetalpartsrubagainsteachother,theywillwearrapidly.Topreventthis,engineshavelubricatingoil.Theoilgetsbetweenthemetalpartssotheyslideontheoil,andnotoneachother.發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)有許多運(yùn)動(dòng)金屬部件。如果這些金屬部件相互摩擦，那它們磨損就會(huì)很快。為了防止這種情況，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)使用潤(rùn)滑油。潤(rùn)滑油在金屬部件之間，使得金屬部件在油膜上滑動(dòng)，而不是彼此之間的摩擦。6Thelubricatingsystemhasanoilpanatthebottomoftheenginewhichholdsseveralquarts(liters)ofoil.Anoilpump,drivenbytheengine,sendsoilfromthisreservoirthroughtheengine.Aftercirculatingthroughtheengine,theoildropsbacktotheoilpan.Theoilpumpcontinuestocirculatetheoilaslongastheengineisrunning.發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)底部有一個(gè)儲(chǔ)存幾升汽油的油底殼。由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的油泵將油從油底殼泵到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)循環(huán)流動(dòng)。在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)循環(huán)后，潤(rùn)滑油流回到油底殼。只要發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，油泵就始終使?jié)櫥脱h(huán)流動(dòng)。2.3.4CoolingsystemWherethereisfire(combustion),thereisheat.Burningoftheair/fuelmixtureraisesthetemperatureinsidetheenginecylindersseveralthousanddegrees.Someofthisheatproducesthehighpressurethatmovesthepistonstoproducepower.Someoftheheatleavesthecylinderswiththeexhaustgas.Theexhaustgasiswhatisleftaftertheair/fuelmixtureburns.Itisclearedoutofthecylindersafterthecombustioniscomplete.哪里有燃燒，哪里就有熱量?？扇蓟旌蠚獾娜紵沟冒l(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)氣缸內(nèi)溫度上升數(shù)千度。部分熱量產(chǎn)生高壓來驅(qū)動(dòng)活塞產(chǎn)生動(dòng)力。部分熱量伴隨排放氣體被帶出氣缸。排放氣體指的是可燃混合氣燃燒后剩余物。當(dāng)燃燒結(jié)束，排放氣體被排出氣缸。Someoftheheatisremovedbythecirculatingoil.Afterthehotoildropsdownintotheoilpan,theoilgivesupsomeofthisheattotheairpassingundertheoilpan.Therestoftheheatisremovedbythecoolingsystem.部分熱量被循環(huán)油帶走。當(dāng)溫度較高的油流回到油底殼，熱量通過油底殼下流動(dòng)的空氣帶走。剩余的熱量就要使用冷卻系統(tǒng)來帶走。2.3.5OtherenginesystemAnenginewillrunwiththefourbasicsystemsdescribedabove-fuel,ignition,lubricatingandcooling.However,threeotherrelatedsystemsarealsonecessary.Thesearetheexhaustsystem,theemission-controlsystem,andthestartingsystem.具備上述的燃油、點(diǎn)火、潤(rùn)滑和冷卻系統(tǒng)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)就可以運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。但是，其余相關(guān)的3個(gè)系統(tǒng)也是非常必需的。它們是排放系統(tǒng)、排放控制系統(tǒng)和啟動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。Theexhaustsystemreducesthenoiseoftheburnedgasesleavingtheenginecylindersandcarriestheseexhaustgasessafelyawayfromthepeopleinthecar.Theemission-controlsystemisrequiredbylawtoreducetheairpollutiontheenginecouldproduce.Thestartingsystemisneededtocranktheengine.Abatteryprovidestheelectricpowertooperatethestartingmotorandtheignitionsystemduringcranking.排放系統(tǒng)減少發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)氣缸可燃混合氣燃燒時(shí)的噪音，并且將廢氣安全帶走，使其遠(yuǎn)離車廂內(nèi)的人。排放控制系統(tǒng)是法律強(qiáng)制要求的，用來減少發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生的空氣污染。啟動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是用來啟動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。啟動(dòng)過程中，由電池給啟動(dòng)電機(jī)和點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)提供能量。2.4EnergyconversionTheinternalcombustionengineisadeviceusedtoconvertthechemicalenergytothefuel(gasolineordieselfuel)intoheatenergy,andthentoconvertthisheatenergyintousablemechanicalenergy.Thisisachievedbycombiningtheappropriateamountsofairandfuel,andburningthemixtureinanenclosedcylinderatacontrolledrate.Amovablepistoninthecylinderisforceddownbytheexpandinggasesofcombustion.發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是一個(gè)將燃料（汽油或柴油）的化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)化成熱能，再將熱能轉(zhuǎn)化成可利用的機(jī)械能的裝置。實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)能量的轉(zhuǎn)化是通過混合適當(dāng)?shù)目諝夂腿加?，并在密封的氣缸?nèi)以一個(gè)可控的速率燃燒這個(gè)可燃混合氣來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。燃燒產(chǎn)生的膨脹氣體強(qiáng)迫氣缸內(nèi)的活塞運(yùn)動(dòng)。Anaverageair/fuelratioforgoodcombustionisabout15partsofairto1partoffuelbyweight.Thismeansthatforeverygallonofgasolineburned,theoxygenisabout9,000to10,000gallonsofairisrequired.Airisabout21%oxygenand78%nitrogen.7可燃燒良好的空燃比，按質(zhì)量大約是15：1。這就意味著燃燒1加侖汽油需要的9000到10000加侖的空氣里的氧氣?？諝獯蠹s有21%的氧氣和78%的氮?dú)狻ieselengineoperateonamuchwiderair/fuelratio,sinceairintakeisnotregulatedonmostdiesels.Ratiosmayrangefromabout20:1to100:1.Thefact,plusthehighcompressionofthediesel,makesitaveryfuelefficientengine.由于大多數(shù)的柴油機(jī)并不控制進(jìn)氣，柴油機(jī)的空燃比范圍很寬，從20：1到100：1。再加上柴油混合氣具有很高的壓縮比，這使得柴油機(jī)的效率很高。Themovablepistoninthecylinderisconnectedtothetopofaconnectingrod.Thebottomoftheconnectingrodisattachedtotheoffsetportionofacrankshaft.Asthepistonisforceddown,thisforceistransferredtothecrankshaft,causingthecrankshafttorotate.Thereciprocating(backandforthorupanddown)movementofthepistonisconvertedtorotary(turning)motionofthecrankshaft,whichsuppliesthepowertodrivethevehicle.氣缸內(nèi)的活塞與連桿的上部相連，而連桿的下部與曲軸的偏移部連接。因此，當(dāng)活塞向下運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，這個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)傳遞到曲軸，使得曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。活塞的往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)（前后或者上下）就轉(zhuǎn)化為曲軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，從而給汽車行駛提供動(dòng)力。Theefficiencyoftheinternalcombustion,reciprocatingpistonengineinconvertingthepotentialenergyinfuelintomechanicalenergyisonlyabout33%.Oftheavailableheatenergyinthefuel,aboutone-thirdislostthroughthroughtheexhaustsystemandone-thirdisabsorbedanddissipatedbythecoolingsystem.Oftheremainingone-third,aboutone-halfislostthroughavailableatthevehicle’sdrivewheels.往復(fù)活塞式內(nèi)燃機(jī)將燃料的能量轉(zhuǎn)化為機(jī)械能的效率大約是33%。燃料中可利用的熱量有三分之一通過排氣系統(tǒng)丟失掉，另有三分之一被冷卻系統(tǒng)吸收和帶走，剩下的三分之一大約有一半的能量在汽車的驅(qū)動(dòng)輪消耗掉。Theoverallefficiencyofthedieselengineisconsiderablyhigherthanthatofthegasolineengine.Thereasonforthisare:thehighercompressionratio,thehigherair/fuelratio,andthehigherheatvalueofthefuel.Theusefulpowerdevelopedatthedrivewheelsbyadieselengineisabout25%comparedto15%byagasoline.與汽油機(jī)相比，柴油機(jī)的總體效率要高很多。這是因?yàn)椴裼蜋C(jī)具有更高的壓縮比，更高的空燃比，柴油的熱量也要更高。對(duì)于柴油機(jī)，驅(qū)動(dòng)輪得到的能量大約可以達(dá)到總能量的25%，而汽油機(jī)只有15%。2.5fourstroke-cyclegasolineengineoperation Themovementofthepistonfromitsuppermostposition(TDC,topdeadcenter)toitslowestposition(BDC,bottomdeadcenter)iscalledastroke.Mostautomobileenginesoperateonthefourstroke-cycleprinciple.Aseriesofeventsinvolvingfourstrokesofthepistoncompletesonecycle.Theseeventsare:(1)theintakestroke,(2)thecompressionstroke,(3)thepowerstroke,and(4)theexhauststroke.Tworevolutionsofthecrankshaftandonerevolutionofthecamshaftarerequiredtocompleteonecycle.活塞從它在氣缸內(nèi)的最高位置(上止點(diǎn))運(yùn)動(dòng)到最低位置(下止點(diǎn))稱為一個(gè)沖程。大多數(shù)汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)采用四沖程工作循環(huán)，由活塞的四個(gè)沖程組成一個(gè)工作循環(huán)，分別是：進(jìn)氣沖程、壓縮沖程、作功沖程和排氣沖程。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的一個(gè)工作循環(huán)需要曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)兩次，凸輪軸旋轉(zhuǎn)一次。Ontheintakestrokethepistonispulleddowninthecylinderbythecrankshaftandconnectingrod.Duringthistimetheintakevalveisheldopenbythecamshaft.Sincethepistonhasmoveddowninthecylinder,creatingalow-pressurearea(vacuum),atmosphericpressureforcesamixtureofairandfuelpasttheintakevalveintothecylinder.Atmosphericpressureis8approximately14.7poundspersquareinch(about101.35kilopascals)atsealevel.Pressureinthecylinderduringtheintakestrokeisconsiderablylessthanthis.Thepressuredifferenceistheforcethatcausestheair/fuelmixturetoflowintothecylinder,sincetheliquidoragas(vapor)willalwaysflowfromahigh-pressuretoalow-pressurearea.吸氣沖程過程中，氣缸內(nèi)的活塞被曲軸和連桿向下拉動(dòng)。此時(shí)，凸輪軸使得進(jìn)氣門打開。由于活塞在氣缸壁向下運(yùn)動(dòng)，產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)低壓區(qū)（真空區(qū)），大氣壓力使得可燃混和氣從進(jìn)氣門進(jìn)入氣缸。海平面的大氣壓大約是每平方英寸14.7磅（大約101.35千帕）。吸氣沖程時(shí)，氣缸內(nèi)的壓力要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于大氣壓。由于液體和氣體總是從高壓區(qū)流向低壓區(qū)，因此，氣缸內(nèi)外的壓力差就使得可燃混和氣流入氣缸。AsthepistonismovedupbythecrankshaftfromBDC,theintakevalvecloses.Theair/fuelmixtureistrappedinthecylinderabovethepiston.Furtherpistontravelcompressestheair/fuelmixturetoapproximatelyone-eighthofitsoriginalvolume(approximately8:1compressionratio)whenthepistonhasreachedTDC.Thiscompletesthecompressionstroke.當(dāng)曲軸推動(dòng)活塞從下止點(diǎn)起向上運(yùn)動(dòng)，進(jìn)氣門關(guān)閉?？扇蓟旌蜌獗幌拗圃诨钊陨系臍飧讌^(qū)域內(nèi)。當(dāng)活塞達(dá)到上止點(diǎn)時(shí)，活塞壓縮可燃混合氣至其原有容積的1/8（大約8:1的壓縮比）。此時(shí)，壓縮沖程結(jié)束。WhenthepistonisatornearTDC,theair/fuelmixtureisignited.Theburningoftheair/fuelmixture(combustion)takesplaceatacontrolledrate.Expansionoftheburningmixturecausesarapidriseinpressure.Theincreasedpressureforcesthepistondownonthepowerstroke,causingthecrankshafttorotate.當(dāng)活塞達(dá)到或接近上止點(diǎn)時(shí)，可燃混和氣被點(diǎn)燃，并且在一個(gè)可控的節(jié)奏下進(jìn)行。可燃混和氣的膨脹使得壓力急劇上升，并推動(dòng)活塞向下運(yùn)動(dòng)作功，使得曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。當(dāng)活塞達(dá)到或接近上止點(diǎn)時(shí)，可燃混和氣被點(diǎn)燃，并且在一個(gè)可控的節(jié)奏下進(jìn)行。可燃混和氣的膨脹使得壓力急劇上升，并推動(dòng)活塞向下運(yùn)動(dòng)作功，使得曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。Attheendofthepowerstroke,thecamshaftopenstheexhaustvalve,andtheexhauststrokebegins.Remainingpressureinthecylinder,andupwardmovementofpiston,forcetheexhaustgasesoutofthecylinder.Attheendoftheexhauststroke,theexhaustvalveclosesandtheintakevalveopens,repeatingtheentirecycleofeventsoverandoveragain.作功沖程結(jié)束時(shí)，凸輪軸打開排氣門，排氣沖程開始。氣缸內(nèi)剩余的壓力和活塞向上的運(yùn)動(dòng)把廢氣排出氣缸。排氣沖程結(jié)束時(shí)，排氣門關(guān)閉，進(jìn)氣門開啟，從而再次重復(fù)整個(gè)循環(huán)。Tostarttheengine,somemethodofcrankingtheengineisrequiredtoturnthecrankshaftandcausepistonmovement.Thisisdonebythestartermotorwhentheignitionkeyisinthestartposition.Whensufficientair/fuelmixturehasenteredthecylindersandisignited,thepowerstrokescreateenoughenergytocontinuecrankshaftrotation.Atthepoint,theignitionkeyisreleasedtotherunpositionandstarterisdisengaged.為了起動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，需要轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)曲柄來使得活塞運(yùn)動(dòng)。當(dāng)點(diǎn)火開關(guān)置于起動(dòng)位置時(shí)，起動(dòng)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)曲柄，起動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。當(dāng)足量的可燃混和氣進(jìn)入氣缸并被點(diǎn)燃，作功沖程產(chǎn)生的能量足以使得曲軸連續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。此時(shí)，點(diǎn)火開關(guān)釋放到正常位置，起動(dòng)機(jī)推出嚙合。Sufficientenergyisstoredintheflywheelandotherrotatingpartsonthepowerstroketomovethepistonandrelatedpartsthroughtheotherthreestrokes(exhaust,intake,andcompression).Theamountofair/fuelmixtureallowedtoenterthecylinderdeterminesthepowerandspeeddevelopedbytheengine.在作功沖程中，大量的能量被儲(chǔ)存在飛輪和其他旋轉(zhuǎn)部件上，從而在其余三個(gè)沖程中可以使得活塞和相連部件運(yùn)動(dòng)。進(jìn)入氣缸的可燃混合氣的數(shù)量決定了該發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的功率和轉(zhuǎn)速。92ExercisesⅠWhatisthepurposeofanautomotiveengine?ⅠTosupplythepowerneededtomovethevehicle.Whatisthedifferencebetweenagasolineengineandadieselengine?Agasolineengineusesanelectricignitionsystemwithsparkplugstoignitethefuel.Andadieselengineusestheheatofcompressiontoignitethefuel.Whatarethebasicsystemstorunaspark-ignitionenginerequired?Fuelsystem,ignitionsystem,lubricatingsystemandcoolingsystem.Listthestrokesofafour-stroke-cyclegasolineengineoperation.Theintakestroke,thecompressionstroke,thepowerstrokeandtheexhauststroke.Whatisthefunctionoftheflywheel?Itisusedtostoresufficientenergytomovethepistonandrelatedpartsthroughtheotherstrokes(exhaust,intakeandcompression).1Acarusuallyhasapistonengine.Itconsistsofseveralmovingpart:pistons,connectingrods,crankshaft,camshaft,valvelifters,intakevalvesandexhaustvalves.Thecastironoraluminumengineblockholdsthemovingparts.Theengineblockhasaseriesofholeswhicharecalledcylinders.ThecylinderscanbearrangedinlineorinaV-shapeandintheupperpartoftheblock.Eachcylinderholdsapistonandtheconnectingrod.Acircularringisusedtosealthesmallgapbetweenthepistonandthecylinderwall.Thelowerpartoftheblockiscalledcrankcasewhichholdsthecrankshaftwithbearingmounts.Pistonsareconnectedtothecrankshaftbyconnectingrods.汽車一般使用活塞式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)?；钊桨l(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)由活塞、連桿、曲軸、凸輪軸、氣門挺桿、進(jìn)氣門和排氣門等運(yùn)動(dòng)部件組成。這些運(yùn)動(dòng)部件安置在鑄鐵或鋁合金機(jī)體內(nèi)。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)體上有些凹洞，這些凹洞被稱作氣缸。氣缸在機(jī)體上部呈直列式或V型排列。每個(gè)氣缸都有活塞和連桿?；钊蜌飧妆谥g的微小縫隙通過一個(gè)圓環(huán)密封。機(jī)體的下部是曲軸箱，里面是帶有軸承的曲軸?；钊颓S之間通過連桿連接。2Thecylinderheadsarethetopcovers