英語-高中英語閱讀理解精讀薈萃(基礎(chǔ)篇)1

PassageOneTheonlywaytotravelisonfootThepastagesofmanhaveallbeencarefullylabeledbyanthropologists.Descriptionslike‘PalaeolithicMan’,‘NeolithicMan’,etc.,neatlysumupwholeperiods.Whenthetimecomesforanthropologiststoturntheirattentiontothetwentiethcentury,theywillsurelychoosethelabel‘LeglessMan’.Historiesofthetimewillgosomethinglikethis:‘inthetwentiethcentury,peopleforgothowtousetheirlegs.Menandwomenmovedaboutincars,busesandtrainsfromaveryearlyage.Therewereliftsandescalatorsinalllargebuildingstopreventpeoplefromwalking.Thissituationwasforceduponearthdwellersofthattimebecauseofmileseachday.Butthesurprisingthingisthattheydidn’tusetheirlegsevenwhentheywentonholiday.Theybuiltcablerailways,ski-liftsandroadstothetopofeveryhugemountain.Allthebeautyspotsonearthweremarredbythepresenceoflargecarparks.’w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*mThefuturehistorybooksmightalsorecordthatweweredeprivedoftheuseofoureyes.Inourhurrytogetfromoneplacetoanother,wefailedtoseeanythingontheway.Airtravelgivesyouabird’s-eyeviewoftheworld–orevenlessifthewingoftheaircrafthappenstogetinyourway.Whenyoutravelbycarortrainablurredimageofthecountrysideconstantlysmearsthewindows.Cardrivers,inparticular,areforeverobsessedwiththeurgetogoonandon:theyneverwanttostop.Isitthelureofthegreatmotorways,orwhat?Andasforseatravel,ithardlydeservesmention.Itisperfectlysummedupinthewordsoftheoldsong:‘Ijoinedthenavytoseetheworld,andwhatdidIsee?Isawthesea.’Thetypicaltwentieth-centurytraveleristhemanwhoalwayssays‘I’vebeenthere.’Youmentiontheremotest,mostevocativeplace-namesintheworldlikeElDorado,Kabul,Irkutskandsomeoneisboundtosay‘I’vebeenthere’–meaning,‘Idrovethroughitat100milesanhouronthewaytosomewhereelse.’Whenyoutravelathighspeeds,thepresentmeansnothing:youlivemainlyinthefuturebecauseyouspendmostofyourtimelookingforwardtoarrivingatsomeotherplace.Butactualarrival,whenitisachieved,ismeaningless.Youwanttomoveonagain.Bytravelinglikethis,yoususpendallexperience;thepresentceasestobeareality:youmightjustaswellbedead.Thetraveleronfoot,ontheotherhand,livesconstantlyinthepresent.Forhimtravelingandarrivingareoneandthesamething:hearrivessomewherewitheverystephemakes.Heexperiencesthepresentmomentwithhiseyes,hisearsandthewholeofhisbody.Attheendofhisjourneyhefeelsadeliciousphysicalweariness.Heknowsthatsound.Satisfyingsleepwillbehis:thejustrewardofalltruetravellers.1、Anthorpologistslabelnowaday’smen‘Legless’because A.peopleforgethowtousehislegs. B.peopleprefercars,busesandtrains. C.liftsandescalatorspreventpeoplefromwalking. D.therearealotoftransportationdevices.2、Travellingathighspeedmeans A.people’sfocusonthefuture. B.apleasure. C.satisfyingdrivers’greatthrill. D.anecessityoflife.3、Whydoestheauthorsay‘wearedeprivedoftheuseofoureyes’? A.Peoplewon’tusetheireyes. B.Intravelingathighspeed,eyesbecomeuseless. C.Peoplecan’tseeanythingonhiswayoftravel. D.Peoplewanttosleepduringtravelling.4、Whatisthepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassage? A.Legsbecomeweaker. B.Modernmeansoftransportationmaketheworldasmallplace. C.Thereisnoneedtouseeyes. D.Thebestwaytotravelisonfoot.5.Whatdoes‘a(chǎn)bird’s-eyeview’mean? A.Seeviewwithbird’seyes. B.Abirdlooksatabeautifulview. C.Itisageneralviewfromahighpositionlookingdown. D.Ascenicplace.VocabularyPalaeolithic舊石器時代的Neolithic新石器時代的escalator自動電梯，自動扶梯ski-lift 載送滑雪者上坡的裝置mar 損壞，毀壞blur模糊不清，朦朧smear 涂，弄臟，弄模糊（尤指畫面、輪廓等）evocative引起回憶的，喚起感情的w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*mElDorado(由當(dāng)時西班牙征服者想象中的南美洲)黃金國，寶山，富庶之鄉(xiāng)Kabul 喀布爾（阿富汗首都）Irkutsk伊爾庫茨克（原蘇聯(lián)亞洲城市）難句譯注Theonlywaytotravelisonfoot旅游的唯一方法是走路Airtravelgivesyouabird’s-eyeviewoftheworld–orevenifthewingoftheaircrafthappenstogetinyourway.【參考譯文】飛機(jī)旅行，你只可俯視世界――如果機(jī)翼碰巧擋住了你的視線，就看得更少了。Whenyoutravelbycarortrainablurredimageofthecountry-sideconstantlysmearsthewindows.【參考譯文】如果乘車或火車旅行，郊外模糊朦朧的景象不斷地掠過窗口。寫作方法與文章大意文章以因果寫作方法，寫出了由于種種現(xiàn)代化交通設(shè)施、人們不需用腳走路，甚至也不需要用眼看景，出門就坐汽車、公交車、地鐵、飛機(jī)……，車、機(jī)速度飛快，外邊的景物難以看清，最終導(dǎo)致人們忘記用腳、用眼成為“無腳之人”。一切都經(jīng)歷不到。作者建議最佳的旅游方法是徒步――經(jīng)歷現(xiàn)實。答案詳解A人們忘了用腳。答案在第一段：人類學(xué)家把以往年代的人們分別標(biāo)上舊石器時代、新石器時代人，等等。干脆利落地總結(jié)了一個時期。當(dāng)他們轉(zhuǎn)向20世紀(jì)，他們肯定會標(biāo)上“無腳的人”。因為在20世紀(jì)，人們忘了如何用腳走路。男人女人早年外出就坐車、公共汽車、火車。大樓里由電梯、自動扶梯，不需要人們走路。即使度假期間，他們也不用腳。他們筑有纜車道、滑雪載車和路直通山頂。所有的風(fēng)景旅游區(qū)都有大型的汽車停車場。B人們喜歡汽車、公交車、火車等。C電梯、自動扶梯制止人們走路。D有許多交通運(yùn)輸工具。A人們的注意力在未來。見最后一段第一句話：當(dāng)你高速旅行，現(xiàn)在等于零，你主要生活在未來，因為你大部分時間盯在前面到達(dá)的某個地方。真到了，又沒有意義了，你還要再向前進(jìn)。B是一種歡樂。C滿足司機(jī)強(qiáng)烈的渴望。第二段中提及死機(jī)醉心于開車、不停車但不是快速前進(jìn)著眼于未來。D生活的需要。這一條在第一段中提及這種情況是因為他們那異常的生活方法強(qiáng)加給時代的居民。這是指不用腳走路，而用一切代步器――交通運(yùn)輸工具，不是開快車。C人們在旅行途中什么都見不到。答案在第二段，由一地轉(zhuǎn)向另一地，路上你什么都沒有見到。乘飛機(jī)你只能俯視世界，火車，汽車，只見外界朦朧景象掠過窗子。海上旅游，只見到海?！拔业竭^那里”此話含義就是“我以一小時一百英里在去某某地方時經(jīng)過那里”。正因為如此，作者指出將來的歷史書上會記錄下：我們被剝奪了眼睛的應(yīng)用。A人們不愿用眼睛。B在高速旅行中，眼睛沒有用了。D旅行中，人們想睡覺。D旅行的最佳方式是走路。文章第一段、第二段分別講述了旅行可不用腳、不用眼等情況。第三段，在講述了人們只知向前向前，一切經(jīng)歷都停滯，現(xiàn)實不再是現(xiàn)實，還不如死的好。而用腳走路的旅行者總是生活再現(xiàn)實，對他來說旅行和到達(dá)是一回事，他一步一步走到某地，他用眼睛、耳朵，以至整個身體去體驗現(xiàn)在時刻、旅行終點，他感到全身舒坦愉悅的疲勞，美美享受滿足的酣睡；一切真正旅行者的真實報償。這一段就是作者寫文章的目的――走路是旅行的最佳方式。w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*mA腳變得軟弱無力。B現(xiàn)代交通工具把世界變小。C沒有必要用眼睛。C從高出向下看的景致：俯視。A用鳥的眼睛看景點。B鳥在看美景。D風(fēng)景點。PassageTwoViciousandDangerousSportsShouldbeBannedbyLawWhenyouthinkofthetremendoustechnologicalprogresswehavemade,it’samazinghowlittlewehavedevelopedinotherrespects.WemayspeakcontemptuouslyofthepooroldRomansbecausetheyrelishedtheorgiesofslaughterthatwentonintheirarenas.Wemaydespisethembecausetheymistookthesegoingsonforentertainment.Wemayforgivethemcondescendinglybecausetheylived2000yearsagoandobviouslyknewnobetter.Butareourfeelingsofsuperiorityreallyjustified?Areweanylessblood-thirsty?Whydoboxingmatches,forinstance,attractsuchuniversalinterest?Don’tthespectatorswhoattendthemhopetheywillseesomeviolence?Humanbeingsremainsasbloodthirstyasevertheywere.TheonlydifferencebetweenourselvesandtheRomansisthatwhiletheywerehonestenoughtoadmitthattheyenjoyedwatchinghungeylionstearingpeopleapartandeatingthemalive,wefindallsortsofsophisticatedargumentstodefendsportswhichshouldhavebeenbannedlongage;sportswhicharequiteasbarbarousas,say,publichangingsorbearbaiting.Itreallyisincrediblethatinthisdayandageweshouldstillallowhuntingorbull-fighting,thatweshouldbepreparedtositbackandwatchtwomenbattereachothertopulpinaboxingring,thatweshouldberelativelyunmovedbythesightofoneoranumberofracingcarscrashingandburstingintoflames.Letusnotdeceiveourselves.Anytalkof‘thesportingspirit’issheerhypocrisy.Peopletakepartinviolentsportsbecauseofthehighrewardstheybring.Spectatorsarewillingtopayvastsumsofmoneytoseeviolence.Aworldheavyweightchampionshipmatch,forinstance,isfrontpagenews.Millionsofpeoplearedisappointedifabigfightisoverintworoundsinsteadoffifteen.Theyfeeldisappointmentbecausetheyhavebeendeprivedoftheexquisitepleasureofwitnessingprolongedtortureandviolence.Whyshouldwebanviolentsportsifpeopleenjoythemsomuch?Youmaywellask.Theanswerissimple:theyareuncivilized.Forcenturiesmanhasbeentryingtoimprovehimselfspirituallyandemotionally–admittedlywithlittlesuccess.Butatleastwenolongertoleratethesightmadmencoopedupincages,orpublicfloggingsofanyofthecountlessotherbarbaricpracticeswhichwerecommoninthepast.Prisonsarenolongerthegrimforbiddingplacestheyusedtobe.Socialwelfaresystemsareinoperationinmanypartsoftheworld.Bigeffortsarebeingmadetodistributewealthfairly.Thesechangeshavecomeaboutnotbecausehumanbeingshavesuddenlyandunaccountablyimproved,butbecausepositivestepsweretakentochangethelaw.Thelawisthebiggestinstrumentofsocialchangethatwehaveanditmayexertgreatcivilizinginfluence.Ifwebanneddangerousandviolentsports,wewouldbemovingonestepfurthertoimprovingmankind.Wewouldrecognizethatviolenceisdegradingandunworthyofhumanbeings.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor’sopinionofnowadays’humanbeingsisA.notveryhigh. B.high.C.contemptuous. D.critical.ThemainideaofthispassageisA. viciousanddangeroussportsshouldbebannedbylaw.B.peoplearewillingtopayvastsumsmoneytoseeviolence.C.tocomparetwodifferentattitudestowardsdangeroussports.D.peoplearebloodthirstyinsports.ThattheauthormentionstheoldRomansisA.TocomparetheoldRomanswithtoday’speople.B.togiveanexample.C.toshowhumanbeingsinthepastknownothingbetter.D.toindicatehumanbeingsareusedtobloodthirsty.Howmanydangeroussportsdoestheauthormentioninthispassage?A.Three. B.Five.C.Six. D.Seven.w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*mThepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassageisA.that,bybanningtheviolentsports,wehumanbeingscanimproveourselves.B.that,bybanningthedangeroussports,wecanimprovethelaw.C.thatwemusttakepositivestepstoimprovesocialwelfaresystem.D.toshowlawisthemaininstrumentofsocialchange.Vocabularyrelish從……獲得樂處，享受orgy 狂歡，放縱arena 競技場，活動或斗爭的場所blood-thirsty 殘忍的，嗜血的bear-baiting 逗熊游戲bull-fight 斗牛batter 猛擊，連續(xù)地猛打/捶，亂打pulp 成紙漿，成軟塊burstintoflames 突然燃燒起來/著火grim 令人窒息的，簡陋的coopup 把……關(guān)起來難句譯注bear-baiting逗熊游戲。這是一種十六、十七世紀(jì)流行于英國的游戲――驅(qū)狗去咬綁著的熊，很殘忍，后被禁止?！璽womenbattereachothertopulpintheboxingring.【結(jié)構(gòu)簡析】batteronetopulp=beatonetoapulp狠揍某人，打癱某人【參考譯文】兩個人在拳擊場內(nèi)彼此狠揍，知道一個人被打倒在地，爬不起來?！璾nmovedbythesightofoneoranumberofracingcarscrashingandburstingintoflames.【參考譯文】眼見一輛或多輛賽車相互撞擊，突然燒起來而無動于衷。Aworldheavyweightchampionshipmatchisfrontpagenews.【參考譯文】世界重量級冠軍賽總是頭版頭條新聞。寫作方法與文章大意作者采取先對比、后分析的寫作手法。先是今人和古羅馬人對暴虐體育上對此兩者都欣賞。后者坦率成人“欣賞暴力體育”，前者施以各種接口、實際都是嗜血成性者。第二段進(jìn)一步剖析今人欣賞暴虐體育的種種實例，最后指出改善“暴虐”的根本嗜為改善法律采取積極的步驟，法律才能施以巨大的文明影響，否則人類很難改變。w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*m答案詳解A.不太高。文章一開始就點出科技巨大進(jìn)步，而其他方面進(jìn)展很少。人們以輕蔑的口氣談及可憐的古羅馬人，因為他們欣賞競技場上的屠殺。我們輕視他們，因為他們把這些屠殺視為娛樂。我們可以降階/屈尊地諒解他們，因為他們生活在2000年前，顯然，對好的東西不知道。在這里作者反問，我們的優(yōu)越感是否正確呢？我們的嗜血性是不是少一些？為什么拳擊比賽吸引那么許多人？在場的觀賞者（觀眾）是不是也希望看到一些暴力呢？結(jié)論是：人類和過去一樣殘忍。唯一的不同點在于古羅馬人很誠實，他們承認(rèn)他們欣賞觀看饑餓的獅子把人撕碎，活生生吃掉，而我們會找出各種精辟的理由來保衛(wèi)早該制止的運(yùn)動。第二段舉出具體例子，如斗牛、拳擊中把人打癱在地、車賽中，車子碰撞起火，人們就坐在那里觀看欣賞，參賽者是為了高報酬，觀眾付出大筆錢財是為了看到暴力。作者指出任何體育精神的說法純粹是虛偽。如果一場打比賽（世界重量級冠軍賽），兩輪而不是十五輪就告結(jié)束，成千上百萬人們會感到失望――這些都證明人的卑下，不文明。這兩段似乎也證明作者的觀點應(yīng)該是C項――蔑視的。但在第三段談及，好幾個世紀(jì)以來，人們一直試圖在精神上和情感上改善自己，又得承認(rèn)不怎么成功?？芍辽傥覀儾辉偃萑摊?cè)私d于籠中，當(dāng)眾鞭撻，以及其他許多過去普遍存在的野蠻行徑。監(jiān)獄也不再是過去那種令人窒息的禁錮之地，社會福利制度在全世界許多地方推行。在財富公平分配上也作了很大的努力。這些變化的出現(xiàn)不是因為人突然改善，而是在改變法律上采取了積極的步驟。如果我們禁止危險的暴力體育項目，那么我們在改善人類方面又前進(jìn)了一步。我們會認(rèn)識暴力是人類的墮落和卑下（人類不應(yīng)有的）。從這段來看，作者對人類還抱有希望，不是很蔑視。所以選A項。A.法律應(yīng)禁止墮落而又危險的體育項目。見第一題注釋。作者從古羅馬人欣賞殘忍的體育項目說起，點出現(xiàn)代人也是嗜血成性，喜歡暴力體育項目。這是不文明，是墮落。必須制止，而法律是我們社會改革最強(qiáng)大的工具，它可應(yīng)用，發(fā)揮強(qiáng)大的文明影響（第三段倒數(shù)第三句）B.人們愿意支付巨大款項來觀看暴力。這是作者說明“嗜血成性”的具體內(nèi)容之一。C.對比對危險體育項目不同的態(tài)度。這里沒有對比。D.人類嗜血成性。這是作者認(rèn)為人們?yōu)槭裁葱蕾p危險殘忍體育項目的根源。D.人們在體育上習(xí)慣于“嗜血成性”，過去是，現(xiàn)在仍然是，不同點只是前者坦直承認(rèn)，后者婉轉(zhuǎn)掩飾。見第一題注釋。A.把古羅馬人和現(xiàn)代人對比。這項沒有說明對比什么。B.給出一個例子。太抽象。C.說明過去人類不太知道更美好的東西，這兩項都沒有到位。B.5個。作者提到⑴逗熊游戲；⑵斗牛；⑶車賽；⑷拳擊；⑸人獅斗。至于當(dāng)眾鞭撻和絞刑不能稱作體育活動。A.通過制止野蠻體育項目，我們能改善人類自身。這在第三段講的最透徹，見第一題和第二題注釋。B.通過制止野蠻體育活動，我們能改善法律，不完全對。作者明確指出要用法律來禁止野蠻體育項目。C.我們必須采取積極步驟來改善社會福利體制。D.去表明法律是社會變革的主要工具。PassageThreeAdvertisersPerformaUsefulServicetotheCommunityAdvertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround.‘It’siniquitous,’theysay,‘thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustry(ifwecancallitthat)shouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoods?Afterall,it’stheconsumerwhopays…’w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*mThepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachine,itismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformance,price,etc.,fromanadvertisement.Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisements,butthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenare,too!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.Wouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaybyelawswhilewaitingforatrain?Wouldyouliketoreadonlycloselyprintedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaper?Acheerful,wittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwalloranewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities.Wemustnotforget,either,thatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspapers,commercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaper,orcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogrammesisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice!Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe‘smallads.’whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstance,youcanfindajob,buyorsellahouse,announceabirth,marriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe‘hatch,matchanddispatch’columnbutbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor‘a(chǎn)gony’column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis!Whatismainideaofthispassage?A.Advertisement.B.Thebenefitsofadvertisement.C.Advertisersperformausefulservicetocommunities.D.Thecostsofadvertisement.TheattitudeoftheauthortowardadvertisersisA.appreciative.B.trustworthy.C.critical.D.dissatisfactory.Whydothecriticscriticizeadvertisers?w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*mA.Becauseadvertisersoftenbrag.B.Becausecriticsthinkadvertisementisa“wasteofmoney”.C.Becausecustomersareencouragedtobuymorethannecessary.D.Becausecustomerspaymore.WhichofthefollowingisNotTrue?A.Advertisementmakescontributiontoourpocketsandwemayknoweverything.B.Wecanbuywhatwewant.C.Goodqualityproductsdon’tneedtobeadvertised.D.Advertisementmakesourlifecolorful.ThepassageisA.Narration.B.Description.C.Criticism.D.Argumentation.Vocabularycomeinfor(sth.) 是某事物的對象，吸引（某事物），獲得flair 天資，天分iniquitous 極邪惡的，極不公正的drab 單調(diào)的，乏味的subsist 活下去，生存下去，維持下去hatch 孵化（指生孩子）match 匹配，婚姻dispatch 派遣，發(fā)送agony 極大痛苦，煎熬agonycolumn （報刊中關(guān)于個人疑難問題征詢意見的）讀者來信專欄難句譯注Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.【參考譯文】廣告商總是雄心勃勃（想得很大），也許這就是為什么他們老挨批評。Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotion.【參考譯文】他們的批評者似乎對他們很氣憤，因為他們在自我抬高/標(biāo)榜上很有天分。Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingoroffersuchdeepinsightintohumannature.【參考譯文】報紙任何其他欄目都難以提供如此有趣的文章，或提供對人性的內(nèi)涵如此深刻的洞察。It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis.【參考譯文】這是廣告中最佳的廣告。寫作方法與文章大意文章以因果、對比的手法寫出有沒有廣告的后果及廣告的真正作用。文章首先指出廣告商遭批評的原因：廣告商夸大和人們認(rèn)為廣告浪費錢財、商品價格就搞；然后作者以有無廣告的后果突出其功能，沒有廣告，商品價更高，生活單調(diào)、乏味。有了廣告，商品價低，生活豐富多彩，人們獲取各種信息。答案詳解C.廣告對社會的服務(wù)很有用。作者從三方面來敘述廣告作用：第二段點出如果廣告不為產(chǎn)品開辟廣大的市場，我們就得付出很多錢，正是因為大量的廣告費用，消費者的商品才會那么便宜。廣告除銷售商品外，其重要的功能在通知/告訴信息，有關(guān)家用商品的許多只是來自廣告，還有新產(chǎn)品的介紹。第三段講了美化環(huán)境功能。如果火車站的墻上和報上沒有廣告，那會怎么樣。一幅悅?cè)诵哪?，機(jī)智的廣告將改變一切。w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*m第四段講了它為我們省錢：別忘了廣告對我們口袋作出積極的貢獻(xiàn)。報紙、電臺、電視臺公司沒有這筆收入很難生存。我們的報紙，我們付給很少，或者說，我們能享受那么多的節(jié)目完全是因為廣告商花的錢。如果要我們付報紙的全價，那我們要花多少錢！最后一段講了各種專欄的功能。人們可以在這些欄目找工作、買賣房子、宣布婚喪嫁娶信息。這些都圍著一個中心：廣告對社會服務(wù)的有用性。A.廣告。太籠統(tǒng)。B.廣告之優(yōu)點。文章不是講優(yōu)點，而是講服務(wù)于社會的功能。D.廣告費用。A.欣賞/贊賞。從上述注釋也可推知是A項。最重要的，作者提出種種功能，是為了反駁第一段內(nèi)提到的論點：完全是非生產(chǎn)企業(yè)每年吸收幾百萬鎊，這說明這些大公司利潤有多高。最重要的是消費者付的廣告費等。反駁更說明了A項對。B.值得信任。C.批評。D.不滿意。A.因為廣告商常常愛吹，。見難句譯注1.。B.因為批評者認(rèn)為廣告浪費錢。C.因為廣告促使消費者購買不必要的東西。D.因為消費者支付更多。C.優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品不需要廣告。一切產(chǎn)品都需要廣告，新產(chǎn)品、老產(chǎn)品都需要。A.廣告對我們的口袋作出貢獻(xiàn)。B.我們可以買到我們所需的。D.廣告使我們生活豐富多彩。這三條都提到也是真實的。C.文章一開始就提到對廣告的批評，然后作者以對比的手法說明其功能。A.敘事。B.描寫。D.議論。PassageFourprefaceScienceisadominantthemeinourculture.Sinceittouchesalmosteveryfacetofourlife,educatedpeopleneedatleastsomeacquaintancewithitsstructureandoperation.Theyshouldalsohaveanunderstandingofthesubcultureinwhichscientistsliveandthekindsofpeopletheyare.Anunderstandingofgeneralcharacteristicsofscienceaswellasspecificscientificconceptsiseasiertoattainifoneknowssomethingaboutthethingsthatexciteandfrustratethescientist.Thisbookiswrittenfortheintelligentstudentorlaypersonwhoseacquaintancewithscienceissuperficial;forthepersonwhohasbeenpresentedwithscienceasamustystorehouseofdriedfacts;forthepersonwhoseesthechiefobjectiveofscienceastheproductionofgadgets;andforthepersonwhoviewsthescientistsassomesortofmagician.Thebookcanbeusedtosupplementacourseinanyscience,toaccompanyanycoursethatattemptstogiveanunderstandingofthemodernworld,or–independentlyofanycourse–simplytoprovideabetterunderstandingofscience.Wehopethisbookwillleadreaderstoabroaderperspectiveonscientificattitudesandamorerealisticviewofwhatscienceis,whoscientistsare,andwhattheydo.Itwillgivethemanawarenessandunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenscienceandourcultureandanappreciationoftherolessciencemayplayinourculture.Inaddition,readersmaylearntoappreciatetherelationshipbetweenscientificviewsandsomeofthevaluesandphilosophiesthatarepervasiveinourculture.w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*mWehavetriedtopresentinthisbookanaccurateandup-to-datepictureofthescientificcommunityandthepeoplewhopopulateit.Thatpopulationhasinrecentyearscometocomprisemoreandmorewomen.Thisincreasingroleofwomeninthescientificsubcultureisnotanuniqueincidentbut,rather,partofthetrendevidentinallsegmentsofsocietyasmorewomenentertraditionallymale-dominatedfieldsandmakesignificantcontributions.Indiscussingthesechangesandcontribution,however,wearefacedwithalanguagethatisimplicitlysexist,onethatusesmalenounsorpronounsinreferringtounspecifiedindividuals.Tooffsetthisbuilt-inbias,wehaveadoptedthepolicyofusingpluralnounsandpronounswheneverpossibleand,whenabsolutelynecessary,alternatingheandshe.Thispolicyisfarformbeingideal,butitisatleastanacknowledgmentoftheinadequacyofourlanguageintreatinghalfofthehumanraceequally.Wehavealsotriedtomakethebookentertainingaswellasinformative.Ourapproachisusuallyinformal.Wefeel,asdomanyotherscientists,thatweshouldn’ttakeourselvestooseriously.Asthereadermayobserve,weseescienceasadelightfulpastimeratherthanasagrimanddrearywaytoearnaliving.Accordingtothepassage,‘scientificsubculture’meansA.culturalgroupsthatareformedbyscientists.B.peoplewhoseknowledgeofscienceisverylimited.C.thescientificcommunity.D.peoplewhomakegoodcontributiontoscience.WeneedtoknowsomethingaboutthestructureandoperationofsciencebecauseA.itisnoteasytounderstandthethingsthatexciteandfrustratescientists.B.Scienceaffectsalmosteveryaspectofourlife.C.Scientistsliveinaspecificsubculture.D.Itiseasiertounderstandgeneralcharacteristicsofscience.ThebookmentionedinthispassageiswrittenforreaderswhoA.areintelligentcollegestudentsandlaypersonwhodonotknowmuchaboutscience.B.aregoodatproducingvariousgadgets.C.workinastorehouseofdriedfacts.D.wanttohaveasuperficialunderstandingofscience.Accordingtothispassage,A.Englishisasexistlanguage.B.onlyinthescientificworldistheroleofwomenincreasingrapidly.C.womenaremakingsignificantcontributionstoeliminatingtheinadequacyofourlanguage.D.malenounsorpronounsshouldnotbeusedtorefertoscientists.ThispassagemostprobablyisA.abookreview.B.theprefaceofabook.C.thepostscriptofabook.D.theconcludingpartofabook.Vocabularysubculture 亞文化群（指在一個社會或一種文化內(nèi)具有獨特性的一群人）superficial 膚淺的，淺薄的，表面的 layperson 外行，門外漢，俗人w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*mmusty 發(fā)毒的，老朽的，陳腐的gadget 小玩意兒，小配件，新發(fā)明pervasive 滲透的，彌漫的，遍布的populate 居住于……中，在……中占一席之地implicit 含蓄的，內(nèi)含的unspecified 未特別提出的offset 抵消，補(bǔ)償難句譯注Anunderstandingofgeneralcharacteristicsofscienceaswellasspecificscientificconceptsiseasiertoattainifoneknowssomethingaboutthethingsthatexciteandfrustratethescientist.【參考譯文】如果一個人知道那些使科學(xué)家激動不已和灰心喪氣的東西，那就比較容易了解科學(xué)的一般（普遍）特征以及特殊科學(xué)概念。Wehopethisbookwillleadreaderstoabroaderperspectiveonscientificattitudeandamorerealisticviewofwhatscienceis,whoscientistsareandwhattheydo.【參考譯文】我們希望這本書能引導(dǎo)讀者對科學(xué)觀念有一個更為廣闊的透視；對什么是科學(xué)、科學(xué)家是些什么人以及他們在干什么有一個更為現(xiàn)實的觀點。Inaddition,readersmaylearntoappreciatetherelationshipbetweenscientificviewsandsomeofthevaluesandphilosophiesthatarepervasiveinourculture.【參考譯文】另外，讀者可學(xué)會正確評價科學(xué)觀點與我們文化中無處不在的某些價值觀和哲學(xué)思想之間的關(guān)系。Thisincreasingroleofwomeninthescientificsubcultureisnotanuniqueincidentbut,rather,partofthetrendevidentinallsegmentsofsocietyasmorewomenentertraditionallymale-dominatedfieldsandmakesignificantcontributions.【參考譯文】科學(xué)亞文化群中婦女作用越來越大。這不是難得一見的意外事件，而是，確切地說，在社會各部門顯著潮流的一部分由于越來越多婦女進(jìn)入了傳統(tǒng)上為男子統(tǒng)治的領(lǐng)域并作出了重大的貢獻(xiàn)。Thispolicyisfarfrombeingideal,butitisatleastanacknowledgementoftheinadequacyofourlanguageintreatinghalfofhumanraceequally.【參考譯文】這一策略并不理想，但它至少承認(rèn)了一個事實，那就是在平等對待人類另一半上，我們的語言功能還不全。寫作方法與文章大意這是一篇書的序言，作者用夾敘夾議的寫作方法介紹了書的涉及面及其功能。首先提出科學(xué)是我們文化的重大主題，但人們也該了解科學(xué)家生活的亞文化群，只有懂得一些激勵和挫傷科學(xué)家的種種情況，才能理解科學(xué)的一般特征及其特殊概念。第二方面指出書的讀者對象是對科學(xué)一知半解的學(xué)生及門外漢。書可作理工科課程的輔助（補(bǔ)充）讀物，又可獨立自成體系。它可開闊人們科學(xué)的視野，真正了解科學(xué)、科學(xué)家及其工作，理解科學(xué)和文化的關(guān)系，科學(xué)觀點和哲學(xué)的關(guān)系。第三方面指出亞文化群中婦女增多，貢獻(xiàn)巨大，而我們的語言卻隱含這性別的歧視，難以充分平等地反映婦女。最后指出書信息量大又具娛樂性，寓教于樂。答案詳解C科學(xué)社區(qū)。答案在第一段第二句，人們也該了解科學(xué)家生活在其中的亞文化群以及他們是什么樣的人。第三段又講到，有關(guān)科學(xué)社區(qū)的畫面以及婦女對科學(xué)亞文化的貢獻(xiàn)?？梢娍茖W(xué)社區(qū)即亞文化。A.科學(xué)家所組成種種文化群體。B.科學(xué)知識有限的一些人。C.對科學(xué)作出很大貢獻(xiàn)的人。B因為科學(xué)幾乎影響到我們生活的各個方面。文章開綜明旨點出：科學(xué)是我們文化中的重要主題，由于它幾乎涉及到我們生活的每一方面，有知識的人至少需要熟悉一些結(jié)構(gòu)和作用。w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*mA.了解激發(fā)和挫傷科學(xué)家的事情可不太容易。（比較難）C.科學(xué)家生活在特定的亞文化群中。D.了解科學(xué)的一般特性比較容易。A不太了解科學(xué)的大學(xué)生或門外漢。第二段首句就點出了這本書為對科學(xué)一知半解的大學(xué)生和門外漢所寫，為某些人，一直把科學(xué)看作干巴巴的事實堆砌的發(fā)霉的石屋的人；為那種把科學(xué)的主要目的視為生產(chǎn)小配件的人；為那些把科學(xué)視為某種魔術(shù)的人而寫。這說明主要為A項人所寫，對科學(xué)了解不多的大學(xué)生和普通人。B.善于生產(chǎn)各種小配件。C.在干巴巴的事實堆砌的石屋中工作。D.相對科學(xué)有膚淺了解的人。D不應(yīng)當(dāng)用陽性的名詞和代詞去指科學(xué)家。第三段集中講了這本書提供精確而又現(xiàn)代的有關(guān)科學(xué)社區(qū)（社會）和居住在其中的人的畫卷。近年來，越來越多的婦女包括進(jìn)來，原因是許多婦女進(jìn)入傳統(tǒng)上為男人統(tǒng)治的領(lǐng)域，并作出巨大貢獻(xiàn)，所以婦女在科學(xué)亞文化群中的增多并不是罕見的偶然事件，而是社會各部門明顯趨勢的組成部分。在討論其變化和貢獻(xiàn)時，我們面臨著隱含性別歧視的語言――用陽性名詞和代詞來指未指定人物，為了消除這種偏頗，我們在可能和必要時采用了復(fù)數(shù)名詞和代詞來取代他或她。A.英語是一種性別語言。B.只有在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域中，婦女的作用增長很快。C.婦女在曉民我們語言中的不適當(dāng)性作出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。根據(jù)此題注釋說明這三項都不對。英語不能說成是有性別的語言，其中雖有些詞性表示男性或女性。文內(nèi)明確指科學(xué)界婦女增多是整個社會的趨勢的組成部分。由于婦女在科學(xué)界的貢獻(xiàn)，所以不能再用陽性名詞或代詞去指科學(xué)界，并不是在消滅語言……B書的前言，見文章大意。A.書的評論。C.書跋、書的附錄。D.書的結(jié)論部分。PassageFiveMeditationinIndonesianBusinessItlookedlikeatypicalbusinessmeeting.Sixmen,neatlydressedinwhiteshirtsandtiesfiledintotheboardroomofasmallJakartacompanyandsatdownatalongtable.Butinsteadofconsultingfilesorhearingreports,theyclosedtheireyesandbegantomeditate,consultingthespiritsofancientJavanesekings.MysticismtouchesalmosteveryaspectoflifeinIndonesiaandbusinessisnoexception.Oneofthemeditatorssaidhisweeklymeditationsessionsareaimedmainlyatbringingthepeaceofmindthatmakesforgooddecision-making.Buttheinsightgainedfrommysticcommunicationwithspiritsofwisekingshasalsohelpedboosttheprofitsofhisfivecompanies.Mysticismandprofitshavecometogethersincethe13thcenturyintroductionofIslamtoIndonesiabyIndianMoslemmerchants.Thosedevouttraders,called‘WaliUllah’or‘thoseclosetoGod,’energeticallyspreadbothtradeandreligionbyadaptingtheirappealstothenativemysticismofJava.LegendsattributemagicpowerofforeknowledgetotheWaliUllah.Thesepowerswerebelievedtobegainedthroughmeditationandfasting.BusinessmanHadisikosaidhisgroupfastsandmeditatesallnighteveryThursdaytobecomeclosertoGodandtocontactthespiritsofthegreatmenofthepast.‘Ifwewanttoemploysomeoneatthemanageriallevel,wemeditatetogetherandoftenthemessagecomesthatthismancan’tholeontomoneyorheisuntrustworthy.Ormaybethespiritswilltellusheshouldbehired.’Hadizikohastenedtoaddthathiscompaniesalsoholdmodernpersonnelmanagementsystemsandthatformalqualificationsareessentialforacandidateeventobeconsidered.Perspectiveinvestmentsalsoareconsideredthroughmysticmeditation.‘Withthemindrelaxedandopen,itiseasiertobeobjectiveinjudgingtheriskofanewventure.Meditationandcontactwiththewisdomoftheoldleaderssharpensyourowninsightandintuition.Thenyouhavetoapplythatintuitiontotheinformationyouhaveandworkhardtobesuccessful.’Mysticmeditationhelpedreverseabusinessslidehiscompaniesexperiencedinthemid-1980.Operatingwithnormalbusinessprocedures,helostmorethan$3millionsinthatyearalone.Meditationbroughtbackhispeaceofmind.Puttingtherightpersonsintherightjobsandgainingconfidenceinhisbusinessdecisionswerethekeystoaturningaroundthathasbroughtexpansionandprofitability.ThemysticisminHandspike’sboardroomispartofagrowingmovementinIndonesiacalledKebatinan–the‘searchfortheinnerself.’Oneofhismanagers,YusufSoemado,whostudiedbusinessadministrationatHarvardUniversity,comparedtheideaofmysticmanagementtowesternsystemofpositivethinking.‘Willpowerandsubconsc