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NervousTissueNervousTissue組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-TissueⅠ.GeneralCharacteristics
A.Madeupof2typesofcells:neurons--structuralandfunctionalunit;neuroglia--supporting,protectingandnourishingneurons.Ⅰ.GeneralCharacteristicsA.B.Neurons
①Uniqueprocesses;②Formingsynapses;③Conductingimpulses.C.Makingupnervoussystem:CNS--brainandspinalcord;PNS--ganglia,nerves.D.Function:integratingandcoordinatingbodyactivities.B.NeuronsⅡ.Neurons
Variousshapeandsize,
Cellbodyandprocesses.Ⅱ.NeuronsVariousshapeand組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-TissueA.Cellbody:metabolic,tropicandintegralcenter
1.Nucleus
large,spherical,andpale-staining;aprominentnucleolus.
A.Cellbody:metabolic,tropia.
Nisslbodies
Basophilicparticles,RER+freeribosomes,
Indicatingactiveproteinsynthesis.a.NisslbodiesBasophilicpa*Nisslbodies↑axonhillock▲axon★dendrites*Nisslbodies組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-Tissue2.Perikaryon--perinuclearcytoplasm
2.Perikaryon--perinuclearcb.
Neurofibrils
Thinthreadswithsilverstaining;Neurofilamentsandmicrotubules;
Cytoskeleton,transportationofsubstances.b.NeurofibrilsThinthreads組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-TissueB.Processes--dendritesandaxons
1.Dendrites
Oneormore/neuron;Usuallyshortandthick,andbranched;Dentriticspinesonsurfaces;B.Processes--dendritesandContainingNisslbodies;Receivinginformationandconductingittoparentcellbody.ContainingNisslbodies;Recei2.Axon
Oneaxoneachneuron;
Longandthin,doesnotbranchprofusely;
2.AxonOneaxoneachneuron;Derivedfromaxonhillock;DevoidofNisslbodies;Axonterminals(buttons)containvesicleswithneurotransmittersinthem;Conductimpulsesawayfromcellbody.Derivedfromaxonhillock;C.Classification
1.AccordingtonumberofprocessesPseudounipolar:foundinspinalganglia;Bipolar:presentincochlearandvestibularganglia,retina,olfactory,etc;Multipolor:majorityofneurons.
C.Classification1.According2.Accordingtofunction
Sensoryorafferent;
Motororefferent;
Interneurons:accountfor99%ofneuronsinthebody.2.Accordingtofunction組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-Tissue3.Accordingtoneurotransmitterreleased
Cholinergic:acetylcholine(Ach);
Aminergic:norepinephrine(NE),DA,5-HT;
Peptidergic:polypeptidessuchassubstanceP,vasopressin,etc.
3.AccordingtoneurotransmittIII.SynapsesA.Definition:Junctionbetweentwoneuronsorbetweenaneuronandaneffectercellspecializedfortransmissionofimpulses.
III.SynapsesA.Definition:B.Classification
1.Electrical
synapses:permitdirectflowofelectricalcurrentbetweentwoneurons(gapjunction).
2.Chemical
synapses:useachemicalmediator(neurotransmitter)totransmitimpulsesin
onedirection;B.Classification1.ElectricaUltrastructuremodelofsynapsesUltrastructuremodelofsynapC.Structureofchemicalsynapses
SynapticboutonsPresynapticelementSynapticcleftPostsynapticelementC.Structureofchemicalsynap1.Presynapticelement(terminal)Usuallyaxonterminal;Synapticvesicles,Mit,SER;1.Presynapticelement(terminaPresynapticmembrane
thickenedwithpresynapticgrid,denseprojections.PresynapticmembranethickeneClearvesicles–Ach;densecorevesicles–Amines,peptidesDenseprojectionsClearvesicles–Ach;denseco2.
SynapticcleftExtracellularspacebetweenpre-andpostsynapticmembranes.3.PostsynapticelementUsuallydendrite(orspine)orcellbody;Postsynapticmembranethickened(typeI,typeII);Receptorstotheneurotransmitter.
2.Synapticcleft3.PostsynaptD.Function–transmittingimpulsesinonedirection
D.Function–transmittingimpⅣ.Neuroglia
A.Generalfeatures
1.Morethanneuronsby5-10times;2.Withprocesses,butnot
conductimpulses;3.OnlynucleiseenwithNisslstains.Silverstainingshowsprocessesandcytoplasm;4.Candivideafterbirth;Ⅳ.NeurogliaA.GeneralfeaturB.NeurogliainCNS1.AstrocytesMostnumerous;oval,palestainingnucleus;
Manyprocesses:fibrousandprotoplasmic;Glialfilaments(GFAP);Support&separateneurons,
repair,secreteNTF,etc;B.NeurogliainCNSMostnumerComponentofblood-brainbarrier
endothelialcellswithtightjunctions;continuousbasallamina;vascularfeetofastrocyteprocesses.
Componentofblood-brainbarr2.
OligodendrocytesSmallerwitharound,dark-stainingnucleus;FormingmyelinsheatharoundaxonsintheCNS.
3.Microglia
smallestwithairregular,darklystainednucleus;Phagocytic;Derivedfrommonocytes.2.Oligodendrocytes3.Microgli4.Ependymalcells
columnarorcuboidalepithelioidcells;liningventriclesofbrainandcentralcanalofspinalcord.4.EpendymalcellsC.NeurogliainPNS
1.SchwanncellsFormingmyelinsheatharoundaxonsinPNS;Secretingneurotrophicfactors(NGF,BDNF).2.Capsularcells(satellitecells)
Alayerofflattenedorcuboidalcells;
Formingcapsulearoundneuronsinperipheralganglia.C.NeurogliainPNS1.SchwannⅤ.NerveFibersA.MyelinatednervefibersinPNS
1.BasicstructureAxon+myelinsheath+neurolemma;
NodeofRanvierPortionsdevoidofmyelinsheath;Internodebetween2consecutivenodes-oneSchwanncell.Ⅴ.NerveFibersA.Myelinatedn2.Myelinsheatha.LM:
spongelike(H&E),Black(OsO4).2.Myelinsheatha.LM:sponge組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-Tissueb.EM:concentriclamellae.
b.EM:concentriclamellae.c.IncisuresofSchmidt-Lanterman:cone-shapedclefts(containcytoplasm).c.IncisuresofSchmidt-Lanterd.FormationSchwanncellplasmalemmawindingaroundaxonmanytimes.
d.Formation組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-Tissue組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-Tissue組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-TissueRanviernodeRanviernode3.NeurolemmaOutermostlayerofcytoplasm,cellmembraneandbasailaminaofSchwanncells.
3.NeurolemmaB.MyelinatednervefibersinCNS
SimilartoMyelinatednervefibersinPNS;
Noneurolemma,noincisuresofSchmidt-Lanterman;B.Myelinatednervefibersin
Myelinsheathisformedbyprocessesofoligodendrocytes.MyelinsheathisformedbyprC.Unmyelinatednervefibers
1.PNS
NomyelinsheathandnodesofRanvier.Thinaxons(singleorgroup)indentedintoSchwanncells;2.CNS
Freeaxonsamongotherneuronalandglialprocesses
C.Unmyelinatednervefibers1Unmyelinatednervefiber)
Unmyelinatednervefiber)D.Functionalrole1.UnmyelinatednervefiberscontinuousconductionD.Functionalrole1.UnmyelinaEnhancingconductionspeedviasaltatoryconduction;Thickeraxon→thickermyelinsheathandlongerinternode→greaterconductionvelocity.2.Myelinatednervefibers:EnhancingconductionspeedviA.Nerves
--MadeupofnervefibersandconnectivetissueⅥ.NerveandnerveendingsA.Nerves--Madeupofnerve1.NervefibersMixed--bothmyelinTedandunmyelinated,sensoryandmotor.
1.NervefibersEpineurium:FibrousCtenclosingentirenerve;Perineurium:Sheetofflattenedepithelium-likecellssurroundingeachnervebundles;Endoneurium:ThinlayerofLCtenvelopingeachnervefiber.
EpPe2.ConnectivetissueEpEpineurium:FibrousCtenclos組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-Tissue組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-TissueAlzheimerdiseaseisthemostcommonformofdementiaintheelderly(60%–80%ofcases).ItischaracterizedbyextracellulardepositionofAbprotein(plaques),intracellularneuro?brillarytangles(inset:N,normalneuron;T,neuroncellbody?lledwithdark-stainingtangles),andlossofneuronsandsynapsesinthecerebralcortexandsomesubcorticalregions.Alzheimerdiseaseisthemost1.Classification(1)Sensory(receptors)(2)Motor(effectors)B.Nerveendingsa.Freenerveendingsb.EncapsulatednerveendingsTactilecorpusclesLamellatedcorpusclesMuscularspindlesa.Somatic(motorendplate)b.Visceral1.ClassificationB.Nerveendi2.FreenerveendingsAbundantinepidermis,cornea,hairfollicles;Branchesofnakednervefibers;Respondingtocold,heatandpain.2.FreenerveendingsRespondi3.Tactile(Meissner)corpusclesFoundindermalpapillae;Touchreceptors;Ovalbodieswithflattenedcells,CTcapsuleandnerveterminal(s).3.Tactile(Meissner)corpuscl4.Lamellated(Pacinian)corpusclesDistributedinsubcutaneoustissue,mesentery;Perceivingpressueandvibration;Composedofconcentriclamellae
of
flattenedcells,aninternalcylinder,andnakednervefiberterminal(s).4.Lamellated(Pacinian)corpu5.MuscularspindlesDistributedinskeletalmuscle;FormedbyCTcapsule,intrafusalmusclefibers(thin,striated,nucleiarrangedinchainorcluster);5.MuscularspindlesDistribut
Nervefibersendasannulospiralorflower-sprayendings;
Proprioceptors:detectingmusclelengthanditschangestoregulatemuscletone.Nervefibersendasannulospi6.Motorendplate(myoneuraljunction)
Synapsebetweenmotornerveterminalsandskeletalmusclefiberscausingmusclecontraction;LM:Nervefibersramifywitheachterminaldilatingasaplatelikemasstouchingamusclefiber;6.Motorendplate(myoneuralmotornerveendingmyoneuraljunctionmotornerveendingMotorendplateMotorendplateEM:
Presynapticelement(axonterminal)–vesiclescontainingAch,postsynapticmembrane(sarcolemma)–NreceptorsforAch.EM:Presynapticelement(axonNERVOUSTISSUEREVIEWThecelltypesthatmakeupnervoustissueGeneralstructurefeatures,classification,distributionandfunctionofneuronsTheultrastructureandfunctionalmechanismofchemicalsynapseStructuralfeatures,classificationandfunctionofneoroglialcellsClassificationandorganizationofnervefibersandnervesNERVOUSTISSUEREVIEWThecellNervousTissueNervousTissue組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-TissueⅠ.GeneralCharacteristics
A.Madeupof2typesofcells:neurons--structuralandfunctionalunit;neuroglia--supporting,protectingandnourishingneurons.Ⅰ.GeneralCharacteristicsA.B.Neurons
①Uniqueprocesses;②Formingsynapses;③Conductingimpulses.C.Makingupnervoussystem:CNS--brainandspinalcord;PNS--ganglia,nerves.D.Function:integratingandcoordinatingbodyactivities.B.NeuronsⅡ.Neurons
Variousshapeandsize,
Cellbodyandprocesses.Ⅱ.NeuronsVariousshapeand組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-TissueA.Cellbody:metabolic,tropicandintegralcenter
1.Nucleus
large,spherical,andpale-staining;aprominentnucleolus.
A.Cellbody:metabolic,tropia.
Nisslbodies
Basophilicparticles,RER+freeribosomes,
Indicatingactiveproteinsynthesis.a.NisslbodiesBasophilicpa*Nisslbodies↑axonhillock▲axon★dendrites*Nisslbodies組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-Tissue2.Perikaryon--perinuclearcytoplasm
2.Perikaryon--perinuclearcb.
Neurofibrils
Thinthreadswithsilverstaining;Neurofilamentsandmicrotubules;
Cytoskeleton,transportationofsubstances.b.NeurofibrilsThinthreads組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-TissueB.Processes--dendritesandaxons
1.Dendrites
Oneormore/neuron;Usuallyshortandthick,andbranched;Dentriticspinesonsurfaces;B.Processes--dendritesandContainingNisslbodies;Receivinginformationandconductingittoparentcellbody.ContainingNisslbodies;Recei2.Axon
Oneaxoneachneuron;
Longandthin,doesnotbranchprofusely;
2.AxonOneaxoneachneuron;Derivedfromaxonhillock;DevoidofNisslbodies;Axonterminals(buttons)containvesicleswithneurotransmittersinthem;Conductimpulsesawayfromcellbody.Derivedfromaxonhillock;C.Classification
1.AccordingtonumberofprocessesPseudounipolar:foundinspinalganglia;Bipolar:presentincochlearandvestibularganglia,retina,olfactory,etc;Multipolor:majorityofneurons.
C.Classification1.According2.Accordingtofunction
Sensoryorafferent;
Motororefferent;
Interneurons:accountfor99%ofneuronsinthebody.2.Accordingtofunction組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-Tissue3.Accordingtoneurotransmitterreleased
Cholinergic:acetylcholine(Ach);
Aminergic:norepinephrine(NE),DA,5-HT;
Peptidergic:polypeptidessuchassubstanceP,vasopressin,etc.
3.AccordingtoneurotransmittIII.SynapsesA.Definition:Junctionbetweentwoneuronsorbetweenaneuronandaneffectercellspecializedfortransmissionofimpulses.
III.SynapsesA.Definition:B.Classification
1.Electrical
synapses:permitdirectflowofelectricalcurrentbetweentwoneurons(gapjunction).
2.Chemical
synapses:useachemicalmediator(neurotransmitter)totransmitimpulsesin
onedirection;B.Classification1.ElectricaUltrastructuremodelofsynapsesUltrastructuremodelofsynapC.Structureofchemicalsynapses
SynapticboutonsPresynapticelementSynapticcleftPostsynapticelementC.Structureofchemicalsynap1.Presynapticelement(terminal)Usuallyaxonterminal;Synapticvesicles,Mit,SER;1.Presynapticelement(terminaPresynapticmembrane
thickenedwithpresynapticgrid,denseprojections.PresynapticmembranethickeneClearvesicles–Ach;densecorevesicles–Amines,peptidesDenseprojectionsClearvesicles–Ach;denseco2.
SynapticcleftExtracellularspacebetweenpre-andpostsynapticmembranes.3.PostsynapticelementUsuallydendrite(orspine)orcellbody;Postsynapticmembranethickened(typeI,typeII);Receptorstotheneurotransmitter.
2.Synapticcleft3.PostsynaptD.Function–transmittingimpulsesinonedirection
D.Function–transmittingimpⅣ.Neuroglia
A.Generalfeatures
1.Morethanneuronsby5-10times;2.Withprocesses,butnot
conductimpulses;3.OnlynucleiseenwithNisslstains.Silverstainingshowsprocessesandcytoplasm;4.Candivideafterbirth;Ⅳ.NeurogliaA.GeneralfeaturB.NeurogliainCNS1.AstrocytesMostnumerous;oval,palestainingnucleus;
Manyprocesses:fibrousandprotoplasmic;Glialfilaments(GFAP);Support&separateneurons,
repair,secreteNTF,etc;B.NeurogliainCNSMostnumerComponentofblood-brainbarrier
endothelialcellswithtightjunctions;continuousbasallamina;vascularfeetofastrocyteprocesses.
Componentofblood-brainbarr2.
OligodendrocytesSmallerwitharound,dark-stainingnucleus;FormingmyelinsheatharoundaxonsintheCNS.
3.Microglia
smallestwithairregular,darklystainednucleus;Phagocytic;Derivedfrommonocytes.2.Oligodendrocytes3.Microgli4.Ependymalcells
columnarorcuboidalepithelioidcells;liningventriclesofbrainandcentralcanalofspinalcord.4.EpendymalcellsC.NeurogliainPNS
1.SchwanncellsFormingmyelinsheatharoundaxonsinPNS;Secretingneurotrophicfactors(NGF,BDNF).2.Capsularcells(satellitecells)
Alayerofflattenedorcuboidalcells;
Formingcapsulearoundneuronsinperipheralganglia.C.NeurogliainPNS1.SchwannⅤ.NerveFibersA.MyelinatednervefibersinPNS
1.BasicstructureAxon+myelinsheath+neurolemma;
NodeofRanvierPortionsdevoidofmyelinsheath;Internodebetween2consecutivenodes-oneSchwanncell.Ⅴ.NerveFibersA.Myelinatedn2.Myelinsheatha.LM:
spongelike(H&E),Black(OsO4).2.Myelinsheatha.LM:sponge組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-Tissueb.EM:concentriclamellae.
b.EM:concentriclamellae.c.IncisuresofSchmidt-Lanterman:cone-shapedclefts(containcytoplasm).c.IncisuresofSchmidt-Lanterd.FormationSchwanncellplasmalemmawindingaroundaxonmanytimes.
d.Formation組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-Tissue組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-Tissue組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-TissueRanviernodeRanviernode3.NeurolemmaOutermostlayerofcytoplasm,cellmembraneandbasailaminaofSchwanncells.
3.NeurolemmaB.MyelinatednervefibersinCNS
SimilartoMyelinatednervefibersinPNS;
Noneurolemma,noincisuresofSchmidt-Lanterman;B.Myelinatednervefibersin
Myelinsheathisformedbyprocessesofoligodendrocytes.MyelinsheathisformedbyprC.Unmyelinatednervefibers
1.PNS
NomyelinsheathandnodesofRanvier.Thinaxons(singleorgroup)indentedintoSchwanncells;2.CNS
Freeaxonsamongotherneuronalandglialprocesses
C.Unmyelinatednervefibers1Unmyelinatednervefiber)
Unmyelinatednervefiber)D.Functionalrole1.UnmyelinatednervefiberscontinuousconductionD.Functionalrole1.UnmyelinaEnhancingconductionspeedviasaltatoryconduction;Thickeraxon→thickermyelinsheathandlongerinternode→greaterconductionvelocity.2.Myelinatednervefibers:EnhancingconductionspeedviA.Nerves
--MadeupofnervefibersandconnectivetissueⅥ.NerveandnerveendingsA.Nerves--Madeupofnerve1.NervefibersMixed--bothmyelinTedandunmyelinated,sensoryandmotor.
1.NervefibersEpineurium:FibrousCtenclosingentirenerve;Perineurium:Sheetofflattenedepithelium-likecellssurroundingeachnervebundles;Endoneurium:ThinlayerofLCtenvelopingeachnervefiber.
EpPe2.ConnectivetissueEpEpineurium:FibrousCtenclos組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-Tissue組胚學(xué)英文版課件Nervous-TissueAlzheimerdiseaseisthemostcommonformofdementiaintheelderly(60%–80%ofcases).ItischaracterizedbyextracellulardepositionofAbprotein(plaques),intracellularneuro?brillarytangles(inset:N,normalneuron;T,neuroncellbody?lledwithdark-stainingtangles),andlossofneuronsandsynapsesinthecerebralcortexandsomesubcorticalregions.Alzheimerdiseaseisthemost1.Classification(1)Sensory(receptors)(2)Motor(effectors)B.Nerveendingsa.Freenerveendingsb.Encapsulatednerveendings
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