中西跨文化交際課程情景案例分析Word版

整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式Unit1LanguageandCultureinCommunicationTheoryCommunicationissomethingwedoeveryday.Ittakesplacesonaturallythatwesimplyfailtonoticeituntilithiccupsorbreaksdown.Thoughitiscommonplace,itisnoexaggerationtosaythatcommunicationislifeandlifeiscommunication.1.Whenyoujoinasocialgathering,youmustbeawareofrulesandproceduresthatgovernthewaythingsaregoingtoproceed.Thereisatechnicaltermforsuchrulesandprocedures—schema.2.Faceandpolitenessaretwootherareaswhichareextremelyvalue—sensitive.OneofthedistinctivefeaturesofChinesepolitenessisself—denigrationandother—elevation.Case1:Litzisaprofessorofcross—culturalcommunicationinauniversityinFinland.SheinvitedherChinesestudentshomeforaneveningparty.TheschemafromLitz’spointofviewincludesthefollowing:1.

Givinginvitation:byphone/bymail2.

Prepareeverythingbeforethearrivalofguests3.

Receivingguests:openthedoor/expresswelcome/taketheirovercoats/introduceguests/offerthemdrinks/makethemcomfortable4.

Servingfood:setthetable/soupfirst/maincourse/desert5.

Postdinneractivities:chat/playmusic/offermoredrinks6.

Seeingguestsoff:thankthemforcoming/goodnightLitz’seveningpartywasnotverysuccessful,becauseshewasupsetbyoneofherguests.HerewastheinitialconversationbetweenLitzandLin:Litz:(opensthedoor)Oh,Lin,howniceyoucouldcome!Lin:It’snotdifficulttofindyourhouse.Litz:Comeonin.Lin:(comesin)Litz:CanItakeyourcoat?Lin:No,thanks.Litz:Ok,thiswayplease.Lin:(takeoffhercoatandhangsit)Analysis:LitzwashurtbecauseLindidnotletherhanghercoat.Litz’sofferingtohangLin’scoatisoneofLitz’sways(it’sonLitz’sschema).OnLin’sside,shethoughtthatLitzwashersupervisorandthatitwasinappropriatetolethersupervisorhanghercoat.Herewehaveaninstanceofoneactionattachedwithdifferentculturalvalues.整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式Case2:FindinganInterestedBuyerGeorageHallwasinBeijingattendingatradefairandlookingforanopportunitytodobusinessinChina.HehadbeenverysuccessfulinhisbusinessdealingsintheUSandpridedhimselfonhisability“togetthingsmoving.”Hisfirstdaywasgoingwell.Helookedaroundatthedisplaysofsportingequipmenttogetsomeideaofwhomhemightapproach.Hewassurethathisproducts,tennisracketswithanunusualnewdesign,wouldarousesomeinterests.Ontheseconddayheapproachedthecompanywhichhefeltwouldbemostresponsivetohisproducts.Heintroducedhimselftothegeneral,aMr.Li.SincehehadreadthatChinesefindgettingdowntobusinessimmediatelytooabruptandrude,hebeganacasualconversation,eventuallyleadinguptothetopicofhisproductsandsuggestinghowMr.Li’scompanymightbenefitfromusingthem.GeorgethensuggestedthathecouldarrangetogettogetherwithMr.Liandprovidemorespecificsanddocumentationonhisproducts.Mr.LirespondedinfairlygoodEnglish,”Thatwouldbeinteresting.”KnowingthathehadonlyafewdaysleftinBeijing,Georgewantedtonaildownatime,”Whencanwemeet?”askedGeorge.“Ah.Thisweekisverybusy,”repliedMr.Li.“Itsureis,”saidGeorge,”Howabout10o’clock?Meetyouhere.”“Tomorrowat10o’clock?”askedMr.Lithoughtfully.“Right,”saidGeorge,“I’llseeyouthen?”“Hmm,yes;whydon’tyoucomebytomorrow,”wasthereply.“OK,”respondedGeorge,”Itwasnicemeetingyou.”Thenextdayat10o’clockheapproachedMr.Li’scompany’sexhibitonlytofindthatMr.LihadsomeimportantbusinessandwasnotabletomeetwithGeorge.HecalledbacklaterinthedayandwastoldthatMr.Liwasnotavailable.Analysis:英美人士做事情講究守時。而中國人不太重視這方面。本案列中，李先生不僅沒有準時接見預約的客戶，甚至放了他“鴿子”。Case3:ProfessorLianghaswrittenabookonChinesecultureinChinese.HisbookisputondisplayinBeijingInternationalBookFair’96.ProfessorLiangwouldliketohavehisbooktranslatedintoEnglishandsubmittedtoThompsonPublishers.ProfessorLianghasaskedLiYan,whomhemeetsregularlyintheEnglishCorner,tohelphimtotalktoPeterAllright,aThompsonrepresentative.Prof.Liang:奧萊特先生，這是鄙人的拙作。整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式LiTan:Mr.Allright,thisaclumsybookwrittenbyyourhumbleservant.MrAllright:No,no,no,you'renotmyhumbleservant.WedonotpublishbooksinChinese.LiYan(toProfessorLiang):不，不，不，你不是我的仆人，我們不出中文書。ProfessorLiang:我要請李艷翻譯成英文。LiYan(toMr.Allright):ProfessorLiangwillaskmetotranslateitintoEnglish.Mr.Allright:Mmthat’sinteresting.Analysis:Chineseauthorsalmostalwaysbelittletheirworksbydescribingthemasclumsywritings,andtheyusethesamedescriptionwhentheypresentthemtoChinesepublishers.Butthiswillbecounter—productiveinEnglish.Instead,authorsshouldpointoutthemeritsoftheirworksratherthan“clumsiness”.Unit2CultureShockTheory:1.Cultureshockcanbedescribedasthefeelingofconfusionanddisorientationthatoneexperienceswhenfacedwithalargenumberofnewandunfamiliarpeopleandsituations.2.Thereisadesireforindependenceandseparateness,foundinforeigners'needsfortheirownprivacyandautonomy3.Hospitalitymeansthecordialandgenerousreceptionofordispositiontowardguests.4.Politenessreferstotheconsiderationforothers,tact,andobservanceofacceptedsocialusage.5.Privacycouldbeunderstoodastherightofanindividualtoself-determinationastothedegreetowhichtheindividualiswillingtosharewithothersinformationabouthimself.Case1:Jane,anAmericanteacherintheUS,hadjuststartedteachingEnglishtoagroupofJapanesestudents.Shewantedtogettoknowthestudentsmoreformally,sosheinvitedthemtoherhouseforparty.Thestudentsallarrivedtogetheratexactly8:00p.m.Theyseemedtoenjoytheparty:theydanced,sang,andatemostofthefood.Atabout10:00p.m,oneofthestudentssaidtotheteacher,“Ithinkit’stimeformetoleave.Thankyouverymuchfortheparty.”Thenalltheotherstudentsgotuptogo,andallleftatthesametime.Janedecidedshewouldneverinvitethemagain!Analysis:在日本以及其他很多的亞洲國家里，年輕人通常成群結(jié)隊的一起去參加一些社交聚會，然后一道離去。在他們看來這是很正常不過的事。然后Jane認為這是一種侮辱，因為他們在同一時間里一下子全部離開了。在美國以及其他一些英語國家，晚上10點離開一個聚會相對來說是比較早的。整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式Case2:FourSecretariesandTheirJobsFourclassmatesfromatopChineseuniversityalltookjobsassecretariesaftergraduation.Fiveyearslaterthefourformerclassmateshadareunionanddiscussedtheirjobs.ChenQiandDaiYunbothworkasbilingualsecretariesforaFinnishcompanyinBeijing.ChenQiissecretarytotheFinngeneralmanger,andDaiYunissecretarytotheChineselocalmanger,apositiononlyslightlylowerthanthatoftheFinnmanger.ZhangYingisfromapoliticallyprominentfamilyandwashiredasthesecretarytotheleaderofasmallgovernmentbureauinthecapitalcityofherhomeprovince.LuYanworksforastaterunenterpriseinthesamecitywhereshewashiredasthesecretarytothenewmanagerforinternationalmarketing.ThecompanyhasnevermarketeditsproductsabroadbeforesothisofficeandLuYan’spositionarenewtothecompany.FiveyearslaterChenQiissatisfiedwithherjobwiththeFinnishcompanybutDaiYunisnot.TheFinnmanagerreceivesordersfromthecompany’shomeofficeinFinland,andhegivesorderstothosebelowhiminChina,includinghissecretaryChenQi.Hetellsherhowhewantshistimescheduledandshethenmakesappointmentsforhimaccordingtohisinstructions.ShetranslatesmemosandotherdocumentsandinterpretsfromChinesetoEnglishtoChinese.IfthemanagerdoesnotthinkChenQihasdoneherworkwell,hetellsherrightaway.Heisverydemanding,butChenQifeelsthatsheknowswhatherdutiesareandknowswhathermanagerexpects.Sheisconfidentthatsheisdoingagoodjob.DaiYunoftendoesnothaveasmuchworktodoasChenQidoes,becauseherbossscheduleshisownappointmentsanddoesalotoftheofficepaperworkhimself.Whenheisoutoftownshehastimetostudyforthegraduateentranceexam.However,sheisnotsurewhetherornotsheisdoingagoodjob.Hermanagertellsherwhatsheisexpectedtodo,buthedoesthisdaybyday.Whenpeoplecallorcometotheofficetoseeherboss,shegreetstheminEnglishorChineseasnecessary.Shereceivestheirmemosandothermessagesaswellastheirquestionsandrequestsandpassesthemontohermanager.DaiYunthinksofherjobasdoingwhathermanagerwantshertodo.Shepayscloseattentiontohismoodsandbehavior,andsometimessheisabletoanticipatewhathewouldlikewithouthimtellingher.Analysis：許多中國人在外企工作，不同國家的外企領導有不同的工作作風和標準。本案列中，戴云給不同的外國上司做秘書，在工作中出現(xiàn)由于不同的文化沖突而引起的各種工作以及溝通中的問題就很常見了。整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式Case3:OnecoldwinterdayinaChinesecity,WangLinonhiswaytothelibrarymetanAmericanprofessorwhoknewverylittleaboutChina.Aftergreetinghim,Wangsaid:“It’srathercold.You’dbetterputonmoreclothes.”Buttheprofessordidn’tappearhappyonhearingthis.Analysis:美國人以及大部分西方國家的人們不喜歡被告知要怎么做怎么做，他們比較喜歡獨立，然而中國人則習慣關心別人，這個案例中王林的建議表達的就是一種對他人的關心，可是美國教授卻不習慣這樣的表達。Case4:Inagoodrestaurant,fourteenpeoplearegatheredtosaygoodbyetotheirprofessor,whoismovingtoanotheruniversity.Steven:MayIhaveyourattentionplease?I’dliketocalluponBentosayafewwords.Ben:Thankyou,Steven.ProfessorShore,colleagues:Tonightisoneofthoseparadoxes---it’sasadtimeandyetit’sahappytime.Sad,because.Wearelosingoneofourbestprofessors;happybecausewearepleasedtoseeProfessorShoregaintherecognitionthatherichlydeserves.I’mnotsurewhowillbeabletocontrolusandkeepusinline.Ithinkthenewprofessorwillhaveadifficulttime.Andsurelynoonewillbeabletotelljokesinthesamewayasyou,Professor.Seriously,weallknowthatyouwillbedifficulttoreplace.Yourscholarlyapproachandyourdedicationwillalwaysberemembered.Iwouldthereforeliketoproposeatoast.Colleagues,pelasechargeyourglasses.ProfessorShore,mayyourfuturebefilledwillgreatsuccess,andmayyoualwaysrememberus.Weknowwewillneverforgetyou.ToProfessorShore!All:(Standingup)ToProfessorShore!(Everyonedrinks.ProfessorShoreremainsseatedandsmilesatthemall.)Analysis：就餐時總是要在各種緣由下向人敬酒：可以是非正式的，向朋友或同事敬酒；也可以是正式的，向全體聚會的人敬酒。與中國式的敬酒大不相同的是，在西方正式的敬酒時，受敬的人是不能喝酒的，而是正襟危坐，兩眼睜睜看別人喝酒。另一個不同是：無論正式還是非正式，敬酒的人不必走過去敬酒，而是在自己的座位處站起來敬酒。敬酒時開始的語言永遠是：“向…”，而其他隨敬酒的人重復敬酒人的第一句話（即“向…”），然后喝一口酒。敬酒時如果舉了杯，說了敬詞，而實際上沒有喝酒，就會被看做十分不恭的行為，在很久以前甚至于被認為是一種侮辱，是不想加入敬酒的儀式。整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式Case5:AnAmericanwenttoChinesehome.Hewasofferedsometea.Justwhenthefirstcupwasabouttofinish,moreteawasadded.Thevisitordrankthesecondcup.Thenthecupwasfilledthethirdtime.Thenhedrankit,then…untilthevisitorwasquitefull.Why?Analysis:在中國的傳統(tǒng)文化習俗里，主人通常會不斷給客人倒水倒茶，或者不斷地給客人的盤子里加食物以表示他的熱情好客。面對的這樣的情況，中國客人知道如何處理，在他們覺得吃飽喝足之后，就會隨它放在桌上。而美國客人就不懂了，在美國，在自己的盤子里剩下食物是不禮貌的，于是他出于遵循美國文化理念可能會在這樣的招待中吃的過多。Case6:DinnerwithFriendJaniceisayoungAmericanengineerworkingforamanufacturingjointventurenearNanjing.SheandherhusbandGeorge,whoisteachingEnglishatauniversity,arelearningChineseandenjoyingtheirnewlife.TheyhavebeeneagertogettoknowChinesepeoplebettersotheywerepleasedwhenLiuLingling,Janice’syoungco-workerinvitedthemtoherhomefordinner.WhenJaniceandGeorgearrived，LinglingintroducedthemtoherhusbandYangFeng,askedthemtositdownatatablecontaining8platesofvariouscolddishes,servedthemteaandthendisappearedwithherhusbandintothekitchen.AfterafewminutesLinglingcamebackandaddedwatertotheirtea.JaniceofferedtohelpinthekitchenbutLinglingsaidshedidn’tneedhelp.SheinvitedthecoupletolookattheirnewCDplayerandtheircolorfulTVandthendisappearedagain.Ahalf-hourlatershecamebackandsatdownandthethreebegantoeat.YangFengcameinfromtimetotimetoputdishafterhotdishonthetable.MostofthefoodwaswonderfulbutneitherGeorgenorJanicecouldeatthefattyporkinpeppersauceortheeacucumbers,andtherewasmuchmorethantheycouldeat.TheykeptwishingYangFengwouldsitdownsotheycouldtalktohim.Finallyhedidsitdowntoeatabit,butquicklyturnedontheTVtoshowthemallitshightechingfeatures.Soonitwastimetogohome.GeorgeandJanicefeltslightlydepressedbythisexperience,butreturnedtheinvitationtwoweekslater.TheydecidedtomakeaniceAmericanmealandfeltluckytofindolives,tomatojuice,crackersandasappetizers.Forthemaincoursetheypreparedspaghettiandasaladwithdressingmadefromoil,vinegar,andsomespicestheyfoundinthemarket.WhenLiuLinglingandYangFengarrivedtheywereimpressedbytheapartmentandaskedthepriceoftheTV,videoplayer,vacuumcleanerandotherthings.Janicepolitelyrefusedtoanswertheirquestions.TheytooksmalltastesoftheappetizersandseemedsurprisedwhenbothGeorgeandJanicesatdownwiththem.Theyateonlyalittlespaghettianddidnotfinishthesaladontheirplates.Georgeurgedthemtoeatmorebuttheyrefusedandlookedaroundexpectantly.JuniceandGeorgetalkedabouttheirfamiliesandjobsandaskedthetableandservedcoffeeandpastries.YangFengandLinglingeachputfourspoonsofsugarsintotheircoffeebutdidnotdrinkmuchofitandateonlyabiteortwoofpastry.整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式Aftertheyleft,Georgesaidthatatleasttheyhadachancetotalk,butJanicewasupset.“Welefttheirplacesofullthatwecouldn’twalkandthey’regoingtohavetoeatagainwhentheygethome.Whatwentwrong?Analysis：中西方飲食習慣大大的不同。中國人邀請客人會準備一大桌子的菜，并在就餐過程中使勁勸說客人多吃點，吃完之后，還有剩菜，就表明主人的盛情款待。而西方人一不勸吃，二就餐完畢后，盤子最好是空的。本案列中的兩對中外夫婦不明這個文化差異，發(fā)生誤解就是自然而然的事了。Case7:Afterthemealandafterthetablehasbeencleared.Liuisnotsurewhattodo,butwantstohelpinsomeway.Atleasthewantstooffer.Helen:Thanksforyourhelp,Huang.Liu:Pleasure.WhatcanIdonow?Helen:Nothing.It’sfine.I’llrinsethesedishesthenstackthem.It’llonlytakeaminute.Liu:Doesthefamilyusuallyhelp?Helen:Well,atspecialtimes.Jacksometimesrinsesthedishesbutyoucanseehe’sreallytiredtonight.Liu:Letmedoitforyou.Helen:Notruly,it’sokay.Liu:MaybeIcanwipethetablethen.Helen:Thatwouldbehelpful.Thanks.You’rereallykind,Huang.Analysis：在西方人家中的就餐的時間里，大家都設法插手幫一下忙，即便是男士也不例外，不要一點不動著開飯。所有家住者要能幫者擺擺餐具，或餐后收拾洗碗，把餐具放進洗碗機，倒垃圾，站在一邊幫著擦干洗好的餐具。雖然都是小忙，卻表明你對別人的操勞非常在意，是個用心的人。Case8:Twostrangershavebeenchatting.A:Soyou’rebeenhereforayear?B:Yes.Onemoreyeartogo,thenI’llgobacktochina.A:Whatwillyoudobackhome?B:It’shardtoknow.There’salotchangeatthemoment.A:Yeah.Everythingischanging,everywhere.Sometimesit’sdifficulttokeepup.整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式B:That’strue.MaybeI’ll…(A’smobilephonerings.)A:Excuseme,I’dbetteranswerthis.It’sprobablywork.B:Sure.Takeyourtime.Analysis：有時在與人交談中，難免要有什么原因要離開一會兒，或是去接一個電話，或要去洗手間。禮貌再此被提出來。出于禮貌起見，要記住做一些恰當解釋再離開。不管理由是什么，即便是要接一個手機電話，在打開電話回話前，向?qū)Ψ秸f聲對不起。如果只離開幾分鐘，沒有必要找一個理由。你說了對不起，就表明你確實是有事要離開一會兒。Case9:LiuHuangiscallinghisfriendStevenathishome.Person:Hello.Johnisspeaking.Liu:Hello?I’mlookingforSteven.Person:Sorry,there’snooneherecalledSteven.Liu:Isthat65778868?Person:No.Ithinkyou’vegotthewrongnumber.Thisis65788868.Liu:Oh,I’msorry.Person:Noproblem.Goodluck.Liu:Thanks.Analysis：失手撥錯號碼是常有的事。如果在國外，即便有語言障礙，害怕說英語，也還是要先與對方核對是不是撥錯了，然后再道歉。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)撥錯了號碼就馬上掛電話，是不禮貌的行為。Case10:Lin:Thankyousomuchforawonderfulnight.I’vehadagreattime.Erica:It’sbeenapleasurehavingyou.Wehopeyoucancomeagain,soon.Lin:I’dlikethat.Youbothknowhowtomakemefeelathome.Thanksforeverything.Analysis：在動身離去的時候，找到主人，當面說一聲謝謝，是有禮貌的行為。Case11:OfftoaBadStartDavidHuhadjuststartedworkingfortheforeignownedcompany.Hewassittingathisworkstationbuthadnotbeengivenanyassignmentthatheshouldbedoingatthismoment.Hewasrelaxingandwaitingandthenthoughthewouldtaketheopportunitytohavealookaround.Hepokedhisheadintoseveralofficesjusttoseewhattherewastobeseen.SuddenlyMr.Parkercameuptohimandangrilyaskedhimwhathewasdoing.DavidHuwasembarrassed.Helaughedandquicklystartedtomovebacktowardhisworkstation.ThisdidnotseemtosatisfyMr.Parkerwhostartedtotalkrapidlyandangrily.Hopingtocalmhimdown,Mr.Husmiledandapologized,tryingtoexplainthathewastryingtolearnmoreaboutthedepartment.However,Mr.Parkergotevenangrier.Finally,anotherworkercamebyandcalmedhimdown,butMr.Parkerleft,hestilllookedangry.Mr.Husighed;heknewhehadmadeabadstartbutstilldidn’tunderstandwhy.整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式Analysis：外國人很講究隱私權，一般不允許自己的私人空間受到打擾。而中國人比較喜歡看熱鬧，想知道別人在做什么。所以在本案列中，吳先生未經(jīng)允許就在公司四處走動，引起其他員工的強烈不滿。Case12:SharingtheWealthAnnaBilowhadbeenworkingforaChinese-ownedandoperatedcompanyinNanjingforaboutsixmonths.ThedivisionshewasworkinginhadasmallcollectionofChinese-Englishdictionaries,Englishlanguagereferencebooks,andsomevideosinEnglishincludingacoupleoftrainingfilmsandseveralfeaturefilmsthatAnnahadbroughtathernewemployer’srequestwhenshecamefromEurope.Annaknewthatsomeoftheothersectionshadsimilarcollections.Shehadsometimesusedherfriendshipwithoneofthewomeninanotherdepartment,GuMing,toborrowEnglishnovelsandreferencebooksandinturnhadletGuMingborrowbooksfromhersection’scollection.Onotheroccasions,shehadseenfriendly,noisyexchanges,whereoneoftheotherworkersinherdivisionhadlentabookorvideotoacolleaguefromanothersection.Annathoughtitwasagreatideawhenamemowascirculatedsayingthatthecompany’sleadershaddecidedtocollectalltheEnglishlanguagematerialstogetherintoasinglecollection.Theplanwastoputtheminasmallroomthatwascurrentlybeingusedforstoragesothatallemployeescouldhaveequalaccesstothem.Nowshewouldnolongerhavetogofromdepartmenttodepartmenttryingtofindthematerialssheneeded.Annawassurprisedtohearherco-workerscomplainingaboutthenewpolicy.WhentheyoungmaninchargecametothedepartmenttocollecttheirEnglishlanguagematerials,shewasastoundedtoseethemhidingmostofthebooksandallbutoneofthevideosintheirdesks.Whenshecheckedoutthenewso-calledcollection,shefoundthatthefewitemswerealloutdatedorsomehowdamaged.ShealsonoticedthatnoneofthematerialsshehadborrowedfromGuMingwereinthecollection.SheaskedherfriendwhytheChinesewereunwillingtosharetheirEnglishlanguagematerialswithalltheirco-workers,whentheyseemedwillingtosharethemwithintheirdepartments.Analysis:西方人對隱私方面有許多禁忌，中國人對自我隱私的保護也十分注重，但是兩者之間存在較大差別。西方人樂于將自己的書籍和整理的資料拿出來讓朋友和同事共享，而在中國，即便是朋友間，人們也不愿意與人共享自己的書籍和資料。由于這種資料共享的觀念不同，案例中Anna才會難以理解顧明等同事將自己的資料，書籍藏起來的做法。整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式Unit3What’sinaName?Theory:1.ChineseandBritishpeoplecalleachotherwithtitlesindifferentways.2.Kintermsareusedinfamilymembers,butitdiffersbetweenwesternsandChinesepeople.Case1:ABritishtourististravelingbytraininChina.SittingoppositehimisaChinesepassenger.Theyintroducethemselvestoeachother…Britishtourist:Hello,I’mEricJackson.Gladtomeetyou.Chinesepassenger:Hello,mynameisLiuXin.I’mgladtomeetyou,too.Wheredoyoucomefrom,Mr.Eric?Britishtourist:I’mfromBritain.PleasejustcallmeEric,Mr.Xin.Chinesepassenger:AndyoumayjustcallmeLiuXin.Analysis:Bothofthemhavetakeneachother’sgivennameforthesurname,sincetheorderofthesurnamesofChineseandEnglishnamesarejusttheopposite.Asinbothculturesatitleisusuallyusedwiththesurname,theyfeelunnaturalwhentheirgivennamesareusedwiththetitles.AccordingtoBritishcustomit’squitenormalforpersonswhofirstmeettoaddresseachotherbytheirgivennamesalone,whereashere,whenpeoplefirstmeet,theyusuallyaddresseachotherbytheirfullnamesandneverbytheirgivennamesalone.Case2:ABritishtouristisvisitingaChinesefamily.TheChinesehostessintroducesherselfandherhusbandtoguest…Chinesehostess:Welcometomyhome.MynameisCaiHong,andthisismyhusband.Britishtourist:Thankyou,Mrs.Cai.It’sapleasuretomeetyou,Mrs.Cai.I’mLucyTaylor.Chinesehostess:Haveaseat,MadamLucy.Analysis:TheBritishtouristthinksthatCaiHong’ssurnameisherhusband’ssurname,sincesheisunawareofthefactthatinChinawomenstillusetheirownsurnameaftermarriage.CaiHongthinksthat‘madam’isarespectfultermofaddressforanyfemaleEnglish-speaker,unawareofthefactthatinBritainitisusuallyusedbysomeonewhoisprovidingaservicesuchasashopassistanttoacustomerorapolicemantoamemberofthepublicasin‘CanIhelpyou,madam?’Itisneverusedasatitlebeforesomeone’sname.Shealsomistakesthegivennameforthesurname.整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式Case3:LinMeiisaChinesestudentwhoisnowstudyingatauniversityinAmerica.Herseven-year-olddaughterJiajiaiswithherandstudiesinaprimaryschool.TheyhavebeeninAmericaforthreeyears.WangXiaohongisaChinesevisitingscholaratthesameuniversityasLinMeiandthetwogetonwellwitheachother.WangXiaohongsometimesfeelslonelysinceshehasbeeninAmericaforonlytwomonths,soshesometimesvisitsLinMei’sfamily.Onedayshecametovisitthem.Belowistheirconversation.WangXiaohong:佳佳，你媽媽在家嗎？Jiajia:在。媽媽，小紅阿姨找你。LinMei:王教師您來啦，請坐。我女兒真不懂禮貌。佳佳，以后要叫王阿姨。Analysis:ThecombinationofthetermofaddressXiaohongAyi(givenname+Auntie)reflectsthemixtureofthetwocultures.Ontheonehandwehavetheextendeduseofkintermsprecededbyaperson’sname,conventionallysurname,e.g.Wang+Auntie,inChineseculture.Ontheotherwehavetheconventionaluseofkintermsfollowedbygivennamese.g.Auntie+Xiaohong,inthecultureofEnglish—speakingcountries.Inotherwords,itshowsthecombinationofChinesesequence,+kintermandEnglishuseofgivenname.SinceJiajiahaslivedinAmericaforthreeyears,shemusthavebeenstronglyinfluencedbytheforeignculturedespitetheinfluenceofChineseculturefromhermotherandotherChinese.SofromJiajia’spointofviewitisappropriateandpolitetocallWangXiaohongXiaohongAyi.However,LinMei,asanadult,stillstickstotheChineseculturewhendealingwithaChinesewhocametoAmericaonlyrecently;andaccordingtoChineseculture,itisimpoliteforchildtoaddressanadultbyusinghisorhergivenname.Unit4SocialInteractionTheory:Socialinteractionisoneofthemostcommoninteractionsbetweenpeople.CulturaldifferencescanleadtodifficultieswhenforeignersandChinesemeet.Suchdifferencescancausemisunderstanding,unsatisfactoryinteractionandevenunpleasantphysicalreactions.Differentexpectationsexist,governingwhatisconsideredappropriate,politeandrespectful.Expectationcanalsodifferregardingprivacy,andthedirectnessandindirectnesswithwhichpeopleshouldexpressthemselves.Case1:Ericagoestoasmalldinnerpartytowhichsheandafriendhavebeeninvited.Herhost,Mrs.Pennymeetsthematthedoorofherhome.Penny:Hello,Erica.Welcome.Pleasecomein.整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式Erica:Thankyou.John,I’dliketointroduceMrs.PennyRoberts.Penny,thisismyfriendJohnPernot.Penny:Hello,John.Welcome.John:Hello,Mrs.Roberts.Penny:PleasecallmePenny.Nowdocomeinsideandsitdown.Analysis：在介紹時，先介紹誰是有些規(guī)矩的，弄不好會產(chǎn)生誤會。但學起來并不難。一般的規(guī)矩是：首先介紹女性，男女主人，來賓或不太熟的人。Case2:Erica:ProfessorHonda,mayIintroducemyclassmateStevenJacobs.Steven,thisismyprofessorofliterature.Prof:Nicetomeetyou,Steven.Steven:Thankyou.It’sapleasuretomeetyou,ProfessorHonda.Eticahastalkedalotaboutyou.Porf:Allgood,Ihope.Analysis：在西方，將較年輕的人介紹給年紀較大的人以表示對后者的尊重。這也適用于對社會地位的考慮。如果有三個人：一位教授，兩位學生。教授的名稱要先被提起，同時請他接受向另一位學生的介紹，然后再把第二位學生介紹給他。Case3:WhenmywifeintroducedmetoatouristfromCanada,Ishookhandswithhimandusedmybusinesscard.Andheseemedembarrassed.Analysis：西方人通常不像中國人和日本人那樣在介紹時彼此遞送名片。他們通常只有在商務活動中才使用名片。Case4:AFrenchmantookpartinaparty;thehostdidn’tintroducehimtoothers.ButtheFrenchmanchattedwithoneoftheguests.Theothersbecameangry.Analysis：當兩個西方人在一起的時候，如果遇到另一個人，通常要把在場每一個人介紹一遍。如果新加入的人沒有被介紹就同其中一個人聊了起來，其他的人就會認為這兩個人的行為沒有禮貌。Case5:WhenLinmetaladyfromAmerica,hedidn’tknowwhetherheshouldshakehandswithherornot,buthavingtakenpolitenessintoconsideration,hereachedouthishand.Analysis：如果一位男士拿不準是否要與一位女士握手，最好先等這位女士把手伸出來。Case6:Erica:Hello!Thankforcoming.Here,letmetakeyourcoat.Lin:Hello.Thanks.Here’ssomewineforyou.Erica:That’slovely.Youreallyshouldn’thave,Lin.Thankyou.Let’sgoinandmeettheothers.Analysis：無論東方還是西方，去做客總要帶點兒禮物。無論赴晚會還是晚宴，帶甁葡萄酒總是適宜的。有些西方人給女主人買些花兒，或是巧克力。呈上禮物的時候，對你的禮物低調(diào)處理，就是說，不要太多地談論你的禮物。上面的范例是，受禮的主人倒要說上兩句，以表謝意。整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式Case7:Twocolleaguesareatwork.Karen:WhatareyoudoingforChristmas?Li:SomefriendshaveinvitedmetostaywiththemoverChristmas.Karen:That’sgreat!Iguessyou’llexperienceawestern-styleChristmasthen?Li:Yeah.It’sgood,isn’tit?Maybeyoucanhelp.I’dliketotakesomethingbutI’mnotsurewhat.Karen:Doyourfriendshaveanychildren?Li:Mmmm.Two,Ithink.One’s6andtheother’salittleyounger,Ithink.Karen:Wellyoucan’tgowrongifyoutakeagiftforeachofthem.WrapthemupandputthemundertheChristmastree.Li:Suchas?Karen:MaybeaboxofChristmascandy.Li:That’sagreatidea!Karen:Well,Ihavetogonow,Li.MerryChristmas.Li:MerryChristmastoyou,Karen.Thanksforyourhelp.Analysis：禮物都要在節(jié)前包好放在圣誕樹下，要在圣誕節(jié)那天打開?？腿怂偷亩Y物也會同家人的一起方在樹下。禮物都要富有圣誕色彩的紙包裝，放上一個小標簽（名簽），上寫有送的人和接收禮物的人的名字。Case8:Erica:Lin,dohavesomemoredessert.Lin:Thankyou,butI’mafraidI’vehadenough.It’swonderful.Analysis：同世界上其他國家的人一樣，西方人也很好客。他們也總是想讓客人吃得多多的。所有學會怎樣在餐桌上婉言謝絕很有用處。Case9:LinhuahasaccompaniedanAmericandelegationtovisitChina.TheyhaveexperiencedthehospitalityoftheChinesepeople.AfterreturningtoAmerica,Linhuaoncevisitedt