英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀理解習(xí)題

英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀理解習(xí)題英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀理解習(xí)題英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀理解習(xí)題xxx公司英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀理解習(xí)題文件編號(hào)：文件日期：修訂次數(shù)：第1.0次更改批準(zhǔn)審核制定方案設(shè)計(jì)，管理制度Unitone

ElementarySchoolsinearlyAmericaWhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica--breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?

Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry'sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,"spatial"thinkingaboutthingstechnological.

Whymentiontheelementaryschools

Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.

Acuteforeignobserversrelatedamericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,"Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman."

Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe"premium"system,whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives.

IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.

Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,"Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess.Thedesignerandtheinventorareabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist."

Thisnonverbal"spatial"thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.robertfultononcewrote,"Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea."

Whenalltheseshapingforces--schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatialthinking--interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainland,theyproducedthatamericancharacteristic,emulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence.inventionn.1.發(fā)明,發(fā)明物2.捏造,虛構(gòu)

inventorn.發(fā)明家,發(fā)明者

[聯(lián)想詞]

inventoryn.1.詳細(xì)目錄2.存貨清單breakthhroughn.1.突圍,突破2.重大成就,驚人發(fā)現(xiàn)

[聯(lián)想詞]

breakdownn.1.垮臺(tái),破裂2.衰竭,衰弱3.損壞,故障4.分類premiumn.1.保險(xiǎn)金2.額外費(fèi)用3.獎(jiǎng)品,贈(zèng)品,額外津貼

a.1.高級(jí)的,優(yōu)質(zhì)的2.售價(jià)高的

[聯(lián)想詞]

subsidyn.津貼,補(bǔ)貼verbala.1.口頭的2.用言辭的,用文字的

[聯(lián)想詞]

vocala.發(fā)聲的,嗓音的spatiala.空間的,與空間有關(guān)的literacyn.識(shí)字,有文化,讀寫能力

literatea.1.有讀寫能力的2.有文化修養(yǎng)的stimulusn.1.促進(jìn)2.刺激

[聯(lián)想詞]

provocationn.1.挑釁,挑撥2.刺激,激怒

provocativea.1.挑釁的,煽動(dòng)的2.刺激的precedevt.在...之前,先于

precedentn.1.先例,范例,判例2.慣例patentn.專利,專利權(quán)

a.專利(權(quán))的,受專利保護(hù)的

vt.得到...的專利權(quán)originatevi.起源于,來自,產(chǎn)生

vt.創(chuàng)造,創(chuàng)始,開創(chuàng)

[聯(lián)想詞]

commencev.開始incentiven.刺激,鼓勵(lì)multituden.1.大量,許多2.大眾,民眾ambiguousa.引起歧義的,模式棱兩可的,含糊不清的

[聯(lián)想詞]

indefinitea.1.不明確的,含糊的2.無限期的

exdplicita.1.明確的,明晰的;詳述的2.直言的,毫不隱瞞的,露骨的manipulatevt.1.操縱,控制,影響2.操作,使用levern.1.杠桿2.途徑,工具,手段

vt.撬動(dòng),撬起wedgen.楔(子)vt.把...楔入,塞入

[聯(lián)想詞]

grooven.溝,槽

hingen.鉸鏈interactvi.相互作用,相互影響emulationn.1.競(jìng)賽,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)2.仿效,仿真imitationn.1.模仿2.仿制,仿制品3.贗品strivevi.努力,奮斗,力求sculpturen.1.雕刻,雕塑2.雕刻作品,雕塑品

[聯(lián)想詞]

carvevt.1.切,把...切碎2.雕刻,刻

engravevt.1.在...上雕刻2.使銘記,使牢記

statuen.雕像,塑像

bustn.1.胸像,半身像2.胸部,胸圍marblen.1.大理石diploman.畢業(yè)文憑,畢業(yè)證書,資格證書

[聯(lián)想詞]

diplomatn.1.外交官,外交家2.有交際手段的人,圓滑的人perpetuala.1.永久的,永恒的,長(zhǎng)期的2.無休止的,沒完沒了的

UnitTwo

FightAgainYouthSmokingThreeyearsago,appalledbyhowmanychildrenwerebecomingaddictedtocigaretteseveryyear,theVicePresidentandIcommittedthisadministrationtostoppingthesaleandmarketingofcigarettestochildren.Today,thankstotheseeffortsandthepersistenceofstateattorneysgeneral,thepublichealthcommunity,andleadersinCongress,wehavethebestopportunityevertopasscomprehensiveanti-smokinglegislationthatwellsavemillionsofourchildrenfromapremature,painful,andverypreventabledeath.

Thisweek,inahistoricandresounding19to1vote,akeySenatecommitteegaveitsstampofapprovaltocomprehensivelegislationsponsoredbySenatorJohnMcCain,aRepublican,andSenatorFritzHollings,aDemocrat,thatwouldcutyouthsmokingbyhalfoverthenextdecade.Thisbillrepresentsadramaticstepforward.Itwouldraisethepriceofcigarettes,givetheFDAfullauthoritytoregulatetobaccoproducts,banadvertisingaimedatchildren,andprotecttobaccofarmers.

Westillhaveworktodointhislegislation.Aboveall,weneedtoputinplacetoughpenaltiesthatwillcostthetobaccoindustryifitcontinuestosellcigarettestoyoungpeople.JustthisweektheCentersforDiseaseControlreleasedadisturbingreportthatmorethanathirdofteenagersintheUnitedStatesnowsmoke,eventhoughit'sillegal.

Itistimetoholdtobaccocompaniesaccountable.Reducidngyouthsmokingmustbeveerybody'sbottomline.Let'sremember--thisisnotaboutpoliticsormoney,orseekingrevengeagainstthetobaccoindustryforpastpractices.We'renottryingtoputthetobaccocompaniesoutofbusiness;wewanttoputthemoutofthebusinessofsellingcigarattestokids.Thisweek'sprogressintheSenateshowswehaverealmomentuminbothpartiestodojustthat.

There'restillmalyissuestobeworkedoutandmanylongnightsahead.Butwehavewithinourgrasponeofthemostimportantpublichealthvictoriesournationhaseverachieved.

Finally,litmejustpauseamomenttoobservethe30thanniversaryofthedeathofoneofAmerica'sgreatestheroes,Dr.MartinLutherKing.Hisdream,deeplyrootedintheAmericanDream,isadreamforallAmericans.LetushereathomealwaysstrivetoheedDr.King'swordsandliveuptohislegacy.

--------BillClintonappallvt.使驚駭,使大吃一驚

[聯(lián)想詞]

terrifyvt.使害怕,使驚嚇

outragevt.激起...的義憤,激怒

n.1.義憤,憤慨2.暴行,駭人聽聞的事件addictn.1.有癮的人2.入迷的人

vt.使成癮,使入迷

[聯(lián)想詞]

cocainen.可卡因

toxica.有毒的,中毒引起的persistenta.1.堅(jiān)持不懈的,執(zhí)意的2.持續(xù)的

persistencen.1.堅(jiān)持不懈,執(zhí)意2.持續(xù)性,持續(xù)狀態(tài)

[聯(lián)想詞]

stubborna.1.頑固的,執(zhí)拗的,倔強(qiáng)的2.難對(duì)付的,難于克服的legislationn.1.法律,法規(guī)2,立法的,法律的制定

[聯(lián)想詞]

legitimatea.1.合情合理的2.合法的,法律認(rèn)可的

judiciala.1.司法的,法庭的,審判的2.明斷的,公正的

suevi.1.控告,起訴2.要求,請(qǐng)求vt.控告,起訴

prosecutevt.1.對(duì)...提起公訴,告發(fā),檢舉2.繼續(xù)從事vi.起訴,告發(fā)

defendantn.被告

invalida.1.無效的,作廢的2.無可靠依據(jù)的n.病弱者,殘疾者

testifyvi.1.作證,證明2.表明,說明vt.作證,證明

testimonyn.1.證詞2.見證,證明prematurea.1.比預(yù)期時(shí)間早是2.不成熟的,倉(cāng)促的authorityn.1.權(quán)力,管轄權(quán)2.官方,當(dāng)局3.當(dāng)權(quán)者,行政管理機(jī)構(gòu)4.權(quán)威,專家

authoritativea.1.權(quán)威性的,可信的2.專斷的,命令式的

authorizevt.授權(quán),批準(zhǔn)

[聯(lián)想詞]

definitivea.1.最可靠的,權(quán)威性的2.決定性的accountablea.負(fù)起責(zé)任的revengen.報(bào)復(fù),報(bào)仇momentumn.1.動(dòng)力,沖力,勢(shì)力2.動(dòng)量

[聯(lián)想詞]

impetusn.1.推動(dòng),促進(jìn),刺激2.推動(dòng)力strivevi.努力,奮斗,力求heedvt.留心,注意,聽從legencyn.遺贈(zèng)的財(cái)物,遺產(chǎn)deadlya.1.致死的,致命的2.不共戴天的,殊死的3.極度的,十足的ad.非常,極度地]

[聯(lián)想詞]

drastica.1.極端的,嚴(yán)厲的2.激烈的,迅猛的epidemicn.1.流行病2.流傳,流行a.流行性的,流傳極廣的

lurevt.吸引,引誘,誘惑

UnitThree

BeautyIsMeaningless

Ayoungmanseesasunsetand,unabletounderstandortoexpresstheemotionthatitrousesinhim,concludesthatitmustbethegatewaytoaworldthatliesbeyond.Itisdifficultforanyofusinmomentsofintenseaestheticexperiencetoresistthesuggestionthatwearecatchingaglimpseofalightthatshinesdowntousfromadifferentrealmofexistence,differentand,becausetheexperienceisintenselymoving,insomewqyhigher.And,thoughthegleamsblindanddazzle,yettheydoconveyahintofbeautyandserenitygreaterthanwehaveknownorimagined.Greatertoothanwecandescribe,forlanguage,whichwasinventedtoconveythemeaningsofthisworld,cannotreadilybefittedtotheusesofanother.

Thatallgreatarthasthispowerofsuggestingaworldbeyondisundeniable.Insomemoods,Naturesharesit.ThereisnoskyinJunesobluethatitdoesnotpointforwardtoabluer,nosunsetsobeautifulthatitdoesnotwakenthevisionofagreaterbeauty,awisionwhichpassesbeforeitisfullyglimpsed,andinpassingleavesanindefinablelingingandregret.But,ifthisworldisnotmerelyabadjoke,lifeavulgarflareamidthecoolradianceofthestars,andexistenceanemptylaughbrayingacrossthemysteries,iftheseintimationsofasomethingbehindandbeyondarenotevilhumourbornofindigestion,orwhimsiessentbythedeviltomockandmaddenus,if,inaword,beautymeanssomething,yetwemustnotseektointerpretthemeaning.Ifweglimpsetheunutterable,itisunwisetotrytoutterit,norshouldweseektoinvestwithsignificancethatwhichwecannotgrasp.Beautyintermsofourhumanmeaningsisensea.1.強(qiáng)烈的,劇烈的,緊張的2.認(rèn)真的,專注的3.熱情的,熱切的

intensifyv.(使)增強(qiáng),(使)加劇aesthetica.1.美學(xué)的,審美的2.悅目的,雅致的gleamvi.1.閃亮,閃爍2.閃現(xiàn),流露n.1.閃光,閃亮2.閃現(xiàn),流露

[聯(lián)想詞]

sparklevi.1.發(fā)光,閃耀,閃爍2.活躍,煥發(fā)n.1.發(fā)光,閃耀,閃爍2.活力,生氣

glittervi.閃閃發(fā)光,閃耀n.閃光,燦爛的光輝2.耀眼,輝煌dazzlevt.使眩目n.1.耀眼的光2.令人贊嘆的東西serenityn.1.平靜,安詳2.晴朗,明朗denialn.1.否認(rèn)2.拒絕

undeniablea.不可否認(rèn)的vulgara.1.粗野的,下流的2.庸俗的,粗俗的

[聯(lián)想詞]

boscenea.1.淫穢的,下流的2.可憎的,可惡的flarevi.1.(火焰)閃耀2.突發(fā),突然發(fā)怒n.閃光信號(hào),照明彈

[聯(lián)想詞]

eruptvi.1.(火山等)噴發(fā)2.(戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等)爆發(fā),突然發(fā)生

ignitevt.點(diǎn)燃,引發(fā)radianta.1.容光煥發(fā)的,喜形于色的2.光芒四射的,光輝燦爛的3.輻射的

[聯(lián)想詞]

radiatev.1.發(fā)出(光或熱),輻射2.流露,顯示

radioactivea.放射性的,有輻射的brayvi.1.(驢)叫2.以響而粗的聲音說(或笑)whimsyn.1.怪念頭,離奇的想法2.稀奇古怪

[聯(lián)想詞]

bizarea.怪誕的,奇形怪狀的

weirda.1.古怪的,離奇的2.怪誕的,神秘可怕的mockvt.1.嘲笑,嘲弄2.(為了取笑)模仿vi.嘲笑,嘲弄

a.1.模擬的,學(xué)習(xí)的2.假的,假裝的

UnitFour

WaitinginLine

TheBritishqueueupandtheAmericanswaitinline,exceptforNewYorkers,whowaitonline.Nooneseemstoknowthereasonforthislocalidiom.Itis

somethingtoponderwhilewaitingin/online.

Anotherthingtoponder:ItisestimatedthatAmericansspednduptofiveyearsoftheirlivesinthattedious,wearybutunavoidableprocessknownaswaiting.Studiesshowthatotherwiserationalpeopleactirrationallywhenforcedtostandinlineorwaitincrowds,evenbecomingviolent.

Queuesareagrimrealityofcitylife.Whilethereseemstobenoconsensusonthecity'sworstline,theonesmentionedmostoftenintalkshereandtherewerelunchtimelinesatbanksandpostofficesand,amongyoungerpeople,movielinesandcollege-registrationlines.

"Banklines,"saidMarkSloane,aninvestor."Nomatterwhattimeofdayyoubank,thenumberoftellersisinadequatetothenumberofpatrons.Evenwhenthebankisopenyouseelonglinesinfrontofthemoneymachinesoutside."

"Supermarkets,"saidEdFrantz,agraphicartist,whoonceabandonedafullshoppingcartinthemiddleofalongcheckoutline.Itwasnotapoliticalact."Thelinewasfilledwithcouponclippersandcheckwriters,"herecalled."AndsuddenlyIhadtowalkaway.Foodnolongermattered."

Inanylinethefundamentalruleisfirstcome,firstserved,orwhatdsocialscientistscall"distributivejustice."Exceptionsmaybemade,say,infancyrestaurantswheretheheadwaitershavetheirfavorites,but,ingeneral,theruleprevails.

Ifmiserylovescompany,sodosportsfans.Dr.LeonManndocumentedthisseveralyearsagowhen,asaHarvardprofessor,hestudiedthelongovernightqueuesforticketstoballgamesinhisnativeAustralia.

"Outsidethestadiumsomethingofacarnivalatmosphereprevails,"hewroteinTheAmericanJournalofSociology."Thedevoteessing,sipwarmdrinks,playcardsandhuddletogether."

Liketheteamstheyhadcometowatch,thefansinlinetooktimeouts.Someworkedinshifts,withcertainmembersleavingtotakenapsoreatmeals,whileotherssavedtheirplacesinline.Somestakedclaimsinlinewithitemsofpersonalpropertysuchassleepingbagsandfoldingchairs."Duringtheearlyhoursofwaiting,"Dr.Mannnoted,"thequeuesoftenconsistedofonepartpeopletotwopartsinanimateobjects."

NobodyhaseverseriouslystudiedHelenQuinn'sSaturdaymorninglineforMetropolitanOperatickets,butperhapssomeoneshould--MissQuinnisnotanofficialattheMet.

For15yearsstandeesattheoperahavebeendoingjustthat,thankstoMissQuin'sticketingsystem.Shemakes,datesandnumbershertickets--oneforeachofthe175standingroomspotsavailable--anddispensesthemtoearlybirds.Assuredofaplace,ticketholdersthenleaveandreturnshortlybefore8A.M.tolineupfortherealtickets.idiomn.1.習(xí)語(yǔ),成語(yǔ)2.風(fēng)格,特色ponderv.思索,考慮,沉思

[聯(lián)想詞]

contemplatevt.1.盤算,計(jì)議2.思量,周密考慮3.注視,凝視wearya.1.疲勞的,疲倦的2.使疲勞的,令人厭倦的vi.厭倦的,不耐煩

[聯(lián)想詞]

tiresomea.令人疲勞的,令人厭倦的grima.1.討厭的,糟糕的2.嚴(yán)厲的3.嚴(yán)酷的,無情的consensusn.[單](意見等)一致,一致同意patronn.1.資助人,贊助人2.老主顧,顧客resentvt.對(duì)...表示忿恨,怨恨graphica.1.生動(dòng)的,形象的2.繪畫的,文字的,圖表的couponn.1.禮券,優(yōu)惠券2.配券,票證clipn.1.夾子,回形針,別針2.彈夾,彈倉(cāng)3.剪,修剪4.剪報(bào),電影片斷

vt.(clipped;clipping)1.夾住,扣住2.剪,修剪3.削減,縮短

[聯(lián)想詞]

clampn.夾頭,夾具,夾鉗vt.(用夾具等)夾緊,固定prevailvi.1.流行,盛行2.獲勝,占優(yōu)勢(shì)3.說明,勸說,誘使

prevalenta.流稈的,普遍的miseryn.1.痛苦,苦惱,苦難2.悲慘的境遇,貧苦carnivaln.1.表演會(huì)2.慶祝,歡宴3.狂歡節(jié)

[聯(lián)想詞]

feastn.1.盛宴,筵席2.節(jié)日sociologyn.社會(huì)學(xué)sipv.(sipped,sippig)小口地喝,抿,呷n.小口喝huddlevi.1.聚集在一起2.把身子蜷成一團(tuán)vt.使聚集在一起

n.擠在一起的人,一堆雜亂的東西inanimatea.1.無生命的,非動(dòng)物的2.無生氣的,單調(diào)的metropolitana.大城市的,大都會(huì)的dispensevt.1.分配,分發(fā)2.配(藥),發(fā)(藥)3.實(shí)施,執(zhí)行

[聯(lián)想詞]

dispersevi.1.分散,散開2.消散,消失vt.1.使分散,趕散2.使消散,驅(qū)散

UnitFive

AggressivePatriotisminSportsSomepeoplebelievethatinternationalsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenations.Otherssaythattheoppositeistrue:thatinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadtomisunderstandingandhatred.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments,butinrecentyearstheOlympicgameshavedonelittletosupporttheviewthatsportsencouragesinternationalbrotherhood.Notonly,wastherethetragicincidentinvolvingthemurderofathletes,butthegameswerealsoruinedbylesserincidentscausedprincipallybyminornationalcontests.

Onecountryreceiveditssecond-placemedalswithvisibleindignationafterthehockeyfinal.Therehadbeennoisyscenesattheendofthehockeymatch,theusersobjectingtothefinaldecisions.Theywereconvincedthatoneoftheirgoalsshouldnothavebeendisallowedandthattheiropponents'victorywasunfair.Theirmanagerwasinaragewhenhesaid:"Thiswasn'thockey.HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederationarefinished."ThepresidentoftheFederationsaidlaterthatsuchbehaviorcouldresultinthesuspensionoftheteamforatleastthreeyears.

TheAmericanbasketballteamannouncedthattheywouldnotyieldfirstplacetoRussia,afteradisputableendtotheircontest.Thegamehadendedindisturbance.ItwasthoughtatfirstthattheUnitedStateshadwon,byasinglepoint,butitwasannouncedthattherewerethreesecondsstilltoplay.ARussianplayerthenthrewtheballfromoneendofthecourttotheother,andanotherplayerpoppeditintothebasket.ItwasthefirsttimetheUSAhadeverlostanOlympicbasketballmatch.TheAmericanplayersthenvotednottoreceivethesilvermedals.

Incidentsofthiskindwellcontinueaslongassportisplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfortheloveofthegame.InthepresentorganizationoftheOlympicsthereisfartoomuchthatencouragesaggressivepatriotism.tragica.1.悲慘的,可悲的2.悲劇(性)的

[聯(lián)想詞]

dreadfula.1.糟透了的,極不合意的2.極端的,極其大的3.可怕的,令人畏懼的

pathetica.1.差勁的,令人生厭的2.可悲的,可憐的,引起憐憫的

disastrousa.1.災(zāi)難性的,造成災(zāi)害的2.極壞的,很糟的

catastrophen.大災(zāi)難,災(zāi)禍

destructivea.破壞(性)的,毀滅(性)的

comica.喜劇的,滑稽的incidentn.1.發(fā)生的事2.事件,事變

incidencen.[單]發(fā)生率

incidentallyad.順便說及,順便提一句indignationn.憤怒,憤慨,義憤

indignanta.憤怒的,憤慨的,義憤的

[聯(lián)想詞]

furyn.1.狂怒,暴怒2.狂暴,猛烈

furiousa.1.狂怒的,暴怒的2.強(qiáng)烈的,激烈的

dismayn.1.失望,氣餒2.驚恐,驚愕vt.1.使失望,使氣餒2.使驚恐,使驚愕hockeyn.曲棍球

[聯(lián)想詞]

versusprep.1.以...為對(duì)手,對(duì)2.與...相對(duì),與...相比之下federationn.1.聯(lián)合會(huì)2.聯(lián)邦suspensionn.1.暫停,中止2.停止參加,暫時(shí)剝奪3.懸架,懸置機(jī)構(gòu)4.懸浮液5.懸,掛,吊disturbancen.1.擾亂,打擾2.騷亂,混亂3.心神不安,煩惱

[聯(lián)想詞]

harassmentn.1.侵?jǐn)_,騷擾2.煩惱,困苦patriotismn.愛國(guó)主義,愛國(guó)精神,愛國(guó)心 patriotn.愛國(guó)者,愛國(guó)主義者

patriotica.愛國(guó)的,有愛國(guó)心的,顯示愛國(guó)精神的UnitSix

MannersArePracticallyNon-ExistentMannersnowadyasinmetropolitancitieslikeLondonarepracticallynon-existent.Itisnothingforabig,strongschoolboytoelbowanelderlywomanasideinthedashforthelastremainingseatonthetubeorbus,muchlessstandupandofferhisseattoher,asheought.Infact,itissaddeningtonotethatifamandoesofferhisseattoanolderwoman,itisnearlyalwaysaContinentalmanoronefromtheoldergeneration.

Thisquestionofgivingupseatsinpublictransportismucharguedaboutbyyoungmen,whosaythat,sincewomenhaveclaimedequality,theynolongerdeservetobetreatedwithcourtesyandthatthosewhogoouttoworkshouldtaketheirturnintheratracelikeanyoneelse.Womenhaveneverclaimedtobephysicallyasstrongasmen.Evenifitisnotagreed,however,thatyoungmenshouldstandupforyoungerwomen,thefactremainsthatcourtesyshouldbeshowntotheold,thesickandtheburdened.Arewereallysolosttoallidealsofunselfishnessthatwecansitthereindifferentlyreadingthepaperorabook,sayingtoourselves"Firstcome,firstserved,"whileagreyhairedwoman,amotherwithayoungchildoracripplestands

Yetthisisalltoooftenseen.

Conditionsintravelarereallyveryhardoneveryone,weknow,buthardshipissurelynoexcuse.Sometimesonewonderswhatwouldhavebeenthebehaviourofthesestuotyoungmeninapackedrefugeetrainoratrainonitswaytoaprison-campduringtheWar.Wouldtheyhaveconsidereditonlyrightandtheirproperduetokeepthebestplacesforthemselvesthen

Olderpeople,tiredandirritablefromaday'swork,arenotangels,either--farfromit.Manyabriskargumentoraninsultingquarrelbreaksoutasthewearyqueuespushandshoveeachothertogetonbusesandtubes.Onecannotcommendthis,ofcourse,butonedoesfeelthereisjustalittlemoreexcuse.

Ifcitiesaretoremainpleasantplacestoliveinatall,however,itseemsimperative,notonlythatcommunicationsintransportshouldbeimproved,butalsothatcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingsshouldbekeptsmoothandpolite.Allovercities,itseemsthatpeoplearetootiredandtoorushedtobepolite.Shopassistantswon'tbothertoassist,taxi-driversgrowlateachotherastheydashdangerouslyroundcorners,busconductorpullthebellbeforetheirdesperatepassengershavehadtimetogetonorofferthebus,andsoonandsoon.Itseemstousthatitisuptotheyoungandstrongtodotheirsmallparttostopsuchdeterioration.名人名言

Youmaybedisappointedifyoufail,butyouaredoomedifyoudon'ttry.

----BeverlySillsmetropolitana.大城市的,大都會(huì)的

[聯(lián)想詞]

municipala.市的,市政的courtesyn.1.謙恭有禮2.有禮貌的舉止(或言詞)cripplen.跛子,傷殘人vt.1.使跛,使受傷致殘2.嚴(yán)重削弱,使陷于癱瘓stouta.1.發(fā)胖的,胖而大的2.結(jié)實(shí)的,牢固的3.勇敢的,大膽的,頑強(qiáng)的

[聯(lián)想詞]

sturdya.1.強(qiáng)壯的,結(jié)實(shí)的,堅(jiān)固的2.堅(jiān)定的,堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的

hardya.1.強(qiáng)壯的,堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的,能吃苦耐勞的2.耐寒的

robusta.強(qiáng)壯的,健康的

musculara.肌肉發(fā)達(dá)的,強(qiáng)壯的

fragilea.1.易碎的,脆的,易損壞的2.虛弱的,脆弱的irritatevt.1.使惱怒,使煩躁2.使(身體某部分)不適,使疼痛

irritablea.1.易怒的,急躁的2.(器官等)過敏的

[聯(lián)想詞]

aggravatevt.1.加重,加劇,使惡化2.激怒,使惱火angeln.1.天使2.可愛的人briska.1.輕快的,生氣勃勃的2.興隆的,繁忙活躍的3.寒冷而清新的

[聯(lián)想詞]

energetica.精力充沛的,充滿活力的

slacka.1.不活躍的,蕭條的,清淡的2.懈怠的,馬虎的3.松(馳)的

n.(繩索等)松弛部分vi.懈怠,懶散wearya.1.疲勞的,疲倦的2.使人疲勞的,使人厭倦的vi.(of)厭煩,不耐煩shovevt.1.亂推,擠2.亂塞,隨意做vi.用力推,擠n.猛推commendvt.1.表?yè)P(yáng),稱贊2.推薦imperativea.1.必要的,緊急的,極重要的2.命令的n.必要的事,必須完成的事growlvi.1.(動(dòng)物)發(fā)狺狺聲2.低志咆哮著說話

[聯(lián)想詞]

howlvi.嚎叫,吼叫,(風(fēng))呼嘯n.嚎叫,吼叫,(風(fēng))呼嘯

yellvi.號(hào)叫,叫喊n.號(hào)叫,叫喊

mutterv.n.輕聲低語(yǔ),小聲抱怨

mutea.1.緘默的,無聲的2.啞的,舉說話的3.(字母)不發(fā)聲的vt.消除(聲音),減輕聲音

murmurv.n.小聲說話,小聲抱怨,咕噥

buzzn.嗡嗡聲vi.發(fā)出嗡嗡聲deterioratevi.變壞,惡化

deteriorationn.變壞,惡化,墮落

[聯(lián)想詞]

crumblevt.弄碎vi.崩潰,瓦解perfectionn.完美,完善

[聯(lián)想詞]

intacta.完整無缺的,未經(jīng)觸動(dòng)的,未受損傷的

UnitSeven

OnAmbition

Ifambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition--wealth,distinction,controloverone'sdestiny--mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition'sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared:anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition--ifnotalwaystheirownthanthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped--withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnotthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs--thelocations,placemanesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilynadopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptional,theproperformulationis,"Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious."

Theattasksinambitionaremanyandcomefromvarionsangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,nolongeropenlyhonored,itislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly.Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,ontherightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.destinyn.1.命運(yùn)2.定數(shù),天命

destineda.1.命中注定,預(yù)定的2.以...為目的地的deemvt.認(rèn)為,視為hypocrisyn.偽善,虛偽locationn.1.位置,場(chǎng)所2.外景拍攝地

localityn.地區(qū),地點(diǎn)

situateda.位于...的,坐落在...的spectaclen.1.演出,場(chǎng)面2.景象,壯觀3.[-s]眼鏡amplea.1.足夠的2.寬敞的,面積大的

amplifyvt.1.放大,增強(qiáng)2.擴(kuò)大,詳述exceptionala.1.優(yōu)越的,杰出的2.例外的,獨(dú)特的

[聯(lián)想詞]

abnormala.反常的,異常的

queera.1.奇怪的,異常的2.不舒服的,眩暈的ambitiousa.1.有抱負(fù)的,雄心勃勃的2.有野心的

[聯(lián)想詞]

aspirationn.強(qiáng)烈的愿望,志向,抱負(fù)enrollvi.(in,on)入學(xué),加入vt.招收,吸收

[聯(lián)想詞]

expel(expelled;expelling)vt.1.把..除名,把..開除2.驅(qū)逐3.排出formulatevt.1.構(gòu)想出,規(guī)劃2.系統(tǒng)地闡述

formulationn.1.公式化2.系統(tǒng)的闡述3.規(guī)劃,構(gòu)想impulsen.1.沖動(dòng),一時(shí)的念頭2.驅(qū)動(dòng),驅(qū)使3.脈沖

[聯(lián)想詞]

propel(propelled,propelling)vt.1.推進(jìn),推動(dòng)2.激勵(lì),驅(qū)使

curbvt.控制,約束n.控制,約束slya.1.狡猾的,狡詐的2.會(huì)意的,會(huì)心的

[聯(lián)想詞]

shrewda.機(jī)靈的,敏銳的,精明的

confidentiala.1.秘密的,機(jī)密的2.表示信任的

UnitEight

TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofCarsTheuseofthemotorisbecomingmoreandmorewidespreadinthetwentiethcentury;asanincreasingnumberofcountriesdevelopbothtechnicallyandeconomically,soalargerproportionoftheworld'spopulationisabletobuyanduseacar.Possessingacargivesamuchgreaterdegreeofmobility,enablingthedrivertomovearoundfreely.Theownerofacarisnolongerforcedtorelyonpublictransportandis,therefore,notcompelledtoworklocally.Hecanchoosefromdifferentjobsandprobablychangeshisworkmorefrequentlyasheisnotrestrictedtoachoicewithinasmallradius.Travelingtoworkbycarisalsomorecomfortablethanhavingtousepublictransport;thedrivercanadjusttheheatinginwinterandtheair-conditioninginthesummertosuithisownneedsandpreference.Thereisnoirritationcausedbywaitingfortrains,busesorundergroundtrains,standinginlongpatientqueues,orsittingonwindyplatforms,foraslongashalfanhoursometimes.Withthebuildingofgood,fastmotorwayslongdistancescanbecoveredrapidlyandpleasantly.Forthefirsttimeinthiscenturyalso,manypeoplearenowabletoenjoytheirleisuretimetothefullbymakingtripstothecountryorseasideattheweekends,insteadofbeingconfinedtotheirimmediateneighborhood.Thisfeelingofindependence,andthefreedomtogowhereyouplease,isperhapsthegreatestadvantageofthecar.

whenconsideringthedrawbacks,perhapspollutionisofprimeimportance.Asmoreandmorecarsareproducedandused,sotheemissionfromtheirexhaust-pipescontainsaneverlargervolumeofpoisonousgas.Someofthecontentsofthisgas,suchaslead,notonlypollutetheatmospherebutcauseactualharmtothehealthofpeople.Manyoftheminorillnessesofmodernindustrialsociety,headaches,tiredness,andstomachupsetsarethoughttoarisefrombreathingpollutedair;doctors'surgeriesarefullofpeoplesufferingfromillnessescausedbypollution.Itisalsobecomingincreasinglydifficulttodealwiththeproblemoftrafficintowns;mostoftheimportantcitiesoftheworldsufferformtrafficjams.Infact,anyadvantagegainedincomfortisoftencancelledoutincitydrivingbythefrustrationcausedbytrafficjams:endlessqueuesofcarscrawlingoneafteranotherattheintersections.Asanincreasingnumberoftrafficregulationschemesaredevised,thepoorbewildereddriverfindshimselfdivertedandforcedintoone-waysystemswhichcauseevengreaterdelaysthanthetrafficjamstheyaresupposedtoprevent.Themountingcostofpetrolandtheincreasedtollsandroadtaxalladdtothedriver'sworries.Infact,hemustsometimeswonderifthemotorcarissuchablessingandnotjustamenace.mobilityn.1.流動(dòng)性,移動(dòng)性2.機(jī)動(dòng)性

mobilizevt.1.動(dòng)員2.調(diào)動(dòng)vi.動(dòng)員起來

[聯(lián)想詞]

summonvi.1.召喚2.(up)鼓起勇氣3.召開,召集irritatevt.1.使惱怒,使煩躁2.使(身體某部分)不適,使疼痛radiusn.半徑air-conditioningn.空調(diào)設(shè)備,空調(diào)系統(tǒng)drawbackn.缺點(diǎn),欠缺,不利條件

[聯(lián)想詞]

setbackn.挫折,倒退,失敗

handicapn.1.缺陷2.障礙vt.(handicapped;handicapping)妨礙,使不利productivea.1.多產(chǎn)的,富饒的2.富有成效的

productivityn.生產(chǎn)力,生產(chǎn)率surgeryn.1.外科,外科手術(shù)2.手術(shù)室

surgeonn.外科醫(yī)生

[聯(lián)想詞]

dentistn.牙科醫(yī)生

wardn.病房

bandagen.繃帶vt.用繃帶包扎intersectionn.道路交叉口,交點(diǎn)

[聯(lián)想詞]

junctionn.聯(lián)結(jié)點(diǎn),交叉口,樞紐

overpassn.天橋,立交橋

barricaden.路vt.在...設(shè)路障bewildervt.使迷