大學(xué)英語跨文化交際教程課后全

Unit1Sportsmanship:Itistheabilitytopractiseasportaccordingtoitsrules,whilealsoshowinggenerositytoone’sopponentandgoodtemperindefeat.Traditionally,anEnglishmanisthoughttobereserved,unemotional,courteous,shyofstrangers,suspiciousofchange,andslowtoacceptnewideas.Itistheabilitytopractiseasportaccordingtoitsrules,whilealsoshowinggenerositytoone’sopponentandgoodtemperindefeat.Moreover,sportsmanshipasanideaisappliedtolifeingeneral.Thepioneeringspirit:ExceptforthebroughtfromAfrica,immigrantscametoAmericavoluntarily,earlyinsearchofgreaterprosperityandfreedom.Rags-to-riches:Itisstoryaboutapoorboywho,becausehewashardworking,honest,andlucky,grewuptobecomerichandrespected.Americandream:Thebeliefthatanyindividual,nomatterhowpoor,canachieveweatherandfamethroughdiligenceandvirtue.Traditionally,individualism,independenceandcollaboration,practice,tolerance,meltingpotandracialdiscriminationarethecharacterofAmericans.TheAmericanDreamisthebeliefthatanyindividual,nomatterhowpoor,canachievewealthandfamethroughdiligenceandvirtue.Unit2KeyconceptsFiverelationshipsFiverelationships:ruler-minister,father-son,husband-wife,elder-youngerbrotherandfriend-friend.HumanismHumanismmeansthatmannotonlyhadtherighttoenjoythebeautyoftheirlife,butalsohadtheabilitytoperfectthemselvesandperformwonders.IndividualismAnindividualismcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesadindividualsandtoemphasizetheneedsofindividuals.編寫版wordCollectivismAcollectivismcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasmembersofgroups(families,workunits,tribes,nations),andusuallyconsidertheneedsofthegrouptobemoreimportantthantheneedsofindividuals.ComprehensionquestionsAccordingtoConfucianism,whatarethefivecardinalrelationshipsinChinesesocietyandwhatshouldtheserelationshipsbe?Thatisthewell-knownfiverelationships:ruler-minister,father-son,husband-wife,elder-youngerbrotherandfriend-friend.Thiswasexplainedas"Thereshouldbeaffectionbetweenmanandwife,stratificationbetweenoldandyoung,andgoodfaithbetweenfriends."Whatisthedifferencebetweencollectivismandindividualism?Firstly,westernstendtobelievethatpeopleshouldrelyonthemselvesasmuchaspossible-andtheyusuallyexpectotherpeopletodothesame.Sotheydon'tthinktheyhavetheobligationtohelpfamilymembersandfriendsduringemergencysituations.Incontrast,peopleincollectivistculturesgenerallyfeelthattheyhavearighttohelpothermembersoftheirgroups.Secondly,westernsgenerallyfeelthattherightsofindividualsshouldnotbesubordinatedtotheneedsofalargergroup,oratleastthatindividualsshouldhavetherighttodecideforthemselveswhethertosacrificetheirpersonalbenefitforthesakeofthegroup.Incontrast,peopleincollectivistculturesaregenerallymorewillingtoaccepttheideathatindividualsshouldsacrificeforthebenefitofthegroup.Thirdly,westernerstendtobelievethatindividualsshouldmakedecisionsforthemselves,編寫版wordandthatindividualsshouldtakecreditandresponsibilityforwhattheyhavepersonallydone.Incontrast,peopleincollectivistculturestendtofeelmorethattheyarerepresentativesoftheirgroup,andtoacceptmoreresponsibilityfortheothermembersoftheirgroupstoo.finaldifferenceliesinthewaypeopleindifferentculturesviewtheideaof"individualism".Westernerstendtoviewindividualismasagoodthing.Incontrast,theChinesetermfor"individualism",oftenhasasomewhatnegativeconnotation,andissometimesusedasasynonymfor"selfishness."Unit3Nuclearfamily:includeahusband,awifeandtheirchildrenExtendedfamily:adultcouplesareexpectedtoformtheirownhouseholdwitheitheroftheirbiologicalfamilies.Becausetheydesireacloseandintensebondwiththeirpartners，theyexpectsomuchfrommarriagethatsomanygetdivorcedImpermanence:thepropertyofnotexistingforindefinitelylongdurations.Stable:resistanttochangeofpositionorconditionConnectionvs.contract:relationship①Chinesearelikelytoreactmoretotheotherpersonasawholeandwillavoidformingfriendshipswiththosevaluesandbehaviorsareinsomewaydeemedundesirable.②InChinaafriendisacceptedcompletelyornotatall③giveeachothermuchmoreconcretehelpandassistancethanWesternfriendsdo.Americanhavecasual,friendlyrelationshipswithmanypeople,butdeeper,closerfriendshipswithonlyafew.②Americanfriendshipstendtobeverycompartmentalized.編寫版wordAmericanfriendshipsismostlyamatterofprovidingemotionalsupportandspendingtimetogether.Unit5Nutritionandbalance:alookatthenutritionalinformation,likethenumberofcaloriespreserving,gramsoffat,sodium,cholesterol,fiberandsugarcontentwillmakeyoumoreknowledgeableinselectingfoodstoreduceyournutritionalhealthrisk.Pragmatism:inthewesterns’eyes,foodoreatingisjustawaytokeephealthy,havinglittletodowithartistry.Norwilltheybeparticularaboutthetasteoffoodtoomuch.Unit6Creativity:theabilitytocreateSelf-reliance:isaprincipalvalueofchildrearinginmiddle-classAmerican.Originality：1.HowdotheChineseteachtheirchildren？A:ChineseteachtheirchildrenbyholdingtheirhandsHowdoAmericansdo？A:Ontheirownandeventodiscovernewproblemforwhichcreativesolutionsarewanted.Canyoufindthetheoriessupportingthetwodifferentteachingmethod？A:Evolutionaryandrevolutionary2.Canyoutellanyotherdifferencesbetweenthetwoeducationalsystems?Thecontrastbetweenthetwoculturescanalsobeseeninthefearswebothharbor.Chineseteachersarefearfulthatifskillsarenotacquiredearly,theymayneverbeacquired;thereis,ontheotherhand,nocomparablehurrytopromotecreativity.Americaneducatorsfearthatunlesscreativityhasbeenacquiredearly,itmayneveremerge;ontheotherhand,skillscanbepickeduplater.Unit7KeyconceptsMonochronictimeMonochronictimeisanapproachthat編寫版wordfavorslinearstructureandfocusononeeventorinteractionatatime.PolychronictimeApolychronictimesystemisasystemwhereseveralthingscanbedoneatonce,andamorefluidapproachistakentoschedulingtime.UnlikeAmericansandmostnorthernandwesternEuropeancultures,LatinAmericanandArabicculturesusethepolychromicoftime.LinearstructureInmonochromictime,linearstructuremeanspeoplefocusononeeventorinteractionatatime.ScheduleorientedPeopleinpolychronictimeculturestreattimeasalesstangiblemediumsothattheycaninteractwithmorethanonepersonordomorethanonethingatatime.PeopleorientedPolychronicindividualsareorientedtowardpeople,humanrelationships,andthefamily,whichisthecoreoftheirexistence.Familytakesprecedenceovereverythingelse,closefriendscomenext..ComprehensionquestionsWhatismonochronicculture?Whatispolychronicculture?Monochronicculturestypicallyemphasizedoingonethingatatimeduringaspecifiedtime-period,workingonasingletaskuntilitisfinished.Polychronicculturesareinvolvedwithmanythingsatonce,usuallywithvaryinglevelsofattentionpaidtoeach.Whatarethedifferentattitudesmonchronicpeopleandpolychronicpeopleholdtowardtime?Monochronicpeopleseetimeasbeingdividedintofixedelements(seconds,minutes,hours,etc.)編寫版wordSequentialblocksthatcanbeorganized,quantified,andscheduled.WhatarethestrengthsandweaknessesofM-timesystemandP-timesystem?Oncethetimeisset,itisrarelychanged,andpeopletakeitseriously.M-timeculturesisonewhoviolatestheruleofpunctualityshallbepunishedseriously.Mattersinapolychronicplansforthefuture:evenimportantplansmaybechangedrightuptheminuteofexecution.Unit9KeyconceptsHigh-contextcultureHighcontextculturesrelyonthecontext,eithertheactualphysicalenvironmentofcommunicationoraninternalizedsocialcontextorboth,orconveyalargepartorevenallofamessage.’smeaningLow-contextcultureLowcontextculture,inwhichcontextisnotassumedtobeunderstood,messagesareexplicit,direct,andcompletelyencodedinwords,andmeaningisentrustedalmostentirelytowords.ImplicitnessThemessagewhichsomeoneexpressediselliptical,indirect,andallusive.ExplicitnessThemessagewhichsomeoneexpressedisdirect,andcompletelyencodedinwords,andmeaningisentrustedalmostentirelytowords..VerbalizingVerbalizing-thatis,toputthingsinwords,whetherwrittenororal.ComprehensivequestionsWhatisHigh-contextculture?WhatisLow-contextculture?Highcontextculturesrelyonthecontext,eithertheactualphysicalenvironmentofcommunicationoraninternalizedsocialcontextorboth,orconveyalargepartorevenallofamessage’smeaning.編寫版wordLowcontextculture,inwhichcontextisnotassumedtobeunderstood,messagesareexplicit,direct,andcompletelyencodedinwords,andmeaningisentrustedalmostentirelytowords.ImplicitnessWhatdoessilencemeaninhigh-contextcultures?Whatisthefunctionofsilenceinhigh-contextcultures?Itmeansentirelyaccepted.Intheindividuallevel,silencecanbeviewedasastateofbeingallowingyoutoexperiencethehighesttruthandbliss;ontheinterpersonallevel,silencecanbeusedtopromoteharmony,cooperation,andothercollectivisticvalues;onthelevelofsocialmovements,silencecanbeprotest.Whydoessilencemeandifferentlyindifferentcultures?Differentintheusesofsilencecanbebestexaminedinhigh-contextandlow-contextcultures.High-contextculturesarerelational,collectivist,intuitive,andcontemplative.Low-contextculturesarelogical,linear,individualistic,andaction-oriented.KeyconceptsCultureshockCultureshockhappenstopeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Itis,firstandforemostanemotionalphenomenon;thencomescognitivedisorientationandidentitydissonance.ComprehensionquestionsWhatarethefivestagesoftheculturaladjustmentprocess?Doeseveryonehavethesameexperience?Thefivestagesoftheculturaladjustmentprocess:編寫版wordHoneymoonperiod:Initiallymanypeoplearefascinatedandexcitedbyeverythingofthenewculture.Culturesh