托福綜合寫作模板總結(jié)、詞匯總結(jié)

綜合寫作題型分類：單話題類 /雙話題類話題分類：生物生態(tài)類 /商業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)/文學(xué)藝術(shù)/化石考古/燃料能源多樣化表達(dá)：閱讀：Thereading,thepassage,theauthor,thearticle聽力：Thelistening,thelecture,thelecturer,theprofessor,thespeaker認(rèn)為：believe,hold,suggest,support,pointout,advocate( 提倡，主張，通常不用于反對意見 ),claim反駁：Criticizevt.批評criticismn.（crisisn.危機(jī)）Argue,challenge,doubt,disagree,refute,?.Isquestionable.但是：However,although,ontheotherhand,incontrast,while,增加：Increase(n&vt),boost(boosttheeconomy)(n&vt 使增長；推動；改進(jìn)；使興旺),maximize/maximization,addtosth(globalwarming)Improve/improvement,enhance/enhancement,heightenfortify/fortification(vt 使強(qiáng)化，使振作 ),advance(vi&vt&n)expansion(usedinsize,number,amount),amplify( 擴(kuò)大聲音、增強(qiáng)，加劇),enlarge（及物&不及物，擴(kuò)大；～ onsth進(jìn)一步說明，詳述）thrive降低：Decline(vi&n),decrease,minimize/minimization,reduce/reduction,cutdown,shrink(vi&vt)/shrinkageDamage,impair(vt, 損害，削弱),causedamageto,harm,hurtDestroy,destruction,dogreatdamageto,doharmto,ruin,catastrophicdamage ，thedisastrousconsequence ，endanger（vt危及，危害）影響：aftermath 后果，余波 the~of(animportantevent)affect副詞：definitely，totally（disagreewith），strongly（influencedby）其他：Utility 用途Alternative/substitute ：analternativetosth 某事物的替代品； alternativesth 備用，可替代sthsbsubstituteonethingforanother/onethingsubstituteforanother 取代，替換asubstituteforsth 替代品生物生態(tài)類：物種數(shù)量驟降 /驟增分析原因：假說分析Hypothesis,explanation,cause,theoryPredator,predation,pollution,climatechange,habitat,insect,humanactionatlong-termenvironmentalexpense （Itexposesthefallacyofshort-termindustrialgainatlong-termenvironmentalexpense 這暴露了以長久的環(huán)境破壞為代價(jià)換取短期工業(yè)利益的錯(cuò)誤。 ）分析影響：生態(tài)問題Ecosystem,localspecies,foodchain,thenumberofA=Apopulationnative：意含對當(dāng)?shù)厣鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)重要的、必不可少的inevitable/unavoidable/inescapableindispensableendangered/scarcespeciesgeneticallydiverse( 多樣化的)/geneticdiversity解決方案：生態(tài)保護(hù)Pesticide,assistedmigration,geneticmodification措施：waystoaddressthedeclineofthreesolutionsmentionedinthereadingpassageinanattempttodosth,sbdosthpresentthreesolutions/measures模板開頭段Thereadingandthelisteningpresentoppositeviewsonthehypothesisofseaotterdecline （主題）.Thereadingadvocatesthepollutiontheory （觀點(diǎn) A）whilethelisteningstressesonthepredationhypothesis （觀點(diǎn)B）.*觀點(diǎn)將原文的內(nèi)容寫全Thepassageandthelisteningmaterialholdcontraryopinionsonsalvagelogging.Thepassageholdsthatitbenefitsbothadamagedforestandtheeconomywhilethelisteningarguesitcancauselong-termenvironmentaldamageanditseconomicbenefitsarealsoquestionable.Thespeakerandtheauthorholddivergentattitudestowardthefutureofcharitablegiving.Throughrelevantreasonsandexamples,thelecturerrefutesthepessimisticviewpointsstatedinthereadingmaterial.主體段First,thepassagesupportsthepollutiontheorybecause( 理由A1),whichmightleadto （進(jìn)一步原因A1）。However，thespeakerchallengesthat(理由B1)，so(進(jìn)一步原因A1)seemimplausible.Ontheotherhand,thisstrengthensthe( 觀點(diǎn)B)becauseif(觀點(diǎn)下的事實(shí)、推論，即對觀點(diǎn)的另一種表述 )，（觀點(diǎn)下的進(jìn)一步原因 B1）Second,thelecturedisagreeswiththeclaiminthereadingpassagethat(理由A2)and(進(jìn)一步原因 A2-反面*).Shearguesthat 用(觀點(diǎn)B解釋理由A2**).（進(jìn)一步原因B2），therefore（理由B2）.當(dāng)閱讀中出現(xiàn)反面的進(jìn)一步原因/表達(dá)反駁的細(xì)節(jié)時(shí)，應(yīng)該寫入而非省略，否則直接寫聽力的對應(yīng)細(xì)節(jié)顯得唐突。觀點(diǎn)重申，使邏輯更完整。主體段落應(yīng)該包括各自的觀點(diǎn)和聽力的反駁理由。Finally,althoughtheauthorbelieves( 理由A3)couldbecausedby 進(jìn)(一步原因A3),theprofessorchallengesthat( 理由A3)canbebetterexplainedby(觀點(diǎn)B)because 理(由B3)+（進(jìn)一步原因 B3）.First,theprofessorpointsoutthaturbangrowth,whileharmfultosometypesofbirds,couldprovidehabitatsformanyothertypes.Asamatteroffact,??This,however,contradictsthestatementinthereadingthat ??帶有讓步的反駁Second, the professor explains that ? won’t?as the readingillustrates. ?? contributeto ? .,makingitunnecessaryto ??陳述兩者關(guān)系Third,whileconvincedoftheharmfulnessof?.usedtobirdsconcludedinthepassage,theprofessordoesn’thinkitwillbeaprobleminthefuture,inthat??..,andaretherefore?.帶有讓步的反駁First,althoughthewriterpointsoutthat ?? ..,thelecturechallengesthat ?? .Thesecondreasontheauthorgivesisthat ?? (by ? ..,becauseHowever,theprofessorarguesthat ??Finally,thespeakerrefusestheviewpointinthepassagethat ??believesthat ? ..;According

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..becauseof??? To.rebutthisidea,theprofessorclaimsthatcontrarytotheviewinthepassage,will ?? .Second, thepassage saysthat?? ,whilethe

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incur.greaterdeclines,,theywill ?? ..Thus,

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??主體段閱讀詳寫時(shí)，首句單獨(dú)寫閱讀觀點(diǎn)而不寫成從句。Accordingtothewriter, ?? ..isassociatedwith ?? ..becauseofTorebutthisidea,theprofessorclaimsthat ?? This.tendency,contrarytotheviewinthepassage,will ?? .Thesecondreasontheauthorgivesisthat ?? (by ? ..,becauseHowever,theprofessorarguesthat

??First,thepassagesupportsthepollution theorybecause(理由A1),?..;whichmightleadto （進(jìn)一步原因 A1）。However，thespeakerchallengesthat(理由B1)，so(進(jìn)一步原因A1)seemimplausible.Ontheotherhand,thisstrengthensthe( 觀點(diǎn)B)becauseif 觀(點(diǎn)下的事實(shí)、推論，即對觀點(diǎn)的另一種表述 )，（觀點(diǎn)下的進(jìn)一步原因 B1）主體段閱讀不詳寫時(shí)， 首句可將閱讀的觀點(diǎn)寫成從句闡述聽力觀點(diǎn)的從句。Second,thelecturedisagreeswiththeclaiminthereadingpassagethat.ShearguesthatFinally,thespeakerrefusestheviewpointinthepassagethatShebelievesthatFinally,althoughtheauthorbelieves( 理由A3)couldbecausedby(進(jìn)一步原因 A3),theprofessorchallengesthat 理(由A3)canbebetterexplainedby(觀點(diǎn)B)because 理(由B3)+（進(jìn)一步原因 B3）.First,althoughthewriterpointsoutthatthat??.

?? ..,thelecturechallengesSecond,thepassagesaysthat??,whilethelecturerarguesthatthismaygiveriseto(引起，導(dǎo)致，發(fā)生)??,whichcontradictsthepointmadeinthepassage.Finally,opposingtheauthor'sbeliefthat ?? .incurgreaterdeclinetheprofessorcontendsthateventhough ?? ,theywill ?? .Thus, ? ...Second,the professor explainsthat ? won’t?asthereadingillustrates. ?? contributeto ? .,makingitunnecessaryto ??針對某問題的措施類的討論（提出——反駁其無效） ：ThenumberofTotteyainFloridaisnowdecreasingandthepassagepresentsthreesolutions/measures/optionstosavethemfromextinction.However,thelecturerarguesthatthesesolutionswon ’tleadtosatisfactoryconsequencesatall.Firstly/secondly/Lastbutnotleast,theprofessorargues/claimsthat措施1asthereadingmentionsisunlikelytosuccess/unrealistic/won’tbeagoodmethod （either）.ShetakesBlackLocusasanexample.ThefirstoptiontheauthorcomesupwithistoreestablishTotteyainitsoriginatedplace,wherethewetandcoolmicroclimateissuitableforTotteyatogrow.However,theprofessorchallengesthatTotteyawillunlikelytosurvivebecause 。。。。。。 ConsideringtheglobalwarmingandthedroughtofFlorida,itisimpossiblefor/However,theprofessorchallengesthatTotteyawill

。。。to。。。unlikelytosurvive.Sheclaimsthat

,thus?? itisimpossiblefor 。。。to。。。Second,thelecturequestionstheoption