2016年6月英語四級第1套真題

2016年6月大四級（第1套Part (30Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealettertoexpressyourthankstoyourparentsoranyfamilymembersuponmakingmemorableachievement.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.PartⅡ ListeningComprehension(25minutes)Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearthreenewsreports.Attheendofeachnewsreport,youwillheartwoorthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughtheQuestions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustA)TheInternationalLaborOrganization'skeyThebasicsocialprotectionforthemostRisingunemploymentGlobaleconomicA)ManycountrieshavenottakenmeasurestocreateenoughFewcountriesknowhowtoaddressthecurrenteconomicFewcountrieshaverealizedtheseriousnessofthecurrentManycountriesneedsupporttoimprovetheirpeople'slivelihood.Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustA)ServestandardizedfoodPutcalorieinformationon IncreaseproteincontentintheOfferconvenientfoodtoA)TheywillbeTheywillbeTheywillgetaTheywillloseQuestions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustA)Inabilitytoimplementtheirbusinessplans.B)Inabilitytokeepturningoutnovelproducts.LackofasuccessfulbusinessmodeloftheirFailuretointegrateinnovationintotheirA)ItisthesecrettobusinessItisthecreationofsomethingItisamagictooltobringbigItisanessentialpartofbusinessA)ItshardworkingItsflexiblepromotionItsinnovationItswillingnesstomakeSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversationsyouwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationsandthequestion-swillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion.YoumustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA), D).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)He'sgotaddictedtoHeisnotverygoodatHeiscrazyabouttext-HedoesnottalklongontheTalkatGossipaForgetA)HethoughtitwasHeneededtheHewantedtostayconnectedwithHehadanurgentmessagetoA)ItposesachallengetoItsavesbothtimeandItischildishandItiscoolandQuestions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)HewantstochangehisjobHeisunhappywithhisdepartmentHethinkshedeservesextrapayforHeisoftensingledoutforcriticismbyhisA)HisworkloadwasmuchtooHisimmediatebossdidnottrustHiscolleaguesoftenrefusedtoHissalarywastoolowforhisA)HeneverknowshowtoHeisalwaysreadytohelpHisbosshasalotoftrustinHisbosshasnosenseofA)PutallhiscomplaintsinWaitandseewhathappensLearntosaynowhenTalktohisboss SectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA), andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughtheQuestions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)TheimportanceofsleeptoahealthyReasonsforAmericans'declineinSometipstoimprovethequalityofDiseasesassociatedwithlackofA)Theyaremorehealth-TheyarechangingtheirlivingTheygetlessandlessTheyknowthedangersoflackofA)TheirweightwillgoTheirmindfunctionwillTheirworkefficiencywillTheirbloodpressurewillQuestions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)HowmuchyoucanaffordtoWhatcourseyouaregoingtoWhichuniversityyouaregoingtoapplyWhenyouaregoingtosubmityourA)ThelistofcoursesThefullrecordofThereferencesfrom alA)SpecifywhattheywouldliketodoafterDescribeindetailhowmuchtheywouldenjoyIndicatetheyhavereflectedandthoughtaboutthesubject.D)EmphasizethattheyadmiretheprofessorsintheQuestions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)ItwasequippedwithrubberItwasbuiltinthelate19thItwaspurchasedbytheRoyalItwasdesignedbyanEnglishA)TheyconsumedlotsofTheytooktwopassengersTheyweredifficulttoTheyoftenbrokeA)TheywereproducedontheassemblyTheywerebuiltwithlesscostlyTheyweremodeledafterBritishTheyweremadeforordinaryA)ItmadenewsallovertheItwasbuiltfortheRoyalItmarkedanewerainmotorItattractedlargenumbersofPart ReadingDirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Physicalactivitydoesthebodygood,andthere'sgrowingevidencethatithelpsthebraintoo.ResearchersintheNetherlandsreportthatchildrenwhogetmoreexercise,whetheratschoolorontheirown,26tohavehigherGPAsandbetterscoresonstandardizedtests.Ina27of14studiesthatlookedatphysicalactivityandacademic28,investigatorsfoundthatthemorechildrenmoved,thebettertheirgradeswereinschool,29inthebasicsubjectsofmath,Englishandreading.Thedatawillcertainlyfueltheongoingdebateoverwhetherphysicaleducationclassesshouldbecutasschoolsstruggleto30onsmallerbudgets.Theargumentsagainstphysicaleducationhaveincludedconcernsthatgymtimemaybetakingawayfromstudytime.WithstandardizedtestscoresintheU.S.31inrecentyears,someadministratorsbelievestudentsneedtospendmoretimeintheclassroominsteadofontheplayground.Butasthesefindingsshow,exerciseandacademicsmaynotbe32exclusive.Physicalactivitycanimprove33tothebrain,fuelingmemory,attentionandcreativity,whichare34tolearning.Andexercisereleaseshormonesthatcanimprove35andrelievestress,whichcanalsohelplearning.Sowhileitmayseemasifkidsarejustexercisingtheirbodieswhenthey'rerunningaround,theymayactuallybeexercisingtheirbrainsaswell.SectionDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.FindingtheRightHome—andContentment,Whenyourelderlyrelativeneedstoentersomesortoflong-termcarefacility—amomentfewparentsorchildrenapproachwithoutfear—whatyouwouldlikeistohaveeverythingmadeDoesassistedlivingreallymarkagreatimprovementoveranursinghome,orhastheindustrysimplyhiredbetterinteriordesigners?Arenursinghomesasbadaspeoplefear,oristhatanout-modedstereotype（固定看法)?Canngone's reallysteerfamiliestothebestplaces?Itisgenuinelyhardtoknow.Iamabouttomakethingsmorecomplicatedbysuggestingthatwhatkindoffacilityanolderlivesinmaymatterlessthanwehaveassumed.Andthatthecharacteristicsadultchildrenlookforwhentheybeginthesearcharenotnecessarilythethingsthatmakeadifferencetothepeoplewhoaregoingtomovein.Iamnottalkingaboutthequalityofcare,letmehastilyadd.Nobodyflourishesinagloomyenvironmentwithirresponsiblestaffandapoorsafetyrecord.ButanaccumulatingbodyofresearchindicatesthatsomebetweenonetypeofeldercareandanotherhavelittlerealbearingonhowwellresidentsThemostrecentofthesestudies,publishedinThejournalofAppliedGerontology,surveyed150Connecticutresidentsofassistedliving,nursinghomesandsmallerresidentialcarehomes（knowninsomestatesasboardandcarehomesoradultcarehomes).ResearchersfromtheUniversityofConnecticutHealthCenteraskedtheresidentsalargenumberofquestionsabouttheirqualityoflife,emotionalwell-beingandsocialinteraction,aswellasaboutthequalityofthefacilities.“Wethoughtwewouldseedifferencesbasedonthehousingtypes,”saidtheleadauthorofthestudy,JulieRobison,anassociateprofessorofmedicineattheuniversity.Areasonableassumption—don'tfamiliesstruggletoavoidnursinghomesandsufferrealguiltiftheyIntheinitialresults,assistedlivingresidentsdidpaintthemostpositivepicture.Theywerelesslikelytoreportsymptomsofdepressionthanthoseintheotherfacilities,forinstance,andlesslikelytobeboredorlonely.Theyscoredhigheronsocialinteraction.Butwhentheresearcherspluggedinanumberofothervariables,suchdifferencesdisappeared.Itisnotthehousingtype,theyfound,thatcreatesdifferencesinresidents'responses.“Itisthecharacteristicsofthespecificenvironmenttheyarein,combinedwiththeir characteristics—howhealthytheyfeeltheyare,theirageandmaritalstatus,”Dr.Robisonexplained.Whetherresidentsfeltinvolvedinthedecisiontomoveandhowlongtheyhadlivedtherealsoprovedsignificant.Anelderly whodescribesherselfasinpoorhealth,therefore,mightbenolessdepressedinassistedliving（evenifherchildrenpreferredit)thaninanursinghome.Awhohadinputintowherehewouldmoveandhashadtimetoadapttoitmightdoaswellinanursinghomeasinasmallresidentialcarehome,otherfactorsbeingequal.Itisaninteractionbetweenthe andtheplace,notthesortofplaceinitself,thatleadstobetterorworseexperiences.“Youcan'tjustsay,'Let'sputthis inaresidentialcarehomeinsteadofanursinghome—shewillbemuchbetteroff,'”Dr.Robisonsaid.Whatmatters,sheadded,“isacombinationofwhatpeoplebringinwiththem,andwhattheyfindthere.”Suchfindings,whichruncountertocommonsense,havesurfacedbefore.Inamulti-statestudyofassistedliving,forinstance,UniversityofNorthCarolinaresearchersfoundthatahostofvariables—thefacility'stype,sizeorage；whetherachainownedit；howattractivetheneighborhoodwas—hadnosignificantrelationshiptohowtheresidentsfaredintermsofillness,mentaldecline,hospitalizationsormortality.Whatmatteredmostwastheresidents'physicalhealthandmentalstatus.Whatpeoplewerelikewhentheycameinhadgreaterconsequencethanwhathappenedoncetheywerethere.AsIwasconsideringallthis,apressreleasefromarespectedresearchfirmcrossedmydesk,announcingthatthefive-starratingsystemthatMedicaredevelopedin2008tohelpfamiliescomparenursinghomequalityalsohaslittlerelationshiptohowsatisfieditsresidentsortheirfamilymembersare.Asamatteroffact,consumersexpressedhighersatisfactionwiththeone-starfacilities,thelowestrated,thanwiththefive-starones.（Moreonthisstudyandthestarratingswillappearinasubsequentpost.)Beforewecollectivelytearourhairout—howarewesupposedtofindourwayinalandscapethisconfusing?—hereisathoughtfromDr.PhilipSloane,ageriatrician（老年病學專家)attheUniversityofNorthCarolina:“Inaway,thatcouldbeliberatingforfamilies.”O(jiān)fcourse,sonsanddaughterswanttovisitthefacilities,talktotheadministratorsandresidentsandotherfamilies,anddoeverythingpossibletofulfilltheirduties.Butperhapstheydon'thavetoturnthemselvesintoprivateinvestigatorsorCongressional “Familiescanlookabitmoreforwheretheresidentsaregoingtobehappy,”Dr.Sloanesaid.Andinvolvingthefutureresidentintheprocesscanbeveryimportant.Weallhaveourownideasaboutwhatwouldbringourparentshappiness.Theyhavetheirideas,too.Afriendrecentlytookhermothertovisitanexpensiveassistedliving/nursinghomenearmytown.Ihaveseenthisplace—itiselegant,insideandout.Butnobodygreetedthedaughterandmotherwhentheyarrived,thoughthevisithadbeenplanned；nobodyintroducedthemtotheotherresidents.Whentheyhadlunchinthediningroom,theysataloneatatable.Thedaughterfearedhermotherwouldbeignoredthere,andsoshedecidedtomoveherintoa ingfacility.Basedonwhatisemergingfromsomeofthisresearch,thatmighthavebeenasrationalawayasanytoreachadecision.ManypeoplefeelguiltywhentheycannotfindaplaceotherthananursinghomefortheirThoughithelpsforchildrentoinvestigatecarefacilities,involvingtheirparentsindecision-makingprocessmayproveveryItisreallydifficult lifassistedlivingisbetterthananursingHowaresidentfeelsdependsonaninteractionbetweenthemselvesandthecarefacilitytheylivein.Theauthorthinksherfriendmadearationaldecisioninchoosingamorehospitableplaceoveranapparentlyelegantassistedlivinghome.ThesystemMedicaredevelopedtoratenursinghomequalityisoflittlehelptofindingasatisfactoryplace.Atfirsttheresearchersofthemostrecentstudyfoundresidentsinassistedlivingfacilitiesgavehigherscoresonsocialinteraction.WhatkindofcarefacilityoldpeopleliveinmaybelessimportantthanweThefindingsofthelatestresearchweresimilartoanearliermulti-statestudyofassistedAresident'ssatisfactionwithacarefacilityhasmuchtodowithwhethertheyhadparticipatedinthedecisiontomoveinandhowlongtheyhadstayedthere.SectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingAsArtificialIn ligence(AI) esincreasinglysophisticated,therearegrowingconcernsthatrobotscould eathreat.Thisdangercanbeavoided,accordingtocomputerscienceprofessorStuartRussell,ifwefigureouthowtoturnhumanvaluesintoaprogrammableRussellarguesthatasrobotstakeonmorecomplicatedtasks,it'snecessarytotranslateourmoralsintoAIlanguage.Forexample,ifarobotdoeschoresaroundthehouse,youwouldn'twantittoputthepetcatintheoventomakedinnerforthehungrychildren.“Youwouldwantthatrobotpreloadedwithagoodsetofvalues,”saidRussell.Somerobotsarealreadyprogrammedwithbasichumanvalues.Forexample,mobilerobotshavebeenprogrammedtokeepacomfortabledistancefromhumans.Obviouslythereareculturaldifferences,butifyouweretalkingtoanother andtheycameupcloseinyouralspace,youwouldn'tthinkthat'sthekindofthingaproperlybrought-up woulddo.Itwillbepossibletocreatemoresophisticatedmoralmachines,ifonlywecanfindawaytosetouthumanvaluesasclearrules.Robotscouldalsolearnvaluesfromdrawingpatternsfromlargesetsofdataonhumanbehavior.Theyaredangerousonlyifprogrammersarecareless.Thebiggestconcernwithrobotsgoingagainsthumanvaluesisthathumanbeingsfailtodosufficienttestingandthey'veproducedasystemthatwillbreaksomekindoftaboo（).Onesimplecheckwouldbetoprogramarobottocheckthecorrectcourseofactionwithahumanwhenpresentedwithanunusualsituation.Iftherobotisunsurewhetherananimalissuitableforthemicrowave,ithastheopportunitytostop,sendoutbeeps（嘟嘟聲)andaskfordirectionsfromahuman.Ifwehumansaren'tquitesureaboutadecision,wegoandasksomebodyelse.Themostdifficultstepinprogrammingvalueswillbedecidingexactlywhatwebelieveinmoral,andhowtocreateasetofethicalrules.Butifwecomeupwithananswer,robotscouldbegoodforhumanity.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthethreatofItmayconstituteachallengetocomputer paniesallmachineryinvolvinghighItcanbeavoidedifhumanvaluesaretranslatedintotheirIt eaninevitableperilastechnologygetsmoreWhatwouldwethinkof whoinvades alspaceaccordingtotheTheyare B)TheyareC)Theyare D)Theyareill-HowdorobotslearnhumanByinteractingwithhumansineverydaylifeByfollowingthedailyroutinesofcivilizedhumanBypickinguppatternsfrommassivedataonhumanByimitatingthebehaviorofpropertybrought-uphumanWhatwillawell-programmedrobotdowhenfacinganunusualKeepadistancefrompossible B)StoptoseekadvicefromahumanC)Triggeritsbuilt-inalarmsystemat D)DosufficienttestingbeforetakingWhatismostdifficulttodowhenweturnhumanvaluesintoaprogrammableDeterminewhatismoraland B)Designsomelarge-scaleC)Setrulesforman-machine D)DevelopamoresophisticatedPassageQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingWhydosomepeoplelivetobeolderthanothers?Youknowthestandardexplanations:keeamoderatediet,engaginginregularexercise,etc.ButwhateffectdoesyouralitytheJournaloftheAmericanGeriatricsSocietylookedatthisquestionbyexamining characteristicsof246childrenofpeoplewhohadlivedtobeatleastThestudyshowsthatthoselivingthelongestaremoreoutgoing,moreactiveandless（神經質的)thanotherpeople.Long-livingwomenarealsomorelikelytobesympatheticandcooperativethanwomenwithanormallifespan.Thesefindingsareinagreementwithwhatyouwouldexpectfromtheevolutionarytheory:thosewholiketomakefriendsandhelpotherscangatherenoughresourcestomakeitthroughtoughtimes.Interestingly,however,othercharacteristicsthatyoumightconsideradvantageoushadnoimpactonwhetherstudyparticipantswerelikelytolivelonger.Thosewhoweremoreself-disciplined,forinstance,werenomorelikelytolivetobeveryold.Also,beingopentonewideashadnorelationshiptolonglife,whichmightexplainallthosebad-temperedoldpeoplewhoarefixedintheirways.Whetheryoucansuccessfullychangeyour alityasanadultisthesubjectofalongstandingpsychologicaldebate.Butthenewpapersuggeststhatifyouwantlonglife,youshouldstrive