環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料考試主要內(nèi)容

2009年環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)（雙語）考試主要內(nèi)容第一章：Introduction:whatisecology專業(yè)名詞解釋：Ecologycanbedefinedasthestudyofrelationshipsbetweenorganismsandenvironment.可以被定義為生態(tài)，生物和環(huán)境之間的關(guān)系的研究。Ecologyisindeedthestudyofrelationshipsbetweenorganismsandtheenvironment.生態(tài)確實(shí)是生物和環(huán)境之間的關(guān)系的研究。Biosphere(生物圈):Theportions（部分）ofearththatsupportlife,alsoreferstotheglobalecosystem（生態(tài)系統(tǒng)）.生物圈(biosphere)地球表層中的全部生物和適于生物生存的范圍，它包括巖石圈上層、水圈的全部和大氣圈下層。Ecosystem(生態(tài)系統(tǒng)):Abiologicalcommunityplusalloftheabioticfactorsinfluencingthatcommunity.生物群落及其地理環(huán)境相互作用的自然系統(tǒng)，由無機(jī)環(huán)境生物的生產(chǎn)者(綠色植物)、消費(fèi)者(草食動(dòng)物和肉食動(dòng)物)以及分解者(腐生微生物)4部分組成。Nutrient(營(yíng)養(yǎng)):Chemicalsubstancerequireforthedevelopment,maintenanceandreproductionoforganisms.生物體的生長(zhǎng)，維護(hù)和繁殖所需的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。Epiphytes(附生植物):Aplant,suchasorchid,thatgrowsonthesurfaceofanotherplantbutisnotparasitic.一個(gè)（如蘭科）植物，生長(zhǎng)在另一種植物的表面，但不寄生。Ecotone(群落交錯(cuò)帶):Aspatialtransitionfromonetypeofecosystemtoanother,forinstance,thetransitionfromwoodlandtograssland.從一個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類型變到另一種，例如一個(gè)從林地到草原空間的過渡。簡(jiǎn)述題：Explainingwhythenutrientofsoilundertropicalrainforestispoor,andwherethenutrientstoredintropicalrainforest?解釋為何熱帶雨林下的土壤養(yǎng)分差，熱帶雨林中的營(yíng)養(yǎng)存在在哪呢？由于熱帶地區(qū)，降水量較大，淋洗能力強(qiáng)，可將營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素隨水淋洗出土體，同時(shí)植物不斷吸收土壤中的養(yǎng)分，對(duì)于木本植物每年殘?bào)w歸還量有限，因此不斷的將養(yǎng)分吸收而沒有補(bǔ)充，就會(huì)導(dǎo)致土壤中的養(yǎng)分含量越來越低，而導(dǎo)致土壤貧瘠。第2章：Populationdistributionandabundance專業(yè)名詞解釋：Biomesaredistinguishedprimarilybytheirpredominantplantsandareassociatedwithparticularclimates.Soilisacomplexmixtureoflivingandnonlivingmaterialuponwhichmostlifedepends.Climatediagramssummarizeagreatdealofusefulclimaticinformation,includingseasonalvariationintemperatureandprecipitation,thelengthandintensityofwetanddryseasons,andtheportionoftheyearduringwhichaverageminimumtemperatureisaboveandbelow0℃生物群落的區(qū)分主要是由他們的主要植物，并與特定的氣候相關(guān)。

土壤是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的生命和非生命的混合物，其中有大部分生活所依賴的物質(zhì)。

氣候圖，總結(jié)了大量有用的氣候信息，包括溫度和降水的季節(jié)變化，雨季和旱季的長(zhǎng)度和強(qiáng)度，并在今年的部分在此期間，平均最低氣溫高于和低于0℃tropicalrainforest熱帶雨林:一般認(rèn)為熱帶雨林是指陰涼、潮濕多雨、高溫、結(jié)構(gòu)層次不明顯、層外植物豐富的喬木植物群落。平均溫度為25~~30℃。Tropicalsavanna熱帶稀樹草原:在具有較長(zhǎng)期干旱季節(jié)的熱帶或亞熱帶地區(qū)，以旱生草本植物為優(yōu)勢(shì)，并星散分布著旱生喬木或灌木的植物群落。Temperateforest溫帶雨林:本帶主要分布在亞洲北部、歐洲大部和北美洲北部.南半球因溫帶范圍大陸很狹,溫帶森林面積很小.亞歐大陸東部,受溫帶季風(fēng)氣候影響,夏季溫暖多雨,冬季寒冷降水少,南部是落葉闊葉林,以礫類為代表,典型土壤是暗棕壤.大陸西部,受溫帶海洋性氣候影響,夏季溫暖,冬季比大陸東岸暖和,降水四季分配均勻,Tundra苔原:極地或高山永久凍土分布區(qū)，以地衣、苔蘚、多年生草本和小灌木組成的無林的低矮植被。簡(jiǎn)述題：Drawatypicalsoilprofile,indicatingtheprincipallayers,orhorizons.Describethecharacteristicsofeachlayer.畫出一個(gè)典型的土壤剖面，表明主體層，或視野。描述每一層的特點(diǎn)。（書上20頁的圖）Indicatingthedistributionoftropicalrainforestontheworld,anddescribetheenvironmentalcharacteristics.2）表示熱帶雨林在世界上的分布，描述環(huán)境特征。（書上21頁）Tropicalrainforestsstraddletheequatorinthreemajorregions:SouthernAsia,WestAfrica,andSouthandCentralAmerica(Fig.2.10).Mostrainforestsoccurswithin10oflatitudenorthorsouthoftheequator.OutsidethisequatorialbandaretherainforestsofCentralAmericaandMexico,southeasternBrazil,easternMadagascar,southernIndia,andnortheasternAustralia.熱帶雨林在三個(gè)主要地區(qū)跨越赤道：東南亞，西非，南亞和中美洲（Fig.2.10）。大多數(shù)雨林發(fā)生在北緯或赤道以南10。這個(gè)赤道帶外，中美洲和墨西哥，巴西東南部，馬達(dá)加斯加?xùn)|部，印度南部，澳大利亞東北部的熱帶雨林。全年高溫多雨。全年濕度較高，降水的季節(jié)分配比較均勻，但個(gè)別地區(qū)仍有顯著差異。全年受赤道海洋氣團(tuán)控制，風(fēng)力微弱，季相無變化，基本每日上午悶熱晴朗，接著積云越積越厚，午后則暴雨傾盆，雨后天氣稍涼，第二天又復(fù)如此。Indicatingthedistributionoftropicalsavannaontheworld,anddescribetheenvironmentalcharacteristics.1）說明世界上的熱帶稀樹草原的分布，并描述環(huán)境特征。干濕季對(duì)比非常明顯的熱帶地區(qū)。主要見于東非、南美巴西高原和印度等地。我國(guó)云南一帶干熱河谷、海南島北部和臺(tái)灣西南部也有類似的群落分布。這些地區(qū)終年溫暖但雨量分配不均勻。年均溫約18－24℃特點(diǎn)：由于禾草的生產(chǎn)力高以及植被稀疏開曠等特點(diǎn)，所以在干擾較少的熱帶稀樹草原中常有大量有蹄類食草哺乳動(dòng)物，如非洲薩王納群落中的斑馬、長(zhǎng)頸鹿等。還有一些大型食肉動(dòng)物如非洲獅等。它們與前述的植物群落共同形成熱帶獨(dú)特的自然景觀，引人注目。熱帶稀樹草原的生產(chǎn)力比雨林低，平均約為0.5－3克/米2·天Indicatingthedistributionoftemperateforestontheworld,anddescribetheenvironmentalcharacteristics.2）說明溫帶森林分布在世界上，描述環(huán)境特征。本帶主要分布在亞洲北部、歐洲大部和北美洲北部.南半球因溫帶范圍大陸很狹,溫帶森林面積很小.亞歐大陸東部,受溫帶季風(fēng)氣候影響,夏季溫暖多雨,冬季寒冷降水少,南部是落葉闊葉林,以礫類為代表,典型土壤是暗棕壤.大陸西部,受溫帶海洋性氣候影響,夏季溫暖,冬季比大陸東岸暖和,降水四季分配均勻,非常適合落葉了、闊葉林生長(zhǎng),以歐洲山毛櫸、白樺為代表樹種.典型土壤是棕壤.溫帶森林帶主要?jiǎng)游镉兴墒?、黑熊?Indicatingthedistributionoftemperategrasslandontheworld,anddescribetheenvironmentalcharacteristics.3）世界上溫帶草原的分布，并描述環(huán)境特征。溫帶草原（temperategrassland）溫帶氣候下的地帶性植被類型之一。在世界上分布有兩大區(qū)域，即歐亞草原區(qū)和北美草原區(qū)。我國(guó)草原屬歐亞草原區(qū)一部分。我國(guó)草原區(qū)的水熱條件大體保持溫帶半干旱到溫帶半濕潤(rùn)的指標(biāo)，年均氣溫-3～9℃≥10℃，積溫為1600～3200℃，最冷月平均氣溫為-7～29℃，年降水量在350毫米以下，氣候干燥，雨量少而變率大，多集中夏季，冬季寒長(zhǎng)，有明顯的季相更替，土壤為黑鈣土或栗鈣土。草原植物中旱生結(jié)構(gòu)普遍存在，如葉面積縮小，葉片內(nèi)卷，氣孔下陷，機(jī)械組織和保護(hù)組織發(fā)達(dá)，地下部分發(fā)達(dá)，根系分布較淺。第3章：Lifeinwater專業(yè)名詞解釋：Kelpforest:海帶森林：（54頁圖上面那段）Coralreef:珊瑚礁熱帶海洋中一些海岸、島嶼、暗礁周圍和海灘大量生長(zhǎng)造礁石珊瑚為主的骨骼堆積形成的礁體，統(tǒng)稱為珊瑚礁。有岸礁、堡礁和環(huán)礁三種類型。Saltmarshes:鹽沼含有大量鹽分的濕地。內(nèi)陸鹽沼多分布于干旱地區(qū)，由河流或地下水帶來鹽分的長(zhǎng)期蒸發(fā)積累而成；海濱鹽沼分布在河口或海濱淺灘，由海水浸漬或潮汐交替作用而成。Mangroveforest紅樹林：紅樹林（Mangrove）指生長(zhǎng)在熱帶、亞熱帶低能海岸潮間帶上部，受周期性潮水浸淹，以紅樹植物為主體的常綠灌木或喬木組成的潮灘濕地木本生物群落。組成的物種包括草本、藤本紅樹。它生長(zhǎng)于陸地與海洋交界帶的灘涂淺灘，是陸地向海洋過度的特殊生態(tài)系。Salinity鹽度：Theamountofsaltdissolvedinwateriscalledsalinity.一定量的鹽被溶解在水中。Dissolvedoxygen溶解氧：Theamountofoxygendissolvedinwateriscalleddissolvedoxygen.溶解在水中的氧氣量稱為溶解氧。簡(jiǎn)述題：Indicatingthedistributionregion(地區(qū))ofkelpforest,andenvironmentalcharacteristics;Indicatingthedistributionregionofcoralreef,andenvironmentalcharacteristics;分布：1.岸礁沿大陸或島嶼岸邊生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育，亦稱裙礁或邊緣礁。②堡礁又稱堤礁，是離岸有一定距離的堤狀礁體，它與陸地隔以瀉湖。3，臺(tái)礁呈臺(tái)地狀高出附近海底，但無瀉湖和邊緣隆起的大型珊瑚礁。也稱桌礁。,環(huán)境特征：1珊瑚生長(zhǎng)的水溫約為20～30°C②鹽度造礁珊瑚生長(zhǎng)在鹽度為27～40的海水中，最佳鹽度范圍是34～36。③水深一般認(rèn)為造礁珊瑚生長(zhǎng)的水深范圍是0～50米，最佳水深為20米以淺。④光照一般熱帶光照強(qiáng)，時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，平均光照率在50%以上，有利于珊瑚礁的發(fā)育。⑤風(fēng)和風(fēng)浪一般迎風(fēng)浪一側(cè)礁發(fā)育較好。⑥河流河流入海處，海水鹽度低，泥沙含量大，混濁度高，海水透明度低，會(huì)使珊瑚窒息而死，所以有大量泥沙入海的河口處一般不發(fā)育岸礁，如海南島的岸礁在河口區(qū)缺失。⑦海平面變動(dòng)當(dāng)海面穩(wěn)定時(shí)，珊瑚礁平鋪發(fā)展，但厚度不大；當(dāng)海面上升或海底下沉?xí)r，形成的礁層厚度較大。當(dāng)海面下降或地殼上升時(shí)，形成的礁層厚度也不大，也有的礁體可高出海面成為隆起礁。這種影響因素對(duì)古代礁意義較大。Indicatingthedistributionregionofsaltmarshes,andenvironmentalcharacteristics;鹽沼廣泛分布于海濱、河口或氣候干旱或半干旱的草原和荒漠帶的鹽湖邊或低濕地上。鹽沼地表水呈堿性、土壤中鹽分含量較高，表層積累有可溶性鹽，其上生長(zhǎng)著鹽生植物，這是它的基本特性。鹽沼中的植物長(zhǎng)期生活在多鹽的生理性干旱條件下，其形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)具有旱生特性Indicatingthedistributionregionofmangroveforest,andenvironmentalcharacteristics;紅樹林的分布雖受氣候限制，但海流的作用使它的分布超出了熱帶海區(qū)。在北美大西洋沿岸，紅樹林到達(dá)百慕大群島，在亞洲則見于日本南部，它們都超過北緯32°的界線，在南半球紅樹林分布范圍比北半球更遠(yuǎn)離赤道，可見于南緯42°的新西蘭北部。由于海水環(huán)境條件特殊，紅樹林植物具有一系列特殊的生態(tài)和生理特征為了防止海浪沖擊，紅樹林植物的主干一般不無限增長(zhǎng),而從枝干上長(zhǎng)出多數(shù)支持根,扎入泥灘里以保持植株的穩(wěn)定。在生理方面，紅樹植物的細(xì)胞內(nèi)滲透壓很高。這有利于紅樹植物從海水中吸收水分。同一種紅樹植物生長(zhǎng)在海潮深處的葉片常較厚；生長(zhǎng)于高潮線外陸地上的葉片常較薄。第4章：Temperaturerelations專業(yè)名詞解釋：Macroclimateiswhatweatherstationreportandwhatwerepresentedwithclimatediagramsinchapter2.Microclimateisclimatevariationonascaleofafewkilometers,meters,orevencentimeters,usuallymeasuredovershortperiodsoftime.Photosynthesis,theconversionoflightenergytothechemicalenergyoforganicmolecules,isthebasisforthelifeofplants—theirgrowth,reproduction,andsoon.Acclimationinvolvesphysiological,notgenetic,changesinresponsetotemperature;acclimationisgenerallyreversiblewithchangesinenvironmentalconditions.簡(jiǎn)述題：Microclimateisinfluencedbylandscapefeaturessuchasaltitude,aspect,vegetation,coloroftheground,andpresenceofbouldersandburrows.第5章：Waterrelations專業(yè)名詞解釋：Relativehumidity:ameasureoftherelativewatercontentofair.RelativeHumidity=watervapordensity/SaturationwatervapordensityWaterpotential:wecandefinewaterpotentialasthecapacityofwatertodowork,andwealsocandefinethefreeenergyofwaterinsolutions;Vaporpressuredeficitiscalculatedasthedifferencebetweentheactualwatervaporpressureandthesaturationwatervaporpressure.簡(jiǎn)述題：Trytoexplainwhyatalltreecanabsorbwateruptoteensofmetersfromsoilbywaterpotentialview.第6章：Energyandnutrientrelations專業(yè)名詞解釋：Autotroph:anorganismthatcansynthesizeorganicmoleculesusinginorganicmoleculesandenergyfromeithersunlight(photosyntheticautotrophs)orfrominorganicmolecules,suchashydrogensulfide(chemosyntheticautotrophs).Heterotroph(異養(yǎng)生物):anorganismthatusedorganicmoleculesbothasasourceofcarbonandasasourceofenergy.Photosyntheticactiveradiation(PAR):wavelengthsoflightbetween400and700nmthatphotosyntheticorganismsuseasasourceofenergy.Photonfluxdensity:thenumberofphotonsoflightstrikingasquaremetersurfaceeachsecond.C3photosynthesis:thephotosyntheticpathwayusedbymostplantsandallalgae,inwhichtheproductoftheinitialreactionisphosphoglycericacid,orPGA,athree-carbonacid.C4photosynthesis:inC4photosynthesis,CO2isfixedinmesophyllcellsbycombiningitwithphosphoenolpyruvate,orPEP,toproduceafour-carbonacid.PlantsusingC4photosynthesisaregenerallymoredroughttolerantthanplantsemploying.CAM(grassulaceanacidmetabolism)photosynthesis:aphotosyntheticpathwaylargelylimitedtosucculentplantinaridandsemiaridenvironments,inwhichcarbonfixationtakesplaceatnight,whenlowertemperaturesreducetherateofwaterlossduringCO2uptake.Herbivore:aheterotrophicorganismthateatsplants.Carnivore:anorganismthatconsumesflesh;approximatelysynonymouswithpredator.PAR,photosyntheticallyactiveradiation;withwavelengthsbetweenabout400and700nm,carriessufficientenergytodrivethelight-dependreactionofphotosynthesisbutnotsomuchastodestroyorganicmolecules.Detritivores:organismsthatfeedonnonlivingorganicmatter,usuallytheremainsofplants.簡(jiǎn)述題：Threedifferentbiochemicalpathwaysareknown:C3photosynthesis,C4photosynthesis,andCAMphotosynthesis.Thesearefoundinecologicallydifferentplants.第7章：Socialrelation專業(yè)名詞解釋：Matechoicebyonesexand/orcompetitionformatesamongindividualsofthesamesexcanresultinselectionforparticulartraitsinindividuals,aprocesscalledsexualselection.Darwinusedthetermsecondarysexualcharacteristicstomeancharacteristicsofmaleorfemalenotdirectlyinvolvedintheprocessofreproduction.Intrasexualselection:theprocessofsamesexindividualscontestedformating.Intersexualselection:onesexconsistentlychoosematesfromamongmembersoftheoppositesexonthebasisofsomeparticulartrait.簡(jiǎn)述題：第8章：Populationgeneticsandnaturalselection專業(yè)名詞解釋：Naturalselection,whichchangesgenotypicandphenotypicfrequenciesinpopulations,canresultinadaptationtotheenvironment簡(jiǎn)述題：第9章：Populationdistributionandabundance專業(yè)名詞解釋：Population:Ecologistusuallydefineapopulationasagroupofindividualsofasinglespeciesinhabitingaspecificarea.簡(jiǎn)述題：Howdotheindividualsofaspeciesdistributedinthepopulation?Thedistributionpatternobservedbyecologistisstronglyinfluencedbythescaleatwhichapopulationisstudied.Whatis“l(fā)arge”or“small”dependonthesizeoforganismorotherecologicalphenomenon,Onsmallscales,individualswithinpopulationsaredistributedinpatternsthatmayberandom,regular,orclumped;onlargescales,individualswithapopulationareclumped.Distributionsofindividualsonsmallscales:Threebasicpatternsofdistributionareobservedonsmallscales:random,regular,orclumped.Randomdistribution:equalchanceofliving;Regulardistribution:uniformlyspaced;Clumpeddistribution:individualsgatheredsomeareasthanothersareas;第10章：Populationdynamics專業(yè)名詞解釋:Asurvivorshipcurvesummarizesthepatternofsurvivalinapopulation.Cohortlifetable:Alifetableestablishedonagroupofindividualsbornatsametime;Staticlifetable:torecordtheageatdeathoflargenumberofindividualsthatwerebornatdifferenttimes;Agedistribution:Thedistributionsofdifferentageportionofindividualswithinapopulation;Ongoingdispersalcanjoinnumeroussubpopulationstoformametapopulation;Agroupofsubpopulationslivingonseveralpatchesconnectedbyexchengeofindividualsamongpatchesmakeupametapopulatons;簡(jiǎn)述題：ThreetypesofsurvivorshipcurvesMostsurvivorshipcurvesfallintothreemajorcategories;TypeIsurvivorshipcurve:lowerratesofmortalityamongyoung;TypeIIsurvivorshipcurve:aconstantratesofmortalityamongindividuals;TypeIIIsurvivorshipcurve:veryhighratesofmortalityamongtheyoung;第11章：Populationgrowth專業(yè)名詞解釋:Manyenvironmentalfactorsthatinfluencedapopulationsizecanbeconcludedintoabioticandbioticfactors.Bioticfactorsareoftenreferredtoasdensity-dependentfactors.Abioticfactorsareoftencalleddensity-independentfactors.Logisticpopulationgrowth:asresourcesaredepleted,populationgrowthrateslowsandeventuallystops,thispopulationgrowthpatterniscalledlogisticpopulationgrowth.簡(jiǎn)述題：Thepopulationgrowthwaswithoutgenerationoverlapping.Nt=N0λtInthismodel,Ntisthenumberofindividualsattimet,N0istheinitialnumberofindividuals,λisthegeometricrateofincrease,andtisthenumberoftimeintervalsorgenerations.Continuouspopulationgrowthinanunlimitedenvironmentcanbemodeledasexponentialpopulationgrowth:dN/dt=rNTheexponentialgrowthequationexpressestherateofpopulationgrowth,dN/dt,whichisthechangeinnumberswithchangeintime,asthepercapitarateofincrease,r,timespopulationsize,N.第13章：Competition專業(yè)名詞解釋:interspecificandintraspecificcompetitionarepervasiveinnature.Self-thinning:asindividualsofseedlingsdeveloped,themoreandmorebiomassiscomposedoffewerandfewerindividuals.Thenichearedefinedasann-dimensionalhypervolume,wherenequalsthenumberofenvironmentalfactorsimportanttosurvivalandreproductionbyaspecies.thenichesummarizestheenvironmentalfactorsthatinfluencethegrowth,survival,andreproductionofaspecies.Thefundamentalniche:thevaluesofthenenvironmentalfactorspermittingaspeciestosurviveandreproduce;Therealizedniche:aspeciesmayliveandreferredtothesemorerestrictedenvironmentalfactors;第14章：Exploitation,Predation,herbivory,Parasitism,andDisease專業(yè)名詞解釋:Exploitationweavespopulationsintoawebofrelationshipsthatdefyeasygeneralization.Predators,parasites,andpathogensinfluencethedistribution,abundance,andstructureofpreyandhostpopulations.Predator-prey,parasite-host,andhost-pathogenrelationshipsaredynamic.Topersistinthefaceofexploitation,hostsandpreyneedrefuges.簡(jiǎn)述題：第16章：Speciesabundanceanddiversity專業(yè)名詞解釋:Acommunityisanassociationofinteractingspeciesinhabitingsomedefinedarea.Ecologistsdefinespeciesdiversityonthebasisoftwofactors:(1)

thenumberofspeciesinthecommunity,whichecologistsusuallycallspeciesrichness(種的豐富度).(2)

therelativeabundanceofspecies,orspeciesevenness(種的均勻度).簡(jiǎn)述題：AcommonlyappliedmeasureofspeciesdiversityistheShannon-Wienerindex:H’=-∑pilogepipi代表第i種個(gè)體（個(gè)體數(shù)，或其他參數(shù)）在群落中所占比例；Acombinationofthenumberofspeciesandtheirrelativeabundancedefinesspeciesdiversity.簡(jiǎn)述題：Lotka-Volterramodel:Lotka-Volterracompetitionmodel.Fortwospecieswithinterspecificcompetition:dN1/dt=rm1N1((K1-N1-α12N2)/K1);dN2/dt=rm2N2((K2-N2-α21N1)/K2);Gause’scompetitiveexclusionprinciple,whichstatesthattwospecieswithidenticalnichescannotcoexistindefinitely.第17章：Speciesinteractionsandcommunitystructure專業(yè)名詞解釋:Afoodwebsummarizesthefeedingrelationsinacommunity.Asummaryofthefeedinginteractionswithinacommunityisthefoodwebs.Keystonespeciesarethosethat,despitelowbiomass,exertstrongeffectsonthestructureofthecommunitiestheyinhabit.簡(jiǎn)述題：PleasedescribingChinesefarmershaveusedantsaskeystonepredatorstocontrolpestsincitrusorchardsforover1,700years.第18章：Primaryproductionandenergyflow專業(yè)名詞解釋:Anecosystemisabiologicalcommunityplusalloftheabioticfactorsinfluencingthatcommunity.Primaryproductionisthefixationofenergybyautotrophsinanecosystem.Therateofprimaryproductionistheamountofenergyfixedoversomeintervaloftime.Grossprimaryproductionisthetotalamountofenergyfixedbyalltheautotrophsintheecosystem.Netprimaryproductionistheamountofenergyleftoverafterautotrophshavemettheirownenergeticneeds.Annualactualevapotranspiration(AET)isthetotalamountofwaterthatevaporatesandtranspiresoffalandscapeduringthecourseofayearandismeasuredinmillimetersofwaterperyear.“Liebig’sLawoftheMinimum”:Justusliebig’spointedoutthatnutrientsuppliesoftenlimitplantgrowth.Atrophiclevelisapositioninafoodwebandisdeterminedbythenumberoftransfersenergyfromprimaryproducerstothatlevel.簡(jiǎn)述題：Pleaseexplainingthemechanismofbottom-upcontrolandtop-downcontrolusingcasestudies;Pleasedescribingrelationbetweenterrestrialprimaryproductionandprecipitationoractualevapotransipiration;第19章：Nutrientcyclingandretention專業(yè)名詞解釋:Nutrientcycling:theuse,transformation,movement,andreuseofnutrientsinecosystems.Mineralization:thebreakdownoforganicmatterfromorganictoinorganicfromduringdecomposition.Decomposition:thebreakdownoforganicmatteraccompaniedbythereleaseofcarbondioxideandotherinorganiccompounds;akeyprocessinnutrientcycling.簡(jiǎn)述題：1）、Describethenitratecycleinglobalecosystem;2)、Describethephosphoruscycleinglobalecosystem;3)、Describethecarboncycleinglobalecosystem;4)、Describethewatercycleinglobalecosystem;復(fù)習(xí)題主要內(nèi)容匯總第一部分：專業(yè)名詞解釋第一章EcologyBiosphereEcosystemNutrientEpiphyteEcotone第二章ClimatediagramsBiomesTropicalrainforestTropicalsavannaTemperateforestTundra第三章KelpforestCoralreefSaltmarshesMangroveforestSalinityDissolvedoxygen第四章MicroclimateMacroclimateAcclimation第五章RelativehumidityWaterpotentialVaporpressuredeficit第六章AutotrophHeterotrophPhotosyntheticactiveradiation(PAR)PhotosyntheticPhotonfluxdensity（PPFD）C3photosynthesisC4photosynthesisCAMphotosynthesisHerbivoreCarnivoreDetritivores第七章Matechoicesexualselection.IntrasexualselectionIntersexualselection第八章Naturalselection第九章Population第十章AsurvivorshipcurveCohortlifetableStaticlifetableAgedistributionmetapopulation第十一章BioticfactorsAbioticfactorsLogisticpopulationgrowth:第十三章interspecificcompetitionIntraspecificcompetitionSelf-thinningnicheThefundamentalnicheTherealizedniche第十四章ExploitationPredationParasitism第十六章communityspeciesrichnessspeciesevennessSpeciesabundance第十七章AfoodwebKeystonespecies第十八掌PrimaryproductionGrossprimaryproductionNetprimaryproductionTherateofprimaryproductionLiebig’sLawoftheMinimumAtrophiclevelAnnualactualevapotranspiration(AET)第十九章NutrientcyclingMineralizationDecomposition第二部分：綜合題第一章Explainingwhythenutrientofsoilundertropicalrainforestispoor,andwherethenutrientstoredintropicalrainforest?第二章Drawatypicalsoilprofile,indicatingtheprincipallayers,orhorizons.Describethecharacteristicsofeachlayer.Indicatingthedistributionoftropicalrainforestontheworld,anddescribetheenvironmentalcharacteristics.Indicatingthe