2018-2019學(xué)年北師大版高中英語選修八教學(xué)案：Unit22 environmental protect-語法篇（學(xué)生版）

學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精Unit22EnvironmentalProtection語法篇____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1、掌握直接引語與間接引語,現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài),非謂語動詞的被動語態(tài).2、靈活運用直接引語與間接引語，現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)，非謂語動詞的被動語態(tài)。直接引語與間接引語一、概念引述別人的話時，一般采用兩種方式：一是引用別人的原話，把它放在引號內(nèi),稱為直接引語;二是用自己的話加以轉(zhuǎn)述，被轉(zhuǎn)述的話不放在引號內(nèi),稱為間接引語。間接引語在大多數(shù)情況下是一個賓語從語.直接引語變成間接引語時，要注意以下幾點:人稱變化、時態(tài)變化、賓語從句要用陳述語序.例如：直接引語：Hesaid，“Iwanttohaveadrinknow?！遍g接引語：Hesaidthathewantedtohaveadrinkthen。二、變身方法1。人稱變化：口訣：一主二賓三不變。即直接引語的第一人稱取決于主句的主語,第二人稱取決于主句的賓語，第三人稱一般不變。1）Hesaid，“Igetonwellwithpeoplehere.”

→Hesaidthathegotonwellwithpeoplethere.2）Susansaid，“Wecanfinishtheworktomorrow。"

→Susansaidthattheycouldfinishtheworkthenextday.3）Johnsaid,“MarywenttoBeijingthreedaysago."

→JohnsaidthatMaryhadgonetoBeijingthreedaysbefore.2.時態(tài)變化:口訣:主句現(xiàn)在從不變，主句過去從順延。即如果主句中的謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在時,賓語從句中謂語動詞的時態(tài)可以不變;如果主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時，則從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)要變?yōu)橄鄳?yīng)的過去時態(tài)或過去完成時?1)Hesaid,“Igetupearlyeverymorning?！盚esaidthathegotupearlyeverymorning.（一般現(xiàn)在時→一般過去時）2)Shesaid，“Iamworkingonahomeworkproject?！盨hesaidshewasworkingonahomeworkproject。（現(xiàn)在進行時→過去進行時)3）Shesaid,“Imetmyfriendinthestreet?！盨hesaidthatshehadmetherfriendinthestreet.（一般過去時→過去完成時）注意：在下面幾種情況下,從句中謂語動詞的時態(tài)可以保持不變:1）直接引語敘述的是科學(xué)真理?客觀事實?格言等?例如：

“Themoonmovesaroundtheearth,”theteachersaidtothestudents。Theteachertoldthestudentsthatthemoonmovesaroundtheearth。2）直接引語中有明確的不受語境限制的過去時間狀語?例如：

“JohnwenttoParisbyairin1985，”Jacksaid。JacksaidJohnwenttoParisbyairin1985.3.狀語和指示代詞的變化：牢記：this/these→that/those，now→then，today→thatday，yesterday→thedaybefore,lastyear→theyearbefore,ago→before，here→there等。例如:Hesaid，“Ihaven’tseenhertoday.”Hesaidthathehadn’tseenherthatday。4。直接引語是一般(選擇/反意）疑問句，變成間接引語時，由連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)。例如：Heaskedme,“Doyoulikeplayingfootball？”Heaskedmeif/whetherIlikedplayingfootball.5。直接引語是特殊疑問句,變成間接引語時，由相應(yīng)的疑問詞who,whom,whose,how，when，why,where等引導(dǎo)。例如：Mysisteraskedme,“Howdoyoulikethefilm?”MysisteraskedmehowIlikedthefilm.6。直接引語是祈使句，變成間接引語時，把動詞原形變成動詞不定式，并在動詞不定式前加tell,ask,order等的賓語。例如：Thecaptainordered，“Bequiet。”Thecaptainorderedustobequiet。注意：下列情況的否定句中，在動詞不定式前加not。Myteacheraskedme，“Don’tlaugh.”Myteacheraskedmenottolaugh?，F(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：have/hasbeen+過去分詞Hasyourapproachbeenadoptedyet?你的方法已經(jīng)被采納了嗎？非謂語動詞（不含過去分詞）的被動語態(tài)1.不定式一般式的被動語態(tài)。由“tobe+過去分詞”構(gòu)成.如：Sheaskedtobegivensomeworktodo.她要求給她一些工作做。Hewasthelastpersontobeaskedtospeak。他是最后被邀請發(fā)言的人。2.不定式完成式的被動語態(tài)。由“tohavebeen+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：Ishouldliketohavebeentoldtheresultearlier.我本想讓人把結(jié)果早點告訴我的.3.現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動語態(tài).由“being+過去分詞"構(gòu)成。如:Isawhimbeingtakenaway.我看見有人把他帶走了.Beingprotectedbyawall，hefeltquitesafe.有墻作保護，他感到很安全。4.現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動語態(tài).由“havingbeen+過去分詞"構(gòu)成。如：Havingbeeninvitedtospeak,I’llstartmakingpreparationstomorrow。因為邀請我去講話，我明天就得做準(zhǔn)備。Thesubjecthavingbeenopened,hehadtogoonwithit.話題已經(jīng)開始了，他不得不談下去.5。動名詞一般式的被動語態(tài)。由“being+過去分詞"構(gòu)成。如:Shelikesbeinglookedat。她喜歡被人瞧。Hehatesbeingmadeafoolof.他討厭被別人愚弄。Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled。這個問題遠沒解決。6。動名詞完成式的被動語態(tài)。由“havingbeen+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：Jenny’snothavingbeentrainedasadancerisheroneregret。杰妮沒受過舞蹈的專業(yè)訓(xùn)練是她感到遺憾的事。Afterhavingbeeninstructedtodriveoutoftown，Ibegantoacquireconfidence。在接到把車開出城的指令后,我開始信心十足了。注意：過去分詞沒有被動式，因為它本身可以表示被動意義。如:Thedoorremainedlocked.門仍然鎖著。例1。（2013·上海高考）Theschoolboardismadeupofparentswho________tomakedecisionsaboutschoolaffairs.hadbeenelected

B．hadelectedC．havebeenelected

D．haveelected例2。（2015·天津高考)Despitethepreviousroundsoftalks,noagreement______sofarbythetwosides.hasbeenreached

B.wasreachedC。willreach

D.willhavereached例3。（2015·湖南高考）Ihadastrongdesiretoreachinandplaywiththetoy,but______thankfullybytheshopwindows.amheldback B。heldbackC。holdback D.washeldback例4。Heaskedme______withme。A.WhatthematterisB.WhatthematterwasC.WhatisthematterD.Whatwasthematter例5。Hesaid，“Don’tdothatagain?！薄鶫e______me______thatagain。A。saidto；nottodoB。saidto;don’tdoC.told;don’tdoD.told;nottodo基礎(chǔ)演練一、單句語法填空。Paperisconsidered__________（invent）byChinesepeople.__________（warn）aboutthedangerahead,hestillwentonthewalkfather.He__________（turn）downtwicebeforehecamehere。Everypossiblemeans__________（try）,butnoneworked.Inthelastfewyearsthousandsoffilms__________（produce)allovertheworld。Shakespeare'splayHamlet__________（make）intoatleasttendifferentfilmsoverthepastyears.二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換。將下列直接引語變成間接引語.Hesaid,“Mysisterwasherethreedaysago。”______________________________________________________________________________________“Iboughtthesepearlsformymother，”Jacksaid。______________________________________________________________________________________Heasked,“AreyouinterestedinEnglish?”______________________________________________________________________________________“I’llcometohelpyouwheneveryouneedmyhelp，”heansweredher。______________________________________________________________________________________“Whendidyougotobedlastnight?”FatheraskedAnne.______________________________________________________________________________________鞏固提高單項選擇.【】1.（2015·海淀二模26題)Onemarkofasuccessfulmanis_______hecanquicklyfocusonwhat’simportant. A。why B.whether C。what D。that【】2.(2015·東城一模35題）Spendingafewhourslearningaboutthehistoryandcultureofthedestinationwillhelptouristsunderstand________they’reseeing. A。what B。where C。that D。why【】3。（2015·朝陽二模25題)——-WhatdoyouthinkofthefilmWolfTotem？ —-—Verygood.Theplotis_____bringstearstomyeyes。 A。How B。why C.What D.that【】4。(2015·海淀上學(xué)期期末30題)EveryMonday,myEnglishteacherwouldcheerfullyaskme______myweekendhadbeen。 A.that B.if C。what D。how 一、完成句子。Aliveprogrammeis____________________________________________________________（號召人們捐錢)tothepeoplewhohavesufferedfromflood.___________________________________________________（代表這里的每個人），Iwishyouapleasantjourneybacktoyourcountry.Themealover,themanagerwentbacktothemeetingroomto________________________________________（繼續(xù)他們的討論)。Itwasafilmthat____________________(奪走）threeOscars。Herfather__________________________________________________（把她抱在懷里）andkissedher.Wemustapplywhatwehavelearnedtoourdailyworkbecauseinnocaseshouldtheory_______________________________（與……分離)practice。Mostcityworkersmightnot__________________________________________________（掙很多錢）butwhentheyretiretheymightgetagoodpension。Thegovernmenthasapprovedof________________________________________（建一座新橋）acrosstheriver。They_______________________________（脫離）thenationalunionandsetuptheirownlocalorganization。_______________________________（據(jù)估算)thatgroupwasatahigherriskofheartdisease.二、單項選擇?！尽?。(2015·海淀上學(xué)期期末23題)TheSubwayLine16______inBeijingisplannedtoopenthis year. A。beingbuilt B。building C.built D。tobuild 【】2.(2015·海淀上學(xué)期期末26題）ThespreadoftheEbolavirusinNigeriaisbelieved______by August,2014。 A.tobecontrolled B.tohavebeencontrolled C。tocontrol D.tohavecontrolled【】3。（2015·西城上期期末22題）_____hisIDcard，Philiphadtogotothepolicestationinperson andreapplyforanewone。 A。Havinglost B.Losing C。Tolose D.Lose【】4.（2015·西城上學(xué)期期末30題）_____thetravelingneedsofpassengers,ChinaRailway Corporationhasdecidedthatpeoplecanbooktickets60daysinadvance. A。Meet B。Tomeet C.Met D.Meeting【】5。（2015·東城一模30題）—--Sorry.Thereisnoroom________inmycar. A.toleave B。leaving C.left D.beingleft【】6.(2015·東城一模33題）-——Goodnews！There’sasupermarket________inthisareanextmonth! -—-Cool！Itwillbeconvenientforuswhenit'sopen A.building B。built C.havingbuilt D。tobebuilt【】7。(2015·豐臺二模25題）Johnbroughtovermyletter_______tohimbymistake. A。delivered B.tobedelivered C。Delivering D.havingdelivered【】8.(2015·豐臺二模28題）___________inhardseatsfor6hours，wefinallysteppedoutofthetrain tiredly。 A.Sitting B.Havingsat C。Tosit D。Sit【】9.（2015·朝陽二模26題）__________allmymoneyonthecar,Ican’taffordaholidaywithmy friendthissummer。 A.Spending B.Spend C.Tospend D.Havingspent【】10。（2015·豐臺一模27題)WheneverI'mintrouble，Ihearavoice_______inmyhead“Youcan doit?！? A。toring B。ringing C。rung D.havingrung__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________一、完形填空(2013·石景山一模）OseolaMcCartyLateoneSundayafternooninSeptember1999，OseolaMcCarty,anelderlycleaningladypassedawayinthelittlewoodenframehousewhereshehadlivedandworkedmostofherlife.Itmayseemlikeanordinary1toanordinarylife,buttherewassomethingquite2aboutthiswoman。Inthesummerof1995,McCartygave$150,000,mostofthemoneyshehad。savedthroughoutherlife,totheUniversityofSoutheyMississippiinherhometown.The3wastohelpotherAfricanAmericans4university.Shehad5schoolinthesixthgradetogotowork,nevermarried,neverhadchildrenandneverlearnedtodrivebecausetherewasneveranyplacein6shewantedtogo。Allsheeverhadwastheworkwhichshesawasa7.ToomanyotherblackpeopleinthecountrysideofMississippididnothaveeventhat。Shehadstartedhersavingshabitasayoungchildwhenshewouldrectumfromschooltocleanandiron8moneywhichshewouldthensave.Whensheretired,shedecidedthatshewantedtousethemoneytogivechildrenoflimitedmeansthe9togotouniversity.Shehadwantedtobecomeanurse，buthadtoleaveschooltolookafiresickrelativesandwork。Whenaskedwhyshehadgivenherlife10away,shereplied，”I'mgivingitawaysothatchildrenwon’thavetoworksohard，likeldid。"Afternewsofherdonation11themedia，over600donationswere12tothescholarshipfund。Onewasgivenbyamediaseniormanager，TedTurner,whogaveabilliondollars。Shedidn'twantanyconcernmadeoverher13，butthenews14andshewasinvitedallovertheUnitedStatestotalktopeople。15shewent，peoplewouldcomeuptohertosayafewwordsorto16touchher。Shemettheordinaryandthe17,PresidentClintonincluded.Inthelastfewyearsofherlife,beforeshediedofcancer，McCartywasgivenover300awards。ShewashonoredbytheUnitedNationsand18thePresidentialCitizen'sMedal.19havingnorealeducation，shefoundherselfwithtwohonorarydoctorates：onefromtheUniversityofSouthernMississippiandtheotherfromHarvardUniversity.Hergenerositywasclearlyaninspirationtomanyandproofthattrue20doesexist。【】1。A.start B.call C。end D.show 【】2.A。abnormal B.complicated C。common D。exceptional【】3。A.time B。case C.rule D.money 【】4.A.with B。through C。out D。along 【】5.A.quitted B。needed C。opened D.finished 【】6。A。general B。public C.particular D。advance 【】7。A。blessing B。praise C。pleasure D。training 【】8。A.about B.with C。like D.for 【】9。A.ability B.space C.opportunity D。time 【】10。A.Happiness B。savings C。time D。experience【】11。A.ended B。broke C。controlled D.hit 【】12。A。took B。had C.made D.put 【】13.A.gift B.dream C.death D.life 【】14.A.gaveoff B。gotout C。cameabout D.putaway【】15。A.WhereverB。Whoever C.Whenever D。Whatever【】16。A。often B。just C.only D。almost 【】17.A.young B。elderly C.famous D。poor 【】18.A.gave B。showedoff C。refused D.received 【】19.A。Despite B.Except C.Besides D。Beyond 【】20。A。wealth B.selflessness C.carefulness D.love 閱讀理解(2014·朝陽上學(xué)期期末)Thewordhugisofuncertainorigin.TheOxfordEnglishDictionarycautionsagainstconfusingitwithhugge—anotherwordoftheMiddleEnglishug,meaning“toinspirewithfearordisgust”。Nevertheless,Ifindmyselfdrawntothepossibilitythathugdoes,infact,havesomeconnectionwithug.Itseemstomethatatthethoughtofatightembrace(擁抱）,fearanddisgustdocometomind。SowhyisitthatwhenIgoovertoyourhousefordinner，youwrapyourarmsaroundme,eventhoughIsawyoulastFridayatthemovies？Onearmortwo？Shouldtherebespacebetweenus?ShouldIbrushmycheekagainstyours?Maybeevenkissyourcheek?I’mwillingtobelievethatsomepeoplereallylovetohug.Theyrushtoenfoldnotonlyfamilyandfriendsbutalsofriendsoffriendsandnearstrangers.Theydelightinapplyingpressureandrockingfromsidetoside.Yetmostpeoplearejustgoingthroughthemotions;they’relookingforawaytosayhelloorgoodbye.Notwantingtoseemrude,Iopenmyarms，too，submittingtotheceremonyoffriendship。Afteroneparticularlyconfusinginteraction,Ilookedforadvicefromexperts.EmilyYoffe,anadvicecolumnist，offeredhersympathy：“I’mwithyouonthis,butI'vebecomeanon—huggerwhohugs。Recentlyafterbreakfastwithanewfriend,Iwentintohughergoodbye，andIcouldseeakindofhorrorinhereyes，