肺癌研究報(bào)告Lung cancer(英文)

Lungcancer

1aMainpointerClinicalmanifestationDiagnosisprocedureDifferentialdiagnosis2aMalignanttumorsarecancer.Theycaninvadeanddamagenearbyhealthytissuesandorgans.Cancercellscanalsobreakawayfromthetumorandenterthebloodstreamorthelymphaticsystem.Thatishowcancerspreadsandformstumorsinotherpartsofthebody.Thespreadofcanceriscalledmetastasis.3aDefinition:Bronchogeniccarcinomaisamalignantneoplasmofthelungarisingfromtheepitheliumofthebronchus.

4aLungCancerFacts&Figures

LungcancerisespeciallycommonamongmeninNorthAmerica,Europe,andOceania.Atthemoment,lungcancerratesarehigherthaneverbeforeamongthepeopleofcentralandEasternEurope.InJapan,lungcancerhasincreasedtenfoldinmenandeightfoldinwomensince1950.Inaddition,Chinesewomen,manyofwhomarenonsmokers,haveveryhighlungcancerrates.ThisphenomenonhasbeenassociatedwithexposuretocookingoilvaporsandotherformsofairpollutionintheindoorenvironmentsofChina.

5aThetracheasplitsintorightandleftmainstembronchi.Themainstembronchiarethemajorairpassagesfromthetracheatothelungsandaresimilartothetracheaintissuecomposition.Themainstembronchientereachlungandprogressivelybranchoffintopairedsubdivisionsthroughouttheentireorgan(the'tracheobronchialtree').6aCauses

Itisestimatedthattobaccosmokingcauses80%oflungcancerdeathsinmenand75%oflungcancerdeathsinwomen.Themorecigarettesthataresmokedeachdayandtheyoungertheageatwhichsmokingbegan,thegreatertheriskoflungcancer.7a"Competingriskfactors"suchassecondhandsmoke,asbestos,radon,occupationalexposures,age,race,sex,andheredityalsomayplayaroleinlungcancerdevelopment(seeLungCancerRiskFactors).Additionally,therearesomestudiessuggestingthatlungcancermaybepreventedbydietarymicronutrientssuchascarotenoids,vitaminC,vitaminE,andselenium.8aEnvironmentalRiskFactorsAlcohol

DietandBodyMass

Non-modifiableRiskFactors

Age\Race\Sex

9aTypes

squamouscellcarcinoma,squamousepitheliumofthelungsorbronchiadenocarcinoma,canceroftheglandulartissuelargecellcarcinoma,cancercomposedoflarge-sizedcellsbroncho-alveolarcarcinoma10aNon-SmallCellLungCarcinoma(NSCLC)

Non-smallcelllungcarcinoma(NSCLC)includessquamouscellcarcinoma,adenocarcinoma,andlargecellcarcinoma.11aSmallCellLungCarcinoma(SCLC)

Smallcelllungcarcinoma(SCLC)accountsforapproximately20%ofallprimarylungcancers

Thehistologicdistinctionbetweennon-smallcelllungcancerandsmallcelllungcancerisextremelyimportant.Therearesubstantialdifferencesbetweenthetwogroupsinbothtreatmentandprognosis.12aSymptoms

Peopleoftendecidetovisitthedoctoronlyaftertheyhavebeenbotheredbycertaincomplaintsoveraperiodoftime.Individualswhohavelungcancerfrequentlyexperiencesymptomssuchas:13aCoughShortnessofbreathWheezingChestpainHemoptysis(bloody,coughed-upsputum)LossofappetiteWeightlossPneumonia(inflammationofthelungs)14aOthersymptomsthatareassociatedwithlungcancerinclude:WeaknessChillsSwallowingdifficultiesSpeechdifficultiesorchanges(e.g.,hoarseness)Finger/nailabnormalities(e.g.,"clubbing,"orovergrowthofthefingertiptissue)Skinpalenessorbluishdiscoloration15aDiagnosis

1.Ifsputumanalysisdoesnotprovideadefinitediagnosis,moretestswillbeneeded.2.Bronchoscopy,avisualexaminationoflungbranchesusingaflexiblescopeperformedbyapulmonologist16aX-RAYChestradiograph(X-ray)toseewhetherthereareenlargedlymphnodesinthechestoralocalizedmassinthelungs.CTscan,acomputer-assistedtechniquethatproducescross-sectionalimagesofthebody.Magneticresonanceimaging(MRI)17a正常胸片18a右肺下葉背段癌19a肺癌胸片20a右肺下葉周圍型肺癌

楔型切除術(shù)〔1〕周圍型肺癌CT片21a周圍型肺癌胸片22aStaging

T=tumorsize

N=nodeinvolvement

M=metastasisstatus23a

Clickhereforimageenlargement.胸內(nèi)淋巴結(jié)分布24aTreatment

Asistrueofmanycancers,thetreatmentoflungcancerdependsuponavarietyoffactors.Themostimportantfactorsarethepathologictypeoftumoranditsstage.Oncealungcancerhasbeenstaged,thephysicianandpatientcandiscusstreatmentoptions.Anindividualthenhasabetterideaofthevalueofdifferentformsoftherapy.Otherfactorsthataretakenintoaccountincludetheperson'sgeneralhealth,medicalproblemsthatmayaffecttreatment(suchaschemotherapy),andtumorcharacteristics.25aSurgicalresection,orcuttingaway,ofthetumorgenerallyisindicatedfordiseasethathasnotspreadbeyondthelung.Suchresectionmaybeconductedusingavarietyoftechniques.26aRecently,surgeonshavedevelopedotherlessinvasiveproceduresfortheremovaloftumoroustissue.Forexample,video-assistedthoracicsurgery(VATS),usesavideocameratohelpvisualizeandoperateuponthelungwithint