英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況-英國(guó)議會(huì)和政府(匯總)

英國(guó)的議會(huì)和政府英國(guó)議會(huì)英國(guó)議會(huì)淵源于古代的賢人會(huì)議,后來(lái)發(fā)展為大會(huì)議,1688年“光榮革命”后，議會(huì)逐步獲得至尊無(wú)上的地位;議會(huì)代表了英國(guó)民主政治的傳統(tǒng),成為反對(duì)專(zhuān)制的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)堡壘,英國(guó)議會(huì)的產(chǎn)生為人類(lèi)民主社會(huì)作出了貢獻(xiàn).人們把英國(guó)議會(huì)稱(chēng)為“議會(huì)之母”。英國(guó)議會(huì)被稱(chēng)為“議會(huì)之母”的緣由:①議會(huì)是現(xiàn)代資本主義政體中最重要的組成部分之一，也是資本主義民主制度的主要體現(xiàn)。②英國(guó)是世界上第一個(gè)建立議會(huì)制的國(guó)家。③美、法等國(guó)都效妨英國(guó)建立起各具特色的議會(huì)制。英國(guó)議會(huì)（最高立法機(jī)關(guān)）下議院上議院（至尊議會(huì)）立法權(quán)財(cái)政權(quán)司法權(quán)監(jiān)督權(quán)（起輔助作用）監(jiān)督下院工作協(xié)助下院立法修改和否決議案行政權(quán)力的最高來(lái)源英國(guó)最高司法機(jī)關(guān)（受理民事、刑事上訴案件，審理貴族案件）英國(guó)議會(huì)的地位：英國(guó)議會(huì)的組成:最高立法機(jī)關(guān)（1）下議院（2）上議院BritishParliament

TheUnitedKingdomisaunitary,notafederalstate(中央集權(quán)國(guó)家，而不是聯(lián)邦制國(guó)家).ParliamentconsistsoftheSovereign,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons(議會(huì)由君主，上議院和下議院組成).

BritishParliamentThemainfunctionsofParliamentare:(1)topasslaws(通過(guò)立法);(2)toprovide,byvotingfor,taxation(投票批準(zhǔn)稅);(3)toexaminegovernmentPolicyandadministrations(檢查政府政策和行政管理);(4)todebatethemajorissuesoftheday(當(dāng)天的議題辯論).

BritishParliamentTheHouseofLords

TheHouseofLordsconsistsoftheLordsSpiritual(神職議員),whoaretheArchbishopsandmostprominentbishopsoftheChurchof

England;andtheLordsTemporal(世俗議員),thosewhoeitherhave

inheritedtheseatfromtheirforefathers

（hereditarypeers世襲貴族）or

（lifepeers終身貴族）havebeenappointed.

Thelordsmainly

representthemselvesinstead

of

theinterests

ofthepublic.

BritishParliamentLifepeers--終身貴族appointedbythesovereignatthesuggestionofthePrimeMinister(apracticebeganin1958)注：終身爵士。1958年英國(guó)議會(huì)通過(guò)了終身貴族爵位法，對(duì)那些為英國(guó)社會(huì)作出杰出貢獻(xiàn)的人---英國(guó)一些著名的政治家和高官，如首相、總督、高級(jí)大臣等，從現(xiàn)職退下來(lái)后，王室授封他們?yōu)榻K身貴族。他們以其豐富的從政經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)入上院繼續(xù)參政議政，但其爵位不能傳后代。BritishParliamentTheHouseofCommons

TheHouseofCommonsistherealcenterofBritishpoliticallifebecauseitistheplacewhererepresentatives(MembersofParliament)areelectedtomakeanddebatepolicy.TheseMPsareelectedintheGeneralElectionsandshouldrepresentinterestsofthepeoplewhovoteforthem.

BritishParliamentBritainisdividedintoconstituencies(選區(qū)).EachoftheconstituenciesreturnsonemembertotheHouseofCommons.Thepartywhichholdsamajorityofthose“seats”inparliamentformsthegovernment,withitspartyleaderasthePrimeMinister.Afteragovernmenthasbeeninpowerfor5yearsithastoresignandholda“generalelection”.

BritishParliamentGeneralElections

Periodicnationalgeneralelectionsareveryimportantinthewesternmodelofdemocracy（周期性大選在西方式的民主制度中非常重要）.Theelectionisseenasanopportunityforpeopletoinfluencefuturegovernmentpolicyandtoreplacetheincompetentpoliticalleader.BritishParliamentAnyonewhoiseligible(有資格當(dāng)選的)tovotecanstandasanMP.Itisnecessaryonlytomakeadepositof500pounds(aquiteeasilyobtainableamountintheUK)whichislostifthecandidatedoesnotreceiveatleast5%ofthevote.

BritishParliamentTheelectoralcampaignsBeforeageneralelection,thepoliticalpartieswouldstarttheirelectoralcampaigns（advertisements,postaldeliveriesofleaflets,etc.）inordertomaketheirpoliciesknowntothepublic.Thesecampaigns(attackingandcriticizingtheopponents’policies)sometimescanbequiteaggressiveandcritical.英國(guó)的議會(huì)和政府至尊的議會(huì)（“議會(huì)之母”）是最高立法機(jī)關(guān)，主要由上議院和下議院組成內(nèi)閣與首相內(nèi)閣是英國(guó)政府的核心領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān)首相和內(nèi)閣要向議會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)，而不用對(duì)國(guó)家元首（國(guó)王）負(fù)責(zé)內(nèi)閣權(quán)力很大首相擁有非常廣泛的權(quán)力，集黨、政、軍大權(quán)于一身君主立憲制的實(shí)質(zhì)本質(zhì)上是資產(chǎn)階級(jí)政權(quán)的一種組織形式英國(guó)議會(huì)是最高_(dá)______，主要由上議院和下議院組成，有________之稱(chēng)。內(nèi)閣是英國(guó)政府的_________

，首相和內(nèi)閣要向_____負(fù)責(zé)。首相擁有非常廣泛的權(quán)力，集_________大權(quán)于一身。君主立憲制本質(zhì)是________政權(quán)的一種組織形式。資產(chǎn)階級(jí)核心領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān)議會(huì)立法機(jī)關(guān)“議會(huì)之母”黨、政、軍君主立憲制的實(shí)質(zhì)1、從英國(guó)君主立憲制的結(jié)構(gòu)看為資產(chǎn)階級(jí)服務(wù)，不是為全體人民服務(wù)，具有階級(jí)性。英王和王室上院下院保守黨工黨2、從政策層面看議會(huì)政黨右翼左翼保守黨工黨首相、內(nèi)閣的產(chǎn)生：議會(huì)大選后英王任命多數(shù)黨的領(lǐng)袖為首相授權(quán)首相組閣首相提出閣員名單英王任命首相的權(quán)利：①首相掌握政府人事大權(quán),包括任免內(nèi)閣成員和其他非閣員大臣(向國(guó)王提交任免名單).②首相領(lǐng)導(dǎo)內(nèi)閣，對(duì)重大問(wèn)題作出最終裁決。③首相控制國(guó)家財(cái)政大權(quán)，掌控預(yù)算決策權(quán)。④首相有權(quán)建議國(guó)王解散議會(huì)，宣布重新大選。⑤首相是武裝部隊(duì)的實(shí)際最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，可宣布全國(guó)處于“緊急狀態(tài)”。內(nèi)閣的權(quán)力：①制定內(nèi)外政策②向議會(huì)提交議案以及需要議會(huì)審議的政策③行使最高行政權(quán)力④協(xié)調(diào)和確定政府各部門(mén)職權(quán)⑤在國(guó)家處于緊急狀態(tài)時(shí)，采取緊急行動(dòng)⑥必要時(shí)宣布提前大選BritishGovernmentTheUnitedKingdomisaconstitutionalmonarchy(君主立憲制),whichisgoverned,inthenameoftheSovereignbyHisorHerMajesty’sGovernment.Thepowerofthemonarchywaslargelyderivedfromthe“divinerightofkings”.（上帝和神賜予的）“君權(quán)神授論”聯(lián)合王國(guó)是君主立憲制國(guó)家,國(guó)家的首腦是國(guó)王或女王。聯(lián)合王國(guó)以君的名義,由國(guó)王或女王陛下政府治理。BritishGovernmentBritainisbothaparliamentarydemocracyandaconstitutionalmonarchy.WhiletheofficialheadofthestateistheQueen,herpowersarelargelytraditionalandsymbolic.ThegovernmentatnationalandlocallevelsiselectedbythepeopleandgovernsaccordingtoBritishconstitutionalprinciples.BritishGovernmentTheparty,whichwinssufficientseatsataGeneralElectionintheHouseofCommonsusuallyformstheGovernment.Bytradition,theleaderofthemajoritypartyisappointedPrimeMinisterbytheSovereign.Theparty,whichwinsthesecondlargestnumberofseats,becomestheofficialOpposition組成反對(duì)黨.Englandinthe18thCentury:

RobertWalpole(羅伯特·沃波爾)

ThefirstPrimeMinisterThemostinfluentialmemberintheWhigPartyFirstLordoftheTreasuryencouragingtradeandindustryandavoidingforeignentanglement“AnyPeaceispreferableeventosuccessfulwar.”——RobertWalpoleBritishGovernmentMembersofParliamentassembledthemselvesintogroupswhicheventuallywouldbecomepoliticalparties.Historically,therearetwopartiesinBritain

TheWhigs輝格黨---theLiberalParty自民黨TheTories托利黨---theConservativeParty

ThetwomajorpartiesnowaretheConservativeParty(保守黨)andtheLaborParty（工黨）Thetwo-partysystemTheWhigs:supportingthegovernmentLiberalsreplacedbytheLaborParty(20thcentury)TheTories:supportingthemonarchConservativesThepartyinpower(執(zhí)政黨)themajorityparty,thelegislativebody,theexecutivebranchThepartyinopposition(在野黨)AcollectionofopposingpartiesBritishGovernmentTheConservativePartydescendedfromthehistoricToryParty(托利黨),whichwasfoundedin1678,wasingovernmentfortwo-thirdsofthe20thcentury.MargaretThatcherwonherparty’sleadershipelectionin1975followingvictoryinthe1979generalelectionuntil1990.BritishGovernmentTheLaborPartywasfoundedin1906atthestartofthe20thcenturyandhasbeentheprincipalpartyoftheGreatBritainsincethe1920s.ItsurpassedtheLiberalPartyasthemainoppositiontotheConservativesintheearly1920s.TonyBlairwastheLaborPrimeMinister1997—2007.BritishGovernmentGovernmentDepartment政府各部theCivilService文職人員部TheprincipalGovernmentdepartmentmainlyincludes:theTreasury,theHouseofoffice,theForeignandCommonwealthoffice,theMinistryofDefense…主要的政府部門(mén)包括：財(cái)務(wù)部，內(nèi)務(wù)部，外交部，國(guó)防部等。BritishGovernmentMembersoftheCivilServicearecalledCivilServices文職人員部的成員被成為公務(wù)員.Theystaffgovernmentdepartments.CivilServantsarerecruitedmainlybycompetitiveexamination公務(wù)員主要是通過(guò)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)考試錄用.Civilservantsdonotbelongtoanypoliticalparty.ChangesofGovernmentdonotinvolvechangesindepartmentalstaff,Thereareabout541800civilservantsinBritainnow.

1925年10月13日，前英國(guó)首相撒切爾夫人出生。撒切爾夫人是英國(guó)保守黨政治家和首相(1979-1990)，也是歐洲歷史上第一位女首相。在1987年保守黨贏得大選后，她成為英國(guó)在20世紀(jì)連任3屆的首相，在她辭職時(shí)成為1827年以后英國(guó)任期最長(zhǎng)的首相。英國(guó)首相布萊爾27日在最后一次前往議會(huì)接受議員提問(wèn)之后，向英國(guó)女王伊麗莎白二世正式遞交辭呈，從而宣告結(jié)束自己長(zhǎng)達(dá)10年的首相生涯。

英國(guó)執(zhí)政黨工黨新任領(lǐng)袖布朗２７日下午應(yīng)英國(guó)女王伊麗莎白二世的邀請(qǐng)前往白金漢宮，接受女王授權(quán)組建新一屆內(nèi)閣，并從女王手中接受御璽，正式就任英國(guó)首相。

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