AppraisalTheory功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)理論

會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)1AppraisalTheory功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)理論Thelanguageofemotion,ethicsandaesthetics1.J.R.Matin2.Definitionsandbasicstructure3.Detailsa.Attitudeb.Amplificationc.SourceApplicationtoanalysisofapoem.Comment第1頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)P(yáng)rof.J.R.MartinLife:J.R.MartinisProfessorofLinguisticsattheUniversityofSydney.Hisresearchinterestsincludesystemictheory,functionalgrammar,discoursesemantics,register,genre,multimodalityandcriticaldiscourseanalysis,focusingonEnglishandTagalog-withspecialreferencetothetransdisciplinaryfieldsofeducationallinguisticsandsocialsemiotics.ProfessorMartinwaselectedafellowtheAustralianAcademyoftheHumanitiesin1998,andawardedaCentenaryMedalforhisservicestoLinguisticsandPhilologyin2003.第2頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)RecentpublicationsWorkingwithDiscourse:meaningbeyondtheclause(JRMartin&DavidRose)TheLanguageofEvaluation:appraisalinEnglish.(JRMartin&PRRWhite)ShidoniiGakuhanoSFL:HarideiGengoRironnoTenkai.Genrerelations:mappingculture.(JRMartin&DavidRose).Learningtowrite/readingtolearn:scaffoldingdemocracyinliteracyclassrooms.(DavidRose&JRMartin).第3頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)1.Definitionsandbasicstructure

Appraisal:isconcernedwithevaluation:thekindsofattitudesthatarenegotiatedinatest,thestrengthofthefeelingsinvolvedandthewaysinwhichvaluesaresourcedandreadersaligned.第4頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)

評(píng)價(jià)理論是對(duì)人際功能所進(jìn)行的橫向和縱向的延伸,它主要研究個(gè)人如何運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言去對(duì)事物做出評(píng)價(jià),采取立場(chǎng),從而調(diào)節(jié)主體間立場(chǎng)乃至意識(shí)形態(tài)立場(chǎng)。Martin指出,通過(guò)告訴聽(tīng)話人或讀者對(duì)某些人和事物的感受,便可以利用評(píng)價(jià)資源去協(xié)商和調(diào)節(jié)社會(huì)關(guān)系。這就是說(shuō),評(píng)價(jià)理論所關(guān)心的是說(shuō)話人利用其話語(yǔ)介入到語(yǔ)篇之中從而使語(yǔ)義隨說(shuō)話人的立場(chǎng)而變化。運(yùn)用評(píng)價(jià)理論可以分析作者和說(shuō)話者的態(tài)度和立場(chǎng)。第5頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)韓禮德和哈桑致力于從社會(huì)學(xué)的角度研究語(yǔ)言的三大元功能:概念功能、人際功能和語(yǔ)篇功能。然而他們卻忽略了對(duì)談話人的賦值語(yǔ)義(semanticsofevaluation)的研究(王振華,2001)。澳大利亞語(yǔ)言學(xué)家馬丁(J.R.Martin)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展了系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)法,在原有的基礎(chǔ)上創(chuàng)造性地提出了評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng)。此系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)人際意義系統(tǒng),人們可利用它來(lái)領(lǐng)會(huì)各種社會(huì)關(guān)系。它涉及文本所揭示出來(lái)的各種態(tài)度,各種情感的強(qiáng)度以及確定各種價(jià)值來(lái)源的手段(Martin2001:19)。第6頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)第7頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)2.Definitionsandbasic

structureNegotiationattitude:

Appraisalsareinterpersonalkindsofmeanings,whichrealizevariationinthetenorofsocialinteractionsenactedinatext.Peopleusetheresourcesofappraisalfornegotiatingsocialrelationships,bytellingourlistenersorreadershowwefeelaboutthingsandpeople(inaword,whatourattitudesare.).Appraisalconsistsofthreeaspects:attitude,amplification,andsource.第8頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)2.Definitionsandbasicstructurethreeaspectsofappraisal.

Attitudes:indicateswhatpeopleappraise,includingevaluatingthings,people’scharacterandtheirfeelings.Inotherwords,therearethreetypesofattitudes:expressingemotion,judgingcharacterandvaluingtheworthofthings.Amplification:indicateshowwefeelaboutthedegreeoftheappraisal.Evaluationscanbemoreorlessintense,thatistheymaybemoreorlessamplified.Itcoversforceandfocus.Engagement:indicatesthesourceoftheappraisal.Andtheattitudemaybethewriter’sownoritmaybeattributedtosomeothersources,viaprojection,modalization,orconcession..第9頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)2.DefinitionsandbasicstructureExamples:1.Hewasworkingina

topsecuritystructure.(valuingtheworthofthings)2.Itwasthebeginningofabeautifulrelationship.(valuingtheworthofthings)3.Abubbly,vivaciousmanwhobeamedoutwildenergy.Sharplyintelligent.(judgingcharacter)4.EvenifhewasandEnglishman,hewaspopularwithalthe‘Boer’Afrikanners.(judgingcharacter)5.Andallmygirlfriendsenviedme.(expressingemotion)6.Iwastorntopieces.(expressingemotion)7.wildenergy.Sharplyintelligent.(amplification)

8.Andallmygirlfriendsenviedme.(engagement)第10頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)Attitudes

Wediscussthethreekindsofattitudes:affect:judgment,andappreciation;1.Affect:expressingourfeelingsPeopleexpresstheirfeelingsindiscourseintwogeneralways:positiveandnegative;directlyandimplied.Affectcanbepositiveornegativeandthatitcanberealizeddirectlyorindirectly.1)positiveandnegative;peoplecanhavegoodfeelingsandbadfeelings.forexample,satisfied,respect,wish;pain,bitterness,feared,etc.Weareecstatic.Theywouldbecomerestless.第11頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)Attitudes2)a.directly:emotionscandescribedindifferentways.First,speakerreferstoaemotionalstate,usingwordsthatnamespecificemotions:.forexample:torntopieces,pain,ecstatic,feared,worried,etc.Secondisphysicalexpression:speakerreferstoemotionphysically,describingbehaviorthatalsodirectlyexpressesemotion;forexample:withdrawn,presshisfaceintohishands,shakeuncontrollablytoexpressfear,etc.

第12頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)Attitudesb.implicit:thespeakerdescribesunusualbehaviortoexpressfeelingsindirectly.Forexample,drinktoomuch,wanderfromwindowtowindow,juststaringinfrontofhim.

metaphorisanotherwaytoexpressfeelingsindirectly.Forexample,icecoldinaswelteringnight;eyesbewildered,butdulllikethedead.Question:whataboutneutral?第13頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)AttitudesPositive

Weareecstatic.Wecelebrated.NegativeIwastorntopieces.Ican’texplainthepainandbitternessinmeDirectEmotionalstate:ecstatic,

wildconsumingfear

Physicalexpression:presshisfaceintohishands,shakeuncontrollablyImplicitunusualbehavior:wanderfromwindowtowindowmetaphor:dulllikethedead;第14頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)Judgingpeople’scharacter2.Judgingpeople’scharacter:wejudgepeople’scharacterfromtwoperspectives:personaljudgmentsofadmirationorcriticismandmoraljudgmentsofpraiseorcondemnation,bothcanbepositiveornegativeandexplicitlyorimplicitly.1)Personaljudgmentmeanstocommentonthebehaviorofpeople.Itcanalsobepositive(admiring)andnegative(criticizing);forexample,Helenadescribesherfirstlovewithwords:energetic,intelligent,populartoshowheradmirationtohimdirectlyandphraseasworkinginatopsecuritystructuretojudgehischaracterindirectly.第15頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)Judgingpeople’scharacter2)moraljudgmentscanbemadepositiveornegative:itcanalsobemadedirectlyandindirectly.a.Helenacondemnsherleadersfortheirdishonestyandinhumanity

Ourleadersaretooholyandinnocent.Andfaceless.Whatelsecanthisabnormallifebethanacruelhumanrightsviolation?.b.Helenapraisestheleadersoftheircourage:Atleasttheirleadershavethegutstostandbytheirvulture,torecognizetheirsacrifices.Withadmirationandcriticism,moraljudgmentscanalsobemadedirectlyorimplied.Metaphorplaysaroleinjudgingcharacter:

Andtodaytheyallwashtheirhandsininnocence.第16頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)AppreciatingthingsAppreciatingthings:thingscanbeappreciatedpositivelyornegatively.Appreciatingthingsincludesevaluationofdifferentkindsofthings,aswellasrelationships,qualityoflifeandevensemioticthings.ThefollowingaretheappreciationofthingsinHelena’snarrative.Positiveabeautifulrelationshipaveryseriousissuehealingofbreachesrestorationofbrokenrelationships

negativemyunsuccessfulmarriageafrivolousquestionbrokenrelationshipsthecommunityheorshehasinjured第17頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)Theborderlineofcharacterandvalue:thereareseveralinstancesofattitudeinourtextsthatcouldperhapsbeanalysedaseitherjudgmentofcharacterorappreciationofthings.Thesebringustotheborderofcharacterandvalue.Itisimportanttotakeco-textintoconsideration,ratherthananalysingsimplyitembyitem.第18頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)AmplificationAmplification:degreeoftheappraisalOnedistinctivefeatureofattitudeisthatattitudesaregradable.Thismeansthatwecanexpresshowstronglywefeelaboutsomeoneorsomething.Twokindsofamplification:1:force:turningthevolumeupanddownWordsthatintensifymeaning:somewhat/fairlly/quite/really/sharply/extremelyintelligentWordsthatincludedegreesofintensity:happy/delighted/ecstatic.2.focus:sharpeningorsofteningcategoriesofpeopleandthings:about/exactly;real/sortof/kindof第19頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)AmplificationForceIntensifiersAttitudinallexisMetaphorsSwearingHestillplaysgreatThesecondpartisfantasticIcecoldinaswelteringnightDammit,theremustbeacliqueFocusSharpenSoftenWearerealpolicemennow.Apart-timebluefan.第20頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)AmplificationSum-up:amplifyingattitudeinvolvesasetofresourcesforadjustinghowstronglywefeelaboutpeopleandthings.Technicallywerefertotheseresourcesasforce.Weusethemtoturnthevolumeupordown.Gradingexperientialboundariesinvolvesresourcesthatthatsharpenorblurapparentlycategoricaldistinctions.Technicallytheseresourcesarereferredtoasfocus.Theymakecutanddrieddistinctionsnegotiable.Technicallytheseresourcesarereferredtoasgraduation.

第21頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)第22頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)Sourceofattitudes:Sourceofattitudes:whoaretheevaluationcomingfrom?Onecanexpresstheirownopinion,thatmeansheisresponsibleforalloftheevaluation.However,hecanalsoexplicitlyintroduceotherpeople’svoicebyquotingorreportingwhatotherpeoplesaid.第23頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)SourceofattitudesThispotentialforsourcingwhatissaidwasoneofthefactorsthatgottheRussianlinguistBakhtinthinkingaboutthedialogicnatureofdiscourse,evenintextwetraditionallythinkofasmonologues.TwotermsHeterogloss:thesourceofattitudeisotherthanthewriterMonogloss(singlevoice):thesourceissimplytheauthor第24頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)SourceofattitudesThreetypesofheterogloss:1.Projection:quoteorreportwhatpeoplesayorthink,throughprojectionthenwecanintroduceadditionalsourcesofevaluation.Wecanchoosefromprojectionoverandoveragaintoexplorethesourceofsources,andthesourceofthesourceofsources.第25頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)SourceofattitudesFourwaystoattributesources:asprojectingclauses,asnamesforspeechacts,asprojectingwithinclauses,asscarequotes.Iknowwhereeverythingbegan.Mystorybeginsinmylateteenageyearsasafarmgirl.ManyofthosewhohavecomeforwardhadpreviouslybeenregardedasrespectablemembersoftheircommunitiesAbruptlymutterthefearedword‘trip’anddriveoff.第26頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)SourceofattitudesModality:Alongsideprojection,anotherwayofintroducingadditionalvoicesintoatextisviamodality.Hallidalydescribesmodalityasaresourcewhichsetsupasemanticspacebetweenyesandno,aclinerunningbetweenpositiveandnegativepoles.Ateachpoleofscalesofmodalityisthechoiceofpositiveornegativepolarity.Modalitydoesn’ttakevoiceonanddenythem;itopensupaspacefornegotiationinwhichdifferentpointsofviewcancirculatearoundanissue,aspaceperhapsformediationandpossiblereconciliation.第27頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)SourceofattitudesFivetypesofmodalitytonegotiateinformationandservices:usuality,probability,obligation,inclinationandability.第28頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)SourceofattitudesConcession:knownascounterexpectancy,adjustandmonitorreader’sexpectation.Concessives:conjunctionsthatadjustandmonitorexpectation,eg:but,evenifetc.Ican’thandlethemananymore!But,Ican’tgetout.Continuatives:thesearelikeconjunctionsbuttheyoccurinsidetheclause,ratherthanatthebeginning.eg:already,finally,still,etc.第29頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)第30頁(yè)/共34頁(yè)Sum-up:Whatwehavearethreemaina