Unit 3 The Internet單元復(fù)習(xí)測試試題-高考英語人教版必修第二冊一輪復(fù)習(xí)

一輪復(fù)習(xí)人教版新教材必修二Unit3TheInternet單元復(fù)習(xí)測試試題第I卷第一部分聽力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）做題時，先將答案標(biāo)在試卷上。錄音內(nèi)容結(jié)束后，你將有兩分鐘的時間將試卷上的答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡上。第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽完每段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。1.Whatdoesthewomanaskthemantodo?A.Repairherwindows.B.Takecareofherhouse.C.Gototheseasidewithher.2.Whenwillthewomangotothedentist?A.Inaweek. B.Inamonth. C.Insixmonths.3.Whatdidthemanbuyyesterday?A.Ashirt. B.Apairofjeans. C.Apairofshoes.4.Howmanystudentsarethereintheman’sEnglishclass?A.50. B.40. C.20.5.Whatdoesthewomanmean?A.Shewon’tbringhercellphone.B.Shewillcallthemantwiceeveryday.C.Shecan’tcallthemaninthemountains.第二節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）聽下面5段對話或獨白。每段對話或獨白后有幾個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽每段對話或獨白前，你將有時間閱讀各個小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話或獨白讀兩遍。聽下面一段對話，回答第6和第7兩個小題。6.Whendoesthepartystart?A.At7:15p.m. B.At7:30p.m. C.At7:45p.m.7.Whatdoesthemanwanttoknow?A.Theparkinglotoftherestaurant.B.Thelocationoftherestaurant.C.Thetrafficconditions.聽下面一段對話，回答第8和第9兩個小題。8.Whatdidthewomanbuyinthemall?A.Someshoes. B.Adress. C.Apairofpants.9.WheredidthemanprobablygolastSaturday?A.Arestaurant. B.Amovietheater. C.Molly’shouse.聽下面一段對話，回答第10至第12三個小題。10.Whatclassdoesthemantake?A.Culture. B.History. C.WorldEconomy.11.Whatdothespeakershaveincommon?A.TheylikeJapanesecultures.B.Theytakethesameclass.C.They’rebothwritingaboutmanagement.12.Whatdothespeakersdecidetodo?A.Shareinformation.B.Starttheirowncompany.C.Gotothelibrarytogether.聽下面一段對話，回答第13至第16四個小題。13.Whendidtheaccidenthappenaccordingtotheman?A.At7:20a.m.today. B.At7:20p.m.today. C.At7:20a.m.yesterday.14.Whatwasthegirlprobablydoingwhentheaccidenthappened?A.Drivingacar. B.Listeningtomusic. C.Makingaphonecall.15.Whoisprobablythewoman?A.Adoctor. B.Apolicewoman. C.Adriver.16.Whatdoesthemanhavetodo?A.Signhisname.B.CopyhisIDcard.C.Recordtheirconversation.聽下面一段獨白，回答第17至第20四個小題。17.Whatisthe10-meterpoolfor?A.Swimming. B.Diving. C.Waterpolo.18.Whatdoesthespeakersuggestpeopledobeforeswimming?A.Diveinthepool. B.Runfor25minutes. C.Relaxinthesteamroom.19.Whencanpeoplegettheguidedtours?A.OnThursdayafternoons. B.OnTuesdayafternoons. C.OnMondayafternoons.20.Whatshouldthelistenersdototourtheclub?A.Bookaplace. B.Fillinaform. C.Arriveontime.第二部分閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿分50分）第一節(jié)（共15小題;每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出最佳選項。ANewYorkPublicLibraryThisimpressivelocation,proudlyguardedbyroyal-lookingmarblelions,isamongthecity’smostsplendidpublicspaces.OfcoursetheRoseReadingRoom—whowouldn’tbeinspiredbyallthosecrystalchandeliers(水晶燈)?Butifyou’rehereforthebooks,youwon’tbedisappointedeither:therearesome50millionitemsspreadoutacrossthesepiles.

NewYorkAcademyofMedicineEstablishedin1847andopenedtothepublicin1878,thislibraryholdsathoroughcatalogueofmedicaljournals,documentsandothermaterials.Thelibrarysubscribestomorethan1,000journals,andtherearemorethan800,000issues.Itshistoricalcollectionsevencontaindocumentationaboutan18th-centurysmallpox(天花)outbreakintheU.K.

TheMorganLibrary&MuseumOriginallytheprivatelibraryofnoneotherthanJohnPierpontMorgan—thisamazingbuildingwasfirstintendedforbookishpursuitsin1910.In2006,amassiveredecorationbroughtmorenaturallightintothebuildinganddoubledthesizeoftheexhibitionspace.Today,themuseumwelcomesvisitorstoseecollectionsoforiginalMichelangelodrawingsanditstheaterregularlyhostsconcerts.

TheCenterforFictionTheCenterforFictionrecentlyopenedanewlocationinDowntownBrooklynthatbringstheold-worldcharmofliteraturetogether.Whilemembersarerequiredtotakeadvantageofitsupstairslibraryandtheycangetdiscountsonreadinggroups,thepublicisfreetocheckoutthegroundfloorwhereapartofitslibrarysitsaswellasitsbookstore.It’sabeautifullyquietspaceforliteratureloverstositandread.

21.What’sspecialaboutNewYorkPublicLibrary?A.Itisthecity’smostsplendidpublicspace.B.Itcanmeetreaders’differenttastesforbooks.C.Ithasaverylonghistory.D.Itsellsbooksaswell.22.Whichlibraryholdsconcertsregularly?A.TheCenterforFiction.B.NewYorkPublicLibrary.C.TheMorganLibrary&Museum.D.NewYorkAcademyofMedicine.23.WhatcanareaderdoinTheCenterforFiction?A.Makefriendswithmusiclovers. B.Learnaboutmedicaldocuments.C.Admiresomefamousdrawings. D.Getinvolvedinreadinggroups.BTallerwomenmayfaceahigherriskofmanycancersthantheirshorterones,accordingtoaUSstudyreleaseThursday.Researcherslookedatasample(樣本)ofnearly145,000womenaged50to79fortheanalysispublishedintheUSjournalCancerEpidemiology.Theyfoundthateachadditional10centimetersofheightwaslinkedtoa13percenthigherriskofgettingcancer.“Finally,cancerisaresultofprocesseshavingtodowithgrowth,soitmakessensethathormones(荷爾蒙)orothergrowthfactorsthatinfluenceheightmayalsoinfluencecancerrisk,”saidleadauthorGeoffreyKabat,seniorepidemiologist(流行病學(xué)家)attheAlbertEinsteinCollegeofMedicineofYeshivaUniversityinNewYork.After12yearsoffollowingwomenwhoenteredthestudywithoutcancer,researchersfoundlinksbetweengreaterheightandhigherpossibilityofdevelopingcancersofthebreast,colon(結(jié)腸),kidney(腎),thyroid(甲狀腺),aswellasmultiplemyeloma(骨髓瘤)andmelanoma(黑素瘤).“Weweresurprisedatthenumberofcancersitesthatwerepositivelyassociatedwithheight.Inthisdataset,morecancersareassociatedwithheightthanwereassociatedwithbodymassindex(BMI體重指數(shù)),”addedKabat.Tallerwomenevensufferedahigherriskforsomecancers,suchasa23to29percentincreaseintheriskofdevelopingcancersofthekidneyrectum,thyroid.Noneofthe19cancersstudiedshowedalowerriskwithgreaterheight.Thestudydidnotestablishacertainheightlevelatwhichcancerriskbeginstorise,andKabatsaiditisimportanttorememberthattheincreasedriskresearchersfoundwassmall.“Itneedstobekeptinmindthatfactorssuchasage,smoking,bodymassindex,andcertainotherriskfactorshaveconsiderablylargereffects,”hesaid,“Theassociationofheightwithanumberofcancersitessuggeststhatexposuresinearlylife,includingnutrition,playaroleininfluencingaperson’sriskofcancer.”24．Whatdoyouknowabouttheresearch?A．Theparticipantsareofthesameage.B．Theychosemostmiddle-agedandelderlywomen.C．Theyfoundhormonesaresuretocausecancer.D．TheparticipantsmustbeAmericannatives.25．AccordingtoGeoffreyKabatwecanknowthat________.A．cancerhasabadeffectonthephysicalgrowthB．obesityismorehighlyassociatedwithcancerC．nowomenareawareoftheirunfavorableheightD．somanykindsofcancerarelinkedtotheheight26．Whatdoesthelastparagraphimply?A．Thelifestyleinfluencesaperson’shealthheavily.B．Apoorhabitwillleadtoasuddengrowth.C．Aperson’slifespandependsonhisheight.D．Goodnutritioncanensureyourgoodhealth.27．Whichofthefollowingisthetitleforthepassage?A．CancerisRelatedtotheFactorsofgrowthB．TallWomenMayFaceHigherCancerRiskC．WomenAreEasilytoBeAffectedbyCancerD．TallWomenareinpoorerhealththanShortOnesCThere’sbeenafrighteningincreaseinthenumberofpeoplefeelinglonely,broughtonormadeworsebyCOVID-19.Infactthere’sbeenanepidemic(流行病)ofloneliness.Lonelinessisawfulanddangerous.Foronethingitweakensself-controlandthat,UniversityofBristolresearchershavefound,makesquittingsmokingverydifficult.Moreover,datafromhundredsofthousandsofpeopleledDr.RobynWootton,seniorresearchassociateatBristolUniversityandcolleaguestoconcludethatlonelinessappearstoincreasetheneedtosmoke.AccordingtotheOfficeforNationalStatistics,theequivalentof7.4millionpeoplesaidtheirwellbeingwasaffectedthroughfeelinglonelyinthefirstmonthoflockdown.Lonelypeoplewerealsomorelikelytobestrugglingtofindthingsthatwouldhelpthemcopeandwerealsolesslikelytofeeltheyhadsupportnetworkstofallbackon.Dr.RobynWoottonsaid,“Wefoundevidencetosuggestthatlonelinessleadstoincreasedsmoking,withpeoplemorelikelytostartsmoking,tosmokemorecigarettesandtobelesslikelytoquit.”SeniorauthorDr.JorienTreurfromAmsterdamUMCadded,“Ourfindingthatsmokingmayalsoleadtomorelonelinessistentative(不確定的),butitisinlinewithotherrecentstudiesthatidentifiedsmokingasariskfactorforpoormentalhealth.Apotentialexplanationforthisrelationshipisthatnicotinefromcigarettesmokehasagreatimpactonneurotransmitters(神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)物質(zhì))suchasdopamine(多巴胺)inthebrain.”Dr.Woottonsaidwithmillionsofpeoplenowbeingmoresociallyseparated,incidencesoflonelinesswillclimb.“WewerereallyinterestedtofindthatlonelinessdecreasesthelikelihoodofstoppingsmokingandwethinkthisisareallyimportantconsiderationforthosetryingtostopsmokingduringCOVID-19,”shesaid.Toeaseyourlonelinessandimproveyourchancesofsucceedinginquitting,Ithinkoneofthebestthingsyoucandoistofinda“buddy”who’lltrytogiveupsmokingwithyou.Togetheryoucancomparenotes,shareprogress,talkthroughdifficulties,andencourageeachothertokeepongoingwhenallyouwantistogivein.28.Whatcanweinferfromparagraph3?A.Lonelypeopletendtoseeksomethingtodealwithloneliness.B.Lockdowndomoredamagetophysicalthanmentalhealth.C.Peoplesufferingfromlonelinessoftenturntoothersforhelp.D.Self-controlisthemostimportantthingtoovercomeloneliness.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inparagraph4referto?A.Evidence. B.Smoking. C.Loneliness. D.Finding.30.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A.Millionsofpeoplefailedtheattempttostopsmoking.B.Agoodwaytostopsmokingistogetalike-mindedperson.C.SmokingisnotadvocatedofficiallyduringCOVID-19.D.Thosewhowanttoquitsmokingneedtofindgoodhabits.31.Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.HealthProblemsCausedbyCOVID-19B.OpinionsonHowtoGiveUpSmokingC.SomeWaysinWhichLonelinessHarmYouD.LonelinessMakesitHardtoQuitSmokingDAnewreportconnectseatingeggstoanincreasedriskofheartdisease.Theresultsfollowseveralearlierstudiesthatfoundeatingeggswasgenerallyhealthy.Thestudycollectsdatafromsixotherearlierstudies.Itshowsa6percentincreasedriskofheartdiseasewhenthenumberofeggsapersonateeachdayincreasedbyhalfanegg.NorrinaAllen,anassociateprofessoratNorthwesternUniversitysaidthat,intheUnitedStates,eggsaregenerallyoneofthetopsourcesofcholesterol(膽固醇)inaperson’sdailyfood.Peoplewithhigherlevelsofcholesterolintheirfoodareatincreasedriskofthedevelopmentofheartdiseaselaterinlife.However,Allenaddedthatshewouldnotsaythateggsarecompletelyunhealthy.“I’mnotsayingthatpeopleshouldtakethemcompletelyoutoftheirfood,”shesaid.“I’mjustsuggestingthatpeopleeattheminaproperamount.”Someexpertsbelievethenewstudydoesnotprovethateggsarecausingheartdisease.“Cholesterol’sroleinthedevelopmentofheartdiseasehasbeendiscussedformorethan30years,”saidBruemmer,anassociateprofessorofmedicineattheUniversityofPittsburghMedicalCenter.“Thisstudydoeshaveclearshortcomings,includingself-reportingatasingletimepoint,”headded.Bruemmersaid,“Eggsinmoderation(適度)areprobablyacceptablefromanutritionalstandpoint.”“Moderation,”headded,“islessthanoneeggaday,includingeggsinfoodssuchasbread”.HollyAndersen,adoctorattheNewYork-Presbyterian/WeillCornellMedicalCenter,agreesthatthestudyhas“realshortcomings”.OneproblemAndersenhaswiththestudyisthatalotoftheegg-eatingpeopleinthestudyalsoappearedtobeeatingmuchmeatandprocessedmeat.“Ifyou’retakingalotofprocessedmeat,itdoesn’tmatterhowmanyeggsyou’reeating,”Andersensaid.Also,Andersensaid,“Thestudycanonlyshowthereisarelationbetweeneggseatingandheartdisease.Butitcannotproveeggsarethecauseofthedisease.Itmayjustbethatpeopleeatingalotofeggsarealsotakingalotofbacon.”32.WhatdoesNorrinaAllenagreewith?A.Eggsarecompletelyunhealthy.B.Eggscontainthemostcholesterol.C.Eggsshouldbeeateninarightamount.D.Eggshavenoconnectionwithheartdisease.33.WhatisBruemmer’sattitudetowardsthestudy?A.Interested.B.Doubtful. C.Concerned. D.Hopeful.34.WhatcanwelearnfromHollyAndersen’swords?A.Eggsandmeatcannotbeeatentogether.B.Processedmeatmaycauseheartdisease.C.Processedmeatshouldbeavoided.D.Thestudyissupportedbyevidence.35.What’sthebesttitleofthetext?A.Doeggscauseheartdisease?B.Areeggsthetopsourceofcholesterol?C.What’stheproperamountofeggseaten?D.Isthecholesteroltoblameforheartdisease?第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后的選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Helpingpeopleisthebackbone(支柱)ofahealthysociety.36Thisstatementistrueandthefollowingaresomeofthemajorbenefitsofassistingotherpeople.37Researchershavedonelotsofworktoprovethathelpingothersdoeshaveagreateffectonaperson’shappiness.Eventhoughweusuallyfeeltheurgetocompetewithotherpeople,takingtimetoassistotherscanbeverybeneficialtous.Thekeytointernaljoyandhappinessissimplyhelpingthoseinneed.Buildtrust.Whenpeopleseethatyouhavegenuineintentionsofassistingthem,itislikelytheyaregoingtobeverygrateful.38Helpingpeopleisalsoagoodwaytocreateanddeveloptrustyrelationship,particularlyifyouneverexpectanythingtobegiventoyouinreturn.Improvethecommunity.Thementalityofhelpingpeopleisincreasinginpopularitysincemorepeoplehaverealizedthatwedonotneedtofightforsurvival.Arisingnumberofindividualsnowassistotherswithoutaskingforanythingback.Thishasresultedinthechangeinattitudeandpeoplearenowmoregiving,morewillingandalsomuchreadiertoofferassistance.39Helpingotherpeopleisimportantasithelpstoconnectmanypeopletogether..40Theendresultisaninspiredcommunityingeneral.A.Increasehappiness.B.Improvementalhealth.C.Thisimprovesthewholecommunityandchangestheatmosphere.D.Itisbelievedthathelpingothersisbasicallyhelpingyourself.E.Asaresult,theyseeyouasacaringpersonandbegintotrustyou.F.Ifyouoftenhelpothers,youwillbecomeamoreresponsibleperson.G.Thosewhoofferhelpandgethelpcometogetherandinspireoneanother.第三部分語言運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。InBothell,Washington.First,somebodyshowedupwithballoons.Thena41.ThenabigHappyBirthdaybanner42nexttotheBeca’sCoffeestand.Andpeoplejustkeptshowingup.Itwasaparty—justasBecahadimaginedforherfriendJack.May10washisbirthday,andshewantedto43him.Jack,32,bornwithdevelopmentaldisabilitieslovespeople.Beca,30,thoughthewaswonderful.Soshe44anarrangement:Ifheshowedupeverydayforanhourandchattedwiththecustomersatherdrive-throughwindow,she’dgivehimafreedrink.Prettysoon,anhourturnedintothewholeday.Becagavehima(n)45.“It’s46,”JacktoldKOMONews.“Ilovechattingwithpeoplehere,andshepaysmealotofmoney!”47noteverybodyappreciatedJack’senthusiasm.“Onecustomerwasextremely48,”shesays.49this,shepostedJack’sstoryonacommunityblogandalsomentionedhisapproachingbirthday.Withoutanyplanning,50showeduptocelebratehisbirthday,andhe51everyonewithahug.Inspiredbythespontaneous(自發(fā)的)goodspirit,BecasuggestedBothell52everyMay10asCupofKindnessDay.Thecityagreed.OnthefirstCupofKindnessDay,Beca53hershopanddeliveredcookiestopoliceofficers,54,teachersandothers“whoserveotherpeople”.IfyouwantacupofcoffeeinBothell,justheadovertoBeca’s.Youknowyourdrinkwillcomewithsomethingextra-special:55.41.A.cake B.card C.phone D.gift42.A.expanded B.displayed C.produced D.stretched43.A.force B.define C.surprise D.teach44.A.delayed B.proposed C.cancelled D.exchanged45.A.break B.idea C.career D.raise46.A.normal B.demanding C.awesome D.embarrassing47.A.ConsequentlyB.However C.Instead D.Finally48.A.disrespectfulB.dishonest C.dishonorable D.disabled49.A.UpsetaboutB.Fondof C.Relatedto D.Skepticalabout50.A.citizens B.colleagues C.strangers D.neighbours51.A.met B.driven C.greeted D.addressed52.A.regard B.establish C.treat D.use53.A.recommendedB.donated C.shared D.closed54.A.shoppers B.drivers C.firefighters D.walkers55.A.respect B.kindness C.love D.calmness第二節(jié)(共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分)閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。TheWinterSolsticeFestival(冬至)isoneofthemostimportant61(festival)celebratedbytheChineseonoraroundDecember22.Asearlyas2,500yearsago,ChinadeterminedthepointoftheWinterSolsticeby62(observe)movementsofthesunwithasundial(日晷).TheWinterSolsticebecameafestivalduringtheHanDynasty.TheHanpeople63(regard)theWinterSolsticeasa“WinterFestival”,soofficialswouldorganizeactivities.Onthisday,bothofficialsandcommonpeoplewouldhave64rest.IntheTangandSongdynasties,theWinterSolsticewasadaytooffersacrifices(供奉)65Heavenandancestors.TheQingDynastyevenhadtherecordthat“theWinterSolsticeisasformalastheSpringFestival,”showingthegreat66.(important)attachedtothisday.TheChineseoftencelebratetheWinterSolsticeFestivaltogetherwith67(they)families.68peopleeatgenerallydependsonwheretheycomefrom.InsomepartsofNorthChina,people69(traditional)eatdumplingsonthisday,whileinpartsofSouthChina,thewholefamilywillgettogethertohaveameal70(make)ofred-beanandstickyricetodriveawaybadthings.第四部分：寫作（共兩節(jié)，滿分40分）書面表達(dá)（滿分15分）假定你是學(xué)生會主席李華，你校下周將在學(xué)生活動中心舉辦主題為“TheImportanceofFailure”的英文演講比賽，請給外教Mr.John寫一封郵件，邀請他擔(dān)任評委，內(nèi)容包括：1.比賽時間、地點、主題；2.評委職責(zé)、評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（judgingstandards）；3.進(jìn)一步討論細(xì)節(jié)。注意：1.詞數(shù)80左右；2.可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。DearMr.John,___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yourssincerely,LiHua第二節(jié)(滿分25分）閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。TheMeredithfamilylivedinasmallcommunity.Astheeconomywasindecline,somepeopleinthetownhadlosttheirjobs.Manyoftheirfamilieswerestrugglingtomakeendsmeet.Peopleweretryingtohelpeachothermeetthechallenges.MrsMeredithwasamostkindandthoughtfulwoman.Shespentagreatdealoftimevisitingthepoor.Sheknewtheyhadproblems,andtheyneededallkindsofhelp.Whenshehadtime,shewouldbringfoodandmedicinetothem.Onemorningshetoldherchildrenaboutafamilyshehadvisitedthedaybefore.Therewasamansickinbed,hiswife,whotookcareofhimandcouldnotgoouttowork,andtheirlittleboy.Thelittleboy—hisnamewasBernard—hadinterestedherverymuch.“Iwishyoucouldseehim,”shesaidtoherownchildren,John,Harry,andClara.“Heissuchahelptohismother.Hewantsverymuchtoearnsomemoney,butIdontseewhathecando.”Aftertheirmotherlefttheroom,thechildrensatthinkingaboutBernard.“Iwishwecouldhelphimtoearnmoney,”saidClara.“Hisfamilyissufferingsomuch.”“SodoI,”saidHarry.“Wereallyshoulddosomethingtoassistthem.”Forsomemoments,Johnsaidnothing,but,suddenly,hesprangtohisfeetandcried,“Ihaveagreatidea!Ihaveasolutionthatwecanallhelpaccomplish(完成).”Theotherchildrenalsojumpedupallattention.WhenJohnhadanidea,itwassuretobeagoodone.“Itellyouwhatwecando,”saidJohn.“YouknowthatbigboxofcornUncleJohnsentus?Well,wecanmakepopcorn(爆米花),andputitintopaperbags,andBernardcantakeitaroundtothehousesandsellit.注意：1.續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右；2.請按如下格式在答題卡的相應(yīng)位置作答。Paragraph1：WhenMrsMeredithheardofJohnsidea,shethoughtitwasagoodone,too.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________