公司層策略二

Corporate-LevelStrategyMichaelA.HittR.DuaneIrelandRobertE.HoskissonChapter61StrategyImplementationChapter11OrganizationalStructureandControlsChapter10CorporateGovernanceChapter12StrategicLeadershipStrategyFormulationStrategicCompetitivenessAbove-AverageReturnsStrategicIntentStrategicMissionChapter2TheExternalEnvironmentChapter3TheInternalEnvironmentTheStrategicManagementProcessChapter6Corporate-LevelStrategyFeedbackStrategicInputsStrategicActionsStrategicOutcomesChapter13StrategicEntrepreneurshipChapter5CompetitiveRivalryandCompetitiveDynamicsChapter4Business-LevelStrategy2TwoLevelsofStrategyAdiversifiedcompanyhastwolevelsofstrategy1.Business-LevelStrategy

(CompetitiveStrategy)Howtocreatecompetitiveadvantageineachbusinessinwhichthecompanycompetes-lowcost -differentiation-focusedlowcost -focuseddifferentiation -integratedlowcost/ differentiation2.Corporate-LevelStrategy

(Company-wideStrategy)Howtocreatevalueforthecorporationasawhole3KeyQuestionsinCorporateStrategyBusinessUnitBusinessUnitBusinessUnitBusinessUnit1.Whatbusinessesshouldthecorporationbein?2.Howshouldthecorporateofficemanagethearrayofbusinessunits?CorporateStrategyiswhatmakesthecorporatewholeadduptomorethanthesumofitsbusinessunitparts4LevelsandTypesofDiversificationBusinessUnitLowLevelsofDiversificationSingleBusiness>95%ofbusinessfromasinglebusinessunitDominantBusinessBetween70and95%ofbusinessfromasinglebusinessunitBusinessUnit5RelatedConstrained<70%ofrevenuesfromdominantbusiness;allbusinessesshareproduct,technologicalanddistributionlinkagesLevelsandTypesofDiversificationBusinessUnitBusinessUnitModeratetoHighLevelsofDiversificationBusinessUnit6RelatedLinked(Mixed)<70%ofrevenuesfromdominantbusiness,andonlylimitedlinksexistLevelsandTypesofDiversificationBusinessUnitBusinessUnitModeratetoHighLevelsofDiversificationBusinessUnit7LevelsandTypesofDiversificationUnrelated<70%ofrevenuecomesfromthedominantbusiness,andtherearenocommonlinksbetweenbusinessesBusinessUnitBusinessUnitVeryHighLevelsofDiversificationBusinessUnit8AT&T的縮小規(guī)模AT&T曾歷經(jīng)兩次分割案1984年非自願(yuàn)性分割第一次分割後持續(xù)購併成長高估整合的優(yōu)點(diǎn)與忽略多角化後的經(jīng)營複雜性1995年自願(yuàn)分割分割前的公司旗下有通訊事業(yè)電腦事業(yè)設(shè)備事業(yè)9電腦事業(yè)由購併NCR開始虧損連連,達(dá)80億設(shè)備事業(yè)的顧客與通訊事業(yè)間的競爭衝突美國政府放寬對通訊事業(yè)的管制公司決定縮小經(jīng)營範(fàn)疇,專心於核心事業(yè)AT&T的縮小規(guī)模10多角化企企業(yè)的演演化歷程程單一事業(yè)業(yè)整合策略略多角化策策略國際化策策略國際化策策略多角化策策略早期後期11ReasonsforDiversificationReasonstoEnhanceStrategicCompetitivenessEconomiesofscope(相關(guān)多角角化)Marketpower(相關(guān)多角角化)Financialeconomics(不相關(guān)多多角化)IncentivesResourcesManagerialMotives12IncentiveswithNeutralEffectsonStrategicCompetitivenessAnti-trustregulationTaxlawsLowperformanceUncertainfuturecashflowsFirmriskreductionIncentivesResourcesManagerialMotivesReasonsforDiversification13ResourceswithvaryingeffectsonvaluecreationandstrategiccompetitivenessTangibleresourcesfinancialresourcesphysicalassetsIntangibleresourcestacitknowledgecustomerrelationsimageandreputationIncentivesResourcesManagerialMotivesReasonsforDiversification14ManagerialMotives(ValueReduction)DiversifyingmanagerialemploymentriskIncreasingmanagerialcompensationIncentivesResourcesManagerialMotivesReasonsforDiversification15Value-creatingStrategiesofDiversification:OperationalandCorporateReadinessRelatedConstrainedDiversificationVerticalIntegration(MarketPower)UnrelatedDiversification(FinancialEconomies)BothOperationalandCorporateRelatedness(RareCapabilityandcanCreateDiseconomiesofScope)RelatedLinkedDiversification(EconomiesofScope)CorporateRelateness:TransferringSkillsintoBusinessesThroughCorporateHeadquartersLowHighSharing:OperationalRelatednessBetweenBusinessesLowHigh16AddingValuebyDiversificationDiversificationmosteffectivelyaddsvaluebyeitheroftwomechanisms:Economiesofscope:costsavingsattributedtotransferringthecapabilitiesandcompetenciesdevelopedinonebusinesstoanewbusinessMarketpower:whenafirmisabletosellitsproductsabovetheexistingcompetitivelevelorreducethecostsofitsprimaryandsupportactivitiesbelowthecompetitivelevel,orboth17AlternativeDiversificationStrategiesRelatedDiversificationStrategiessharingactivitiestransferringcorecompetenciesUnrelatedDiversificationStrategiesefficientinternalcapitalmarketallocationrestructuring18AlternativeDiversificationStrategiesRelatedDiversificationStrategiessharingactivities19SharingActivities:SharingactivitiesoftenlowerscostsorraisesdifferentiationSharingactivitiescanlowercostsifit:achieveseconomiesofscaleboostsefficiencyofutilizationhelpsmovemorerapidlydowntheLearningCurveSharingactivitiescanenhancepotentialfororreducethecostofdifferentiationMustinvolveactivitiesthatarecrucialtocompetitiveadvantageKeyCharacteristics20SharingActivities:StrongsenseofcorporateidentityClearcorporatemissionthatemphasizestheimportanceofintegratingbusinessunitsIncentivesystemthatrewardsmorethanjustbusinessunitperformanceAssumptions21RelatedDiversificationStrategiessharingactivitiestransferringcorecompetenciesAlternativeDiversificationStrategies22TransferringCoreCompetencies:ExploitsinterrelationshipsamongdivisionsStartwithvaluechainanalysisidentifyabilitytotransferskillsorexpertiseamongsimilarvaluechainsexploitabilitytotransferactivitiesKeyCharacteristics23TransferringCoreCompetencies:Transferringcorecompetenciesleadstocompetitiveadvantageonlyifthesimilaritiesamongbusinessunitsmeetthefollowingconditions:activitiesinvolvedinthebusinessesaresimilarenoughthatsharingexpertiseismeaningfultransferofskillsinvolvesactivitieswhichareimportanttocompetitiveadvantagetheskillstransferredrepresentsignificantsourcesofcompetitiveadvantageforthereceivingunitAssumptions24RelatedDiversificationStrategiessharingactivitiestransferringcorecompetenciesAlternativeDiversificationStrategiesUnrelatedDiversificationStrategiesefficientinternalcapitalmarketallocation25EfficientInternalCapitalMarketAllocation:Firmspursuingthisstrategyfrequentlydiversifybyacquisition:acquiresound,attractivecompaniesacquiredunitsareautonomousacquiringcorporationsuppliesneededcapitalportfoliomanagerstransferresourcesfromunitsthatgeneratecashtothosewithhighgrowthpotentialandsubstantialcashneedsaddprofessionalmanagement&controltosub-unitssub-unitmanagerscompensationbasedonunitresultsKeyCharacteristics26EfficientInternalCapitalMarketAllocation:ManagershavemoredetailedknowledgeoffirmrelativetooutsideinvestorsFirmneednotriskcompetitiveedgebydisclosingsensitivecompetitiveinformationtoinvestorsFirmcanreduceriskbyallocatingresourcesamongdiversifiedbusinesses,althoughshareholderscangenerallydiversifymoreeconomicallyontheirownAssumptions27RelatedDiversificationStrategiessharingactivitiestransferringcorecompetenciesUnrelatedDiversificationStrategiesefficientinternalcapitalmarketallocationAlternativeDiversificationStrategiesrestructuring28Restructuring:Seekoutundeveloped,sickorthreatenedorganizationsorindustriesParentcompany(acquirer)intervenesandfrequently:changessub-unitmanagementteamshiftsstrategyinfusesfirmwithnewtechnologyenhancesdisciplinebychangingcontrolsystemsdivestspartoffirmmakesadditionalacquisitionstoachievecriticalmassKeyCharacteristics29Restructuring:Frequentlysellunitaftermakingone-timechangessinceparentnolongeraddsvaluetoongoingoperationsKeyCharacteristics30Restructuring:RequireskeenmanagementinsightinselectingfirmswithdepressedvaluesorunforeseenpotentialMustdomorethanrestructurecompaniesNeedtoinitiaterestructuringofindustriestocreateamoreattractiveenvironmentAssumptions31IncentivestoDiversifyExternalIncentives:Relaxationofanti-trustregulationallowsmorerelatedacquisitionsthaninthepastBefore1986,highertaxesondividendsfavoredspendingretainedearningsonacquisitionsAfter1986,firmsmadefeweracquisitionswithretainedearnings,shiftingtotheuseofdebttotakeadvantageoftaxdeductibleinterestpayments32IncentivestoDiversifyInternalIncentives:PoorperformancemayleadsomefirmstodiversifytoattempttoachievebetterreturnsFirmsmaydiversifytobalanceuncertainfuturecashflowsFirmsmaydiversifyintodifferentbusinessesinordertoreducerisk33ResourcesandDiversificationBesidesstrongincentives,firmsaremorelikelytodiversifyiftheyhavetheresourcestodosoValuecreationisdeterminedmorebyappropriateuseofresourcesthanincentivestodiversify34ManagerialMotivestoDiversifyManagershavemotivestodiversifydiversificationincreasessize;sizeisassociatedwithexecutivecompensationdiversificationreducesemploymentriskeffectivegovernancemechanismsmayrestrictsuchmotives35相關(guān)與不相關(guān)關(guān)多角化的比比較策略創(chuàng)造價(jià)值的方式官僚成本的來源相關(guān)多角化技術(shù)移轉(zhuǎn)範(fàn)疇經(jīng)濟(jì)事業(yè)的數(shù)目事業(yè)間的協(xié)調(diào)不相關(guān)多角化內(nèi)部資本市場重組事業(yè)的數(shù)目36RelationshipBetweenDiversificationandPerformancePerformanceLevelofDiversificationDominantBusinessUnrelatedBusinessRelatedConstrained37RelationshipBetweenFirmPerformanceandDiversificationIncentivesManagerialMotivesResourcesDiversificationStrategyFirmPerformanceInternalGovernanceStrategyImplementationCapitalMarketInterventionandtheMarketforManagerialTalent389、靜夜四四無鄰，，荒居舊舊業(yè)貧。。。1月-231月-23Sunday,January1,202310、雨雨中中黃黃葉葉樹樹，，燈燈下下白白頭頭人人。。。。20:45:5020:45:5020:451/1/20238:45:50PM11、以我獨(dú)沈久久，愧君相見見頻。。1月-2320:45:5020:45Jan-2301-Jan-2312、故人人江海海別，，幾度度隔山山川。。。20:45:5020:45:5020:45Sunday,January1,202313、乍見翻疑夢夢，相悲各問問年。。1月-231月-2320:45:5020:45:50January1,202314、他他鄉(xiāng)鄉(xiāng)生生白白發(fā)發(fā)，，舊舊國國見見青青山山。。。。01一一月月20238:45:50下下午午20:45:501月月-2315、比不了得就就不比，得不不到的就不要要。。。一月238:45下下午1月-2320:45January1,202316、行動(dòng)動(dòng)出成成果，，工作作出財(cái)財(cái)富。。。2023/1/120:45:5120:45:5101January202317、做前，能能夠環(huán)視四四周；做時(shí)時(shí)，你只能能或者最好好沿著以腳腳為起點(diǎn)的的射線向前前。。8:45:51下下午8:45下下午20:45:511月-239、沒有失敗，，只有暫時(shí)停停止成功！。。1月-231月-23Sunday,January1,202310、很多多事情情努力力了未未必有有結(jié)果果，但但是不不努力力卻什什么改改變也也沒有有。。。20:45:5120:45:5120:451/1/20238:45:51PM11、成功功就是是日復(fù)復(fù)一日日那一一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)點(diǎn)小小小努力力的積積累。。。