中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)(北京)2013-2014年博士基礎(chǔ)英語考試資料合集

科技英語翻譯1.當(dāng)今社會(huì)，選擇的觀念無孔不入，種種選擇會(huì)導(dǎo)致人們?cè)桨l(fā)感到焦慮不安和力不從心?？傆腥讼蛭覀児噍斶@樣的理念：我們可以選擇自己的生活方式，可以選擇自己的身材，甚至可以選擇子女的未來。我們因?yàn)檫@種無所不能的虛假承諾而洋洋得意，同時(shí)卻忘記了，自己做出的選擇往往并不理智——要么受到別人選擇(社會(huì)認(rèn)同)的影響，要么受到自己內(nèi)心無意識(shí)動(dòng)機(jī)的影響。.Theideologyofchoiceisall-pervasiveintoday’ssociety,andhascontributedtogrowingfeelingsofanxietyandinadequacyamongconsumers.We’retoldthatwecanchoosethetypeoflifewelive,thetypeofbodywehave,eventhewayourkidswillturnout.Butwhilewebaskinthefalsepromiseofmastery,weforgetthatthechoiceswemakeareoftenirrational-eitherlinkedtootherpeople’schoices(whatissociallyacceptable),orourownunconsciousmotives..鑒于甲方擁有合同產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)及銷售所涉及的技術(shù)信息，包括設(shè)計(jì)、技術(shù)、工藝、配方、技能和其他資料的專有權(quán)；鑒于乙方以生產(chǎn)、使用和銷售合同產(chǎn)品為目的，希望獲得使用上述協(xié)助的許可權(quán)利；鑒于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商標(biāo)；雙方茲就下列內(nèi)容達(dá)成一致：.WhereasPartyApossessesproprietarytechnicalinformationincludingdesigns,techniques,workmanship,formulas,skillsandotherdatausefulinthemanufactureandmarketingofcertainproducts;andwhereasPartyBdesirestoacquiretherightandlicencetousetheabove-mentionedtechnicalassistanceforthepurposeofmanufacturing,usingandsellingsuchproducts;andwhereasPartyBdesirestousethefollowingtrademarksownedbyPartyA.NowTherefore,thepartiesherebyagreeasfollows:.版權(quán)是一種無形資產(chǎn)。正如其字面所示，它所擁有的是一種權(quán)利。這種權(quán)利包括兩個(gè)方面，即復(fù)制權(quán)和對(duì)復(fù)制權(quán)的使用控制。版權(quán)是對(duì)作品創(chuàng)造者實(shí)行的一種法律保護(hù)。最初僅限于對(duì)書籍方面，而今已擴(kuò)大到對(duì)各種雜志、報(bào)紙、地圖、戲劇、電影、電視節(jié)目、電腦軟件、繪畫、圖片、雕塑、音樂作品、舞蹈動(dòng)作設(shè)計(jì)等類作品的保護(hù)。實(shí)質(zhì)上，版權(quán)保護(hù)的是知識(shí)或藝術(shù)財(cái)產(chǎn)。版權(quán)這種財(cái)產(chǎn)與眾不同，因?yàn)樗荚跒楣娝?，為公眾所享受。如果一個(gè)讀者買一本版權(quán)受保護(hù)的書，這本書就歸其所有。但是如果他將此書復(fù)制或散發(fā)，那便屬違法，因?yàn)檫@種權(quán)利屬出版商、作者或擁有其版權(quán)的人所有。.Copyrightisanintangibleformofproperty.Whatisowned,asthewordsuggests,isaright.Thisrighthastwoaspects-therighttocopyandtherighttocontrolcopying.Copyrightisalegalprotectionextendedtothosewhoproducecreativeworks.Originallyonlyforbooks,copyrightnowextendstomagazines,newspapers,maps,plays,motionpictures,televisionprograms,computerprogramsoftware,paintings,photographs,sculpture,musicalcompositions,choreographeddances,andsimilarworks.Essentiallyacopyrightprotectsanintellectualorartisticproperty.Thistypeofpropertyisunusualbecauseitisnormallyintendedforpublicuseorenjoyment.Ifanindividualbuysacopyrightedbook,itbelongstohimasanobject.Butmakingcopiesofittosellorgiveawayisillegal.Thisrightbelongstothepublisher，author,orwhoeverholdsthecopyright..承租人同意將所租建筑保持良好狀態(tài)，并不得任其損壞。如果承租人對(duì)出租房屋作任何調(diào)整或增添任何設(shè)施，事先必須征得出租人的書面同意。房?jī)?nèi)任何增添和裝修過的設(shè)施都成為出租人的財(cái)產(chǎn)，而且承租人不得以此向出租人提出補(bǔ)償要求。如果發(fā)生火災(zāi)，本租賃合同立即終止。.TheLesseeagreestomaintaintheleasedbuildingingoodconditionandshallnotallowittofurtherdeteriorate.AnymodificationsoradditionscarriedoutontheleasedbuildingbytheLesseemaybedoneonlywiththeLessor'spriorwrittenpermission.Anynewstructureresultingfrommodification,additionorrepairtotheleasedbuildingbecomesthepropertyoftheLessor,andtheLesseecannotclaimanydamages.Thisleasecontractisterminatedshouldtheleasedbuildingbesubjecttoafiredisaster..闡述了2000年以來，中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)和能源快速增長(zhǎng)的態(tài)勢(shì)，以及能源消費(fèi)構(gòu)成變化情況和石油消費(fèi)形式，探討了2050年前幾種不同情境下的中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)前景、能源消費(fèi)增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)、能源消費(fèi)構(gòu)成變化趨勢(shì)和石油需求總量。.Thispaperillustratestherapidgrowthofchina’seconomyandenergyconsumption,thechangeofenergyconsumptionstructureandthesituationofoilconsumptionsince2000.Italsodiscussedtheprospectofchina'seconomicgrowth,theincreasingtrendofenergyconsumption,thechangingtrendofenergyconsumptionstructureandthetotaldemandofoilindifferentsituationsbefore2050..加速發(fā)展常規(guī)天然氣、頁巖氣、煤層氣等氣體能源，即能緩解我國(guó)面臨的能源安全、環(huán)境保護(hù)和減排等多重壓力，又能培育新的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)。為此應(yīng)提升氣體能源在我國(guó)能源戰(zhàn)略中的地位，加快能源領(lǐng)域的市場(chǎng)改革，建立完善準(zhǔn)入和礦業(yè)權(quán)管理制度，放寬氣體能源的行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，改革能源價(jià)格形成機(jī)制，并加大對(duì)頁巖氣開采等技術(shù)開發(fā)的支持，從而改變我國(guó)能源供應(yīng)和消費(fèi)的結(jié)構(gòu)，支持可持續(xù)發(fā)展和生態(tài)文明建設(shè)。Theacceleratingdevelopmentofgasenergysuchasnaturalgas,shalegasandcoalbedmethanecanrelievepressuresfromenergysecurity,environmentalprotectionandemissionreductionaswellascreateneweconomicgrowthpoints.Therefore,methodssuchaspromotingthepositionofgasenergyinenergystrategy,acceleratingthemarketreforminenergyfield,establishingandperfectingthemanagementsystemofaccessandminingright,relaxingtheindustrystandardofgasenergy,reformingenergypriceformingmechanismandincreasingthesupportofkeyshalegasextractiontechnologiesshouldbetakentochangethestructureofenergysupplyandconsumptioninourcountryandsupportthesustainabledevelopmentandecologicalcivilizationconstruction..本刊只接受全部用英文寫成的稿件。來稿在5000字左右為宜。論文必須另頁附200字以內(nèi)的中文摘要、100詞以內(nèi)英文摘要和不少于3個(gè)的主題詞。正文格式應(yīng)符合以下要求：1、英文12磅字體；2、雙倍行距；3、左右兩邊空白各不少于3.5厘米；4、單面打??；5、段落第一行行首縮進(jìn)四個(gè)字符；6、加入頁碼；7、文內(nèi)引語和參考書目采用美國(guó)心理學(xué)會(huì)(APA)的論文格式。ThisjournalonlyacceptsEnglishpapers.Keepthepaperabout5000words,withanabstractof200wordsinChineseand100wordsinEnglishwithatleast3keywordsinaseparatepage.Thefollowingistheformatofthetextsubmitted:Usefontsize12inEnglish;Writeondouble-space;Leavemarginsatleast3.5cmontherightandleftsides;Typeononlyonesideofthepaper.Indentthefirstlineofeverynewparagraphwith4spaces;Numberthepaperwiththepages.AdopttheformatofAPAforthequotationsandreferences.課后題答案Unit2（P19）1.對(duì)于許多人來說，在當(dāng)今計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)代還需要由人來作翻譯似乎不合情理。既然現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)能裝入詞典和語法，為什么不讓計(jì)算機(jī)來作翻譯呢?計(jì)算機(jī)是可以作一些非常簡(jiǎn)單的語際轉(zhuǎn)換工作，條件是事前和事后都要進(jìn)行大量的編輯。但是無論廣告小冊(cè)子還是抒情詩都絕不可能歸結(jié)為計(jì)算機(jī)所要求的那種邏輯。計(jì)算機(jī)打印出來的譯文常常是可以看懂的——如果有關(guān)人員早就知道原文的大概。但是機(jī)器翻譯出來的東西，其語言形式通常是不自然的，而且有時(shí)候簡(jiǎn)直令人不可思議。再者，僅僅修改程序或者增加規(guī)則也不會(huì)使譯文有真正的改觀。人的大腦不僅具有數(shù)字功能和模擬功能，而且還有內(nèi)存價(jià)值系統(tǒng)，這個(gè)系統(tǒng)在語言成分分析上比起計(jì)算機(jī)來有著不可估量的優(yōu)勢(shì)。對(duì)于任何文體引人入勝、語義復(fù)雜的文本——包括大多數(shù)值得在另一種語言中表達(dá)出來的東西，非得由人來進(jìn)行翻譯不可。2.Translationmeanstheconversionofanexpressionintoanotherlanguage．Tosayplainlyitisanarttoreproducetheexactideaoftheauthorbymeansofalanguagedifferentfromtheoriginal.Fromtheabovedefinitionoftranslationweknowthattheoriginalthoughtoftheexpressionmustbekeptasexactlyaspossible.Nothingshouldbeaddedtoortakenawayfromtheoriginalwork.Thedutyofthetranslatorissimplytochangethevocabularynotthethought.Intranslationtherefore,therearetwoessentialelements:accuracyandexpressiveness.Accuracyisthefirstrequisiteoftranslation.Thetranslatormuststicktotheauthor'sidea.Wordsselectedandsentencesconstructedmustbeofsuchnatureaswillconveytheexactoriginalthought.Expressivenessistomakethetranslationreadilyunderstood.Inotherwords,thetranslatormustexpresshisauthor'sideaasclearlyandasforciblyashecanbythemediumheemploys.Accuracyistomakethethoughtdefiniteandexact;whileexpressivenessistomakethetranslationvividandattractive.Unit3（P25）.獨(dú)立宣言包括三個(gè)部分：第一部分闡明政治哲學(xué)—民主與自由哲學(xué)，內(nèi)容深刻動(dòng)人；第二部分列舉若干具體的不平事例，以證明喬治三世破壞了美國(guó)的自由；第三部分宣布獨(dú)立，并宣誓支持該項(xiàng)政策。.接到來函后，不到十分鐘，我騎馬動(dòng)身了。到達(dá)坎特布里，換乘四輪馬車進(jìn)鎮(zhèn)，但一場(chǎng)雨把我渾身淋濕，患了重感冒，一時(shí)不能痊愈。大約中午到達(dá)財(cái)務(wù)委員會(huì)，要做的第一件事，就是刮臉換衣。不久，打聽到在委員會(huì)前樹碑的內(nèi)情?？墒俏疑形唇拥酵ㄖ?，不過從送信者口里獲悉翌日上午會(huì)有通知的。我一回到小旅館就吃了晚飯，然后就上床睡覺。第2天一早，吃過早飯，換好衣服，我就及時(shí)出發(fā)去打聽有關(guān)紀(jì)念碑的事情。一得到消息，我就坐上馬車，在3點(diǎn)之前回到了坎特布里。沒給你帶來什么，再見吧。Unit11（P94）作為一種重要的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備手段，各類文獻(xiàn)已成為寶貴的資源寶藏，大大促進(jìn)了人類社會(huì)的進(jìn)步。專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)一向被認(rèn)為是全世界的“無形財(cái)產(chǎn)”。因?yàn)橐环矫嫠鼈兪菍?duì)前人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)或研究成果的總結(jié)、概括和發(fā)展；另一方面，又是人類長(zhǎng)期積累、世代相傳的遺產(chǎn)。因此，從這種意義上講，一切文獻(xiàn)都是前人的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)和學(xué)術(shù)成就的寶貴記載，是人類文明的結(jié)晶。Unit12（P105）1．版權(quán)是一種合法權(quán)力，旨在保護(hù)創(chuàng)造性作品在未得到允許的情況下不得加以復(fù)制、演出、展出或傳播。版權(quán)擁有者具有這樣一些專有權(quán)：復(fù)制版權(quán)受保護(hù)的作品；根據(jù)版權(quán)保護(hù)的作品制作其他作品將保護(hù)作品的拷貝出售、出租或借給公眾使用在公眾場(chǎng)合演出以及公開展出版權(quán)受保護(hù)的作品。版權(quán)擁有者的以上種種基本專有權(quán)也有例外的情況，這往往要根據(jù)作品的種類以及他人怎樣使用作品而定。版權(quán)法中“作品”一詞指的是以固定形式存在于有形媒介的原作者的創(chuàng)作物。這樣，能受版權(quán)保護(hù)的作品就包括文學(xué)作品、音樂作品、戲劇選集、舞蹈、照片、繪畫、雕刻、圖形、廣播、地圖、電影、電臺(tái)和電視節(jié)目、錄音以及計(jì)算機(jī)軟件程序等。版權(quán)不保護(hù)某種想法或概念，只對(duì)作者表達(dá)想法或概念的方法加以保護(hù)。例如，要是某科學(xué)家發(fā)表了一篇文章，闡述生產(chǎn)某種藥品的新的制作過程，那么版權(quán)可以阻止他人抄襲該文章，但不能制止任何人用上述過程配備藥品。要想保護(hù)上述制作過程，該科學(xué)家就必須獲得專利。Unit13（P116）.對(duì)于因履行本合同所發(fā)生的一切爭(zhēng)議，本合同雙方應(yīng)友好協(xié)商解決，如協(xié)商無法解決爭(zhēng)議，則應(yīng)將爭(zhēng)議提交中國(guó)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(huì)（北京），依據(jù)仲裁規(guī)則仲裁。仲裁裁決是終局性的，對(duì)雙方都有約束力。仲裁費(fèi)用應(yīng)由敗訴方承擔(dān)，但仲裁委員會(huì)另有裁定的除外。.IfthisAgreementisterminatedforanyreasonwhatsoever,allsuchdrawings,transparencies,specifications,andanyothermanufacturingorengineeringinformationasaresuppliedbyPartyA,includingallthecopiesthereof,shallbereturnedtoPartyA,andPartyBshallceasetomanufacturethesaidLicensedProductsorComponents,orpartsoftheLicensedProducts.Unit14（P120）以上定義中提到的指定的管理計(jì)劃通常稱為“管理建議”。一般來說，管理建議向預(yù)期的客戶準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)確確地解釋整個(gè)項(xiàng)目將如何進(jìn)行管理，以及管理人員的姓名等，并為完成該項(xiàng)目提出一個(gè)時(shí)間進(jìn)度表。管理建議的重要目的之一是讓客戶相信，該項(xiàng)工作在每個(gè)階段都將由能勝任的人員來完成，這就是說，如果是“硬件”項(xiàng)目，就要從原型設(shè)計(jì)研究到整個(gè)制造階段；如果是“軟件”項(xiàng)目，則要從初始的探索性研究到最終解決方案（“軟件”一詞在此上下文中指的是一份能解決某一基本問題或若干問題的可行性報(bào)告）。此外，建議中有關(guān)管理的部分應(yīng)當(dāng)在質(zhì)量和可靠性問題上分清職責(zé)，措辭要盡量清晰果斷，便于客戶與供應(yīng)商交換意見。2013-科2技0英1語4作業(yè)

漢譯英部分（作業(yè)）對(duì)農(nóng)民工的管理和服務(wù)要到位雇工要給工錢，古今皆然，中外同理。但是，就在國(guó)務(wù)院已經(jīng)下發(fā)了用工單位不得以任何名目拖欠和克扣農(nóng)民工工資的通知后，有些急于拿到工錢返鄉(xiāng)過春節(jié)的農(nóng)民工仍拿不到錢。忙碌了一年的血汗錢，農(nóng)民工要把每個(gè)前掰成兩瓣兒花的：蓋新房、娶媳婦、備耕買種子、化肥、子女來年的學(xué)費(fèi)都指望著它呢。拿不到工錢，已經(jīng)夠讓農(nóng)民工煩心的了，但鬧心的事遠(yuǎn)不止這一件。諸如受了工傷，老板不予治療，欲訴諸法律，有打不起官司；受了老板或包工頭的侮辱，想討個(gè)說法卻又擔(dān)心丟了飯碗只好忍氣吞聲；勞動(dòng)環(huán)境惡劣，勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度超負(fù)荷，有毒有害物質(zhì)和氣體嚴(yán)重戕害身體，卻投告無門；各種名目的管理費(fèi)多如牛毛，是個(gè)穿制服的就敢向農(nóng)民工收費(fèi)，不交就可能被驅(qū)逐出城。凡此種種，都發(fā)出了一個(gè)訊號(hào)：各地政府對(duì)農(nóng)民工的管理和服務(wù)要盡早到位，不然就有可能出亂子甚至是大亂子。DoagoodjobinadministeringandservinglaborersfromthecountrysideYouhavetopaythepeopleyouhire.Thereisnoexceptiontothisinmodernorancienttimes,athomeorabroad.However,someofthehiredlaborershaven’tgottheirpaythoughtheyareanxioustogohomeforthespringFestivaldespitethefactthattheStateCouncilhasissuedanoticeforbiddingemployersdocklaborers’wagesinwhatevername.thelaborersplantospendtheirmoneysparinglyassomanythingshangonthemoneyearnedwiththeirbloodandsweat:tobuildnewhouses,togetmarried,tobuyseeds,chemicalfertilizer,andpesticidestogetreadyforthespringplough,andtopayfortheirchildren’seducationofthenextyear.Itwasalreadybotheringthemthattheyfailtogetthemoneyduetothem.Buttherearefarmoretroubles.Forexample,theirbossesrefusetopayfortheirmedicaltreatmentwhensomeofthelaborersgetinjuredduringwork,andtheysimplycannotaffordtolaunchanylawsuiteveniftheywantto.Sometimestheyreallywanttoseekjusticewhentheyarebulliedbythebossortheforeman,butveryoftentheyhavetoswallowitlesttheyshouldlosetheirjobs.Theysufferfromadverseworkingenvironment,unbearablelaborintensity,andtoxicandharmfulmaterialandgaseswhichseriouslyaffectingtheirhealth,butthereisnoplacewheretheycancomplainaboutthese.Miscellaneousfeesareimposedontheminvariousnamesandexcuses-anyonewearingauniformorevenanarmbandcanlevyfeesfromthemandrefusalmayresultinthelaborers’beingdrivenoutofthecity.Allthesearesendingoutwarningstous:therewillbetroubles,evenbigtroublesunlessgovernmentsatdifferentlevelsdoagoodjobinadministeringandservinglaborersfromthecountryside.近幾年來，國(guó)債資金重點(diǎn)用于水利、交通、通信、能源、環(huán)保等方面的建設(shè)，取得了重大成效。在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施落后的狀況已有改變的情況下，產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化升級(jí)應(yīng)成為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的首要任務(wù)。要用現(xiàn)代技術(shù)改造傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，加快發(fā)展高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)，改變第三產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展明顯滯后的狀況。能不能完成這一階段性任務(wù)，關(guān)系到加入世貿(mào)組織后我國(guó)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的提高，關(guān)系到經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)快速健康發(fā)展和第三步戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。實(shí)現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的目標(biāo)，技術(shù)是最大的制約因素。許多符合產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)要求的好的建設(shè)項(xiàng)目，由于缺乏技術(shù)，雖然有資金也無法進(jìn)行。所以，打破技術(shù)這一瓶頸制約，是實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)目標(biāo)的關(guān)鍵。當(dāng)前，必須加大對(duì)科研開發(fā)的投入，繼續(xù)引進(jìn)國(guó)外的先進(jìn)技術(shù)和裝備，加強(qiáng)消防、吸收和創(chuàng)新。Greatresultshavebeenachievedinrecentyearsthroughgivingpriorityintheallocationoffundsgatheredthroughgovernmentalbondstotheconstructionofwaterconservancy,transportation,communication,industriesofenergyresources,andenvironmentalprotection.Nowtheoptimizationandupgradingofindustrialstructurehavebecomethemostimportanttaskasthebackwardinfrastructurehasbeenremarkablyimproved.Weshouldreformtraditionalindustriesbyadaptingmoderntechniques,speedingupindustrieswithadvancednewtechniques,soastochangethesituationthatthetertiaryindustrylagsbehind.ThesuccessfulfulfillmentofthistaskhasadirectbearingonwhetherChinacanraiseherinternationalcompetitiveness,maintainthecontinuous,rapidandhealthydevelopmentofhernationaleconomy,andrealizethetargetssetirdforherthirdstrategicplan.Thegreatestrestrictivefactorinachievingthetargetofthisindustrialstructuralreadjustmentistechnology.Manyfineprojectscannotbeupgradedbecauseoflackoftechnique,thoughtheymeetthedemandsforupgradingandthereisnolackoffunds.Therefore,ithasbecomeakeytotherealizationofsuchupgradingtobreakthroughthistechnicalbottleneck.Atpresent,itisimperativetoputinmoreinscientificresearch,continuetointroduceinadvancedforeigntechniquesandequipment,anddoabetterjobindigestingandabsorptionofsuchtechniquesandatthesametimeblazenewtrails.英譯漢部分（作業(yè)）Untilrecently,scientistsknewlittleaboutlifeinthedeepsea,norhadtheyreasontobelievethatitwasbeingthreatened.Now,withthebenefitoftechnologythatallowsfordeeperexploration,researchershaveuncoveredaremarkablearrayofspeciesinhabitingtheoceanflooratdepthsofmorethan660feet,orabout200meters.Atthesametime,however,technologyhasalsoenabledfishermentoreachfardeeperthaneverbefore,intoareaswherebottomtrawlscandestroyinminuteswhathastakennaturehundredsandinsomecasesthousandsofyearstobuild.Manyoftheworld'scoralspecies,forexample,arefoundatdepthsofmorethan200meters.Itisalsoestimatedthatroughlyhalfoftheworld'shighestseamounts—areasthatrisefromtheoceanfloorandareparticularlyrichinmarinelife—arealsofoundinthedeepocean.Thesedeepseaecosystemsprovideshelter,spawningandbreedingareasforfishandothercreatures,aswellasprotectionfromstrongcurrentsandpredators.Moreover,theyarebelievedtoharborsomeofthemostextensivereservoirsoflifeonearth,withestimatesrangingfrom500,000to100millionspeciesinhabitingtheselargelyunexploredandhighlyfragileecosystems.Yetjustaswearebeginningtorecognizethetremendousdiversityoflifeintheseareas,alongwiththepotentialbenefitsnewlyfoundspeciesmayholdforhumansocietyintheformofpotentialfoodproductsandnewmedicines,theyareatriskofbeinglostforever.Withenhancedabilitybothtoidentifywherethesespecies-richareasarelocatedandtotrawlindeeperwaterthanbefore,commercialfishingvesselsarenowbeginningtoreachdownwithnetsthesizeoffootballfields,catchingeverythingintheirpathwhilesimultaneouslycrushingfragilecoralsandbreakingupthedelicatestructureofreefsandseamountsthatprovidecriticalhabitattothecountlessspeciesoffishandothermarinelifethatinhabitthedeepoceanfloor.Becausedeepseabottomtrawlingisarecentphenomenon,thedamagethathasbeendoneisstilllimited.Ifstepsaretakenquicklytopreventthiskindofdestructiveactivityfromoccurringonthehighseas,thebenefitsbothtothemarineenvironmentandtofuturegenerationsareincalculable.Andtheyfaroutweightheshort-termcoststothefishingindustry.前不久，科學(xué)家們對(duì)深海生物還知之甚少，也不太相信它們正受到威脅。現(xiàn)在，隨著深海探測(cè)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)660多英尺，即200米深的海底生存著大量多種多樣的物種。但與此同時(shí)，捕魚人員也可以依靠技術(shù)到達(dá)比以前更深的地方，進(jìn)行海底拖網(wǎng)捕撈，而此種深海捕撈則可在幾分鐘內(nèi)就把大自然幾百年乃至幾千年的積累毀滅。例如，世界上的許多種珊瑚在二百多米深的海底才能找到。此外，據(jù)估計(jì)世界上一些最高的海底山約有一半位于深海海底。這些海底隆起的地方，海洋生物特別豐富。這些深海生態(tài)系統(tǒng)為魚類和其它生物提供生存、產(chǎn)卵、繁殖的場(chǎng)所，從而保護(hù)它們免遭大海流和獵食者的侵襲。此外，據(jù)信這些深海生態(tài)系統(tǒng)蘊(yùn)藏著世界上最豐富的生命寶庫，估計(jì)有五十萬至一億種生物生活在這些大體上未經(jīng)勘探并且極脆弱的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中。當(dāng)我們現(xiàn)在剛剛開始認(rèn)識(shí)這些地區(qū)極其豐富的生物多樣性，并發(fā)現(xiàn)這些新物種可能為人類社會(huì)帶來好處時(shí)——如新食品和新藥品，這些地區(qū)卻面臨著永遠(yuǎn)消失的危險(xiǎn)。由于確定物種豐富地區(qū)的能路增強(qiáng)，由于拖網(wǎng)捕撈能到達(dá)比過去更深的區(qū)域，商業(yè)漁船可把足球場(chǎng)大小的拖網(wǎng)撒入海中，碰上什么捕撈什么，同時(shí)損壞了脆弱的珊瑚，破壞礁石和海底山的脆弱結(jié)構(gòu)，而正是這些東西為生活在深海海底的無數(shù)魚類和其它海洋生物提供了賴以生存的場(chǎng)所。因?yàn)樯詈：５淄暇W(wǎng)捕撈是最近才出現(xiàn)的一種現(xiàn)象，它所造成的損害還是有限的。如能趕緊采取措施防止這些在公海上的破壞活動(dòng)，它為海洋環(huán)境和子孫后代帶來的好處將是無法估量的。這些好處將遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過漁業(yè)短期內(nèi)需承擔(dān)的花費(fèi)。ThefirstoutlineofTheAscentofManwaswritteninJuly1969andthelastfootoffilmwasshotinDecember1972.Anundertakingaslargeasthis,thoughwonderfullyexhilarating,isnotenteredlightly.Itdemandsanunflaggingintellectualandphysicalvigour,atotalimmersion,whichIhadtobesurethatIcouldsustainwithpleasure;forinstance,IhadtoputoffresearchesthatIhadalreadybegun;andIoughttoexplainwhatmovedmetodoso.Therehasbeenadeepchangeinthetemperofscienceinthelast20years:thefocusofattentionhasshiftedfromthephysicaltothelifesciences.Asaresult,scienceisdrawnmoreandmoretothestudyofindividuality.Buttheinterestedspectatorishardlyawareyethowfar-reachingtheeffectisinchangingtheimageofmanthatsciencemoulds.Asamathematiciantrainedinphysics,Itoowouldhavebeenunaware,hadnotaseriesofluckychancestakenmeintothelifesciencesinmiddleage.Ioweadebtforthegoodfortunethatcarriedmeintotwoseminalfieldsofscienceinonelifetime;andthoughIdonotknowtowhomthedebtisdue,IconceivedTheAscentofManingratitudetorepayit.TheinvitationtomefromtheBritishBroadcastingCorporationwastopresentthedevelopmentofscienceinaseriesoftelevisionprogrammestomatchthoseofLordClarkonCivilisation.Televisionisanadmirablemediumforexpositioninseveralways:powerfulandimmediatetotheeye,abletotakethespectatorbodilyintotheplacesandprocessesthataredescribed,andconversationalenoughtomakehimconsciousthatwhathewitnessesarenoteventsbuttheactionsofpeople.Thelastofthesemeritsistomymindthemostcogent,anditweighedmostwithmeinagreeingtocastapersonalbiographyofideasintheformoftelevisionessays.Thepointisthatknowledgeingeneralandscienceinparticulardoesnotconsistofabstractbutofman-madeideas,allthewayfromitsbeginningstoitsmodernandidiosyncraticmodels.Thereforetheunderlyingconceptsthatunlocknaturemustbeshowntoariseearlyandinthesimplestculturesofmanfromhisbasicandspecificfaculties.Andthedevelopmentofsciencewhichjoinstheminmoreandmorecomplexconjunctionsmustbeseentobeequallyhuman:discoveriesaremadebymen,notmerelybyminds,sothattheyarealiveandchargedwithindividuality.Iftelevisionisnotusedtomakethesethoughtsconcrete,itiswasted.《人類的進(jìn)程》寫作淵源《人類的進(jìn)程》一書的提綱初稿是1969年7月完成的，影片的最后一部分是在1972年12月拍攝的。像這樣大的一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，雖然異常精彩，令人激動(dòng)，卻并不是輕易上馬的。它要求我保持旺盛的腦力和體力，專心致志地投入工作。我必須確保持之以恒，并從中得到樂趣；比方說，我不得不停下已經(jīng)開始的研究工作；我還應(yīng)當(dāng)說明一下，究竟是什么促使我承擔(dān)這項(xiàng)工作的。二十年來，科學(xué)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)發(fā)生了深刻的變化：關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)已經(jīng)從自然科學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)移到生命科學(xué)。結(jié)果，便把科學(xué)越來越吸引到個(gè)體特征的研究上來。然而感興趣的旁觀者幾乎沒有意識(shí)到此事對(duì)于改變科學(xué)塑造的人的形象產(chǎn)生了多么深遠(yuǎn)的影響。我是一個(gè)研究數(shù)學(xué)的人，以前學(xué)過物理學(xué)，若不是中年有幸有幾次機(jī)會(huì)涉足生命科學(xué)，我也不會(huì)有所認(rèn)識(shí)。我應(yīng)當(dāng)感謝我交的好運(yùn)，是它使我在一生中參與了兩個(gè)啟發(fā)性的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域。盡管我并不知道應(yīng)該向誰表示感謝，我編寫了《人類的進(jìn)程》一書，以表示我的感激之情。英國(guó)廣播公司邀請(qǐng)我做的是通過一套電視節(jié)目來表現(xiàn)科學(xué)的發(fā)展過程，以與克拉克勛爵制作的關(guān)于文明的電視節(jié)目相匹配。通過電視來進(jìn)行解說有幾大好處：它有力、直觀，能使觀眾身臨其境或親身參與所描述的過程；它的語言親切，能使觀眾覺得他所看到的是人們的行動(dòng)而不是事件。這些優(yōu)點(diǎn)之中，我認(rèn)為最后一點(diǎn)最為突出，它是一股最大的動(dòng)力促使我同意以電視散文的方式從個(gè)人的角度來講述各種思想的發(fā)展史。重要的是知識(shí)總體，尤其是科學(xué)知識(shí)不是由抽象的思想構(gòu)成的，而是由人的思想構(gòu)成的，自有知識(shí)開始直到現(xiàn)代千奇百怪的模式莫不是如此。所以介紹打開自然界之門的基本思想，必須表現(xiàn)出它們很早就已產(chǎn)生，而且是產(chǎn)生在人類最淳樸的文化之中，產(chǎn)生于人類基本的、具體的感官之中。同時(shí)還必須表現(xiàn)出使種種思想形成越來越復(fù)雜的結(jié)合體的科學(xué)的發(fā)展也同樣是人類的貢獻(xiàn)：種種發(fā)現(xiàn)都是人的產(chǎn)物，而不僅僅是頭腦的產(chǎn)物，因此它們都是有生氣的，而且具有個(gè)人的特色。如果電視未能把這些思想表現(xiàn)得很具體，那豈不是浪費(fèi)！學(xué)術(shù)與技術(shù)英語PartIDefinethefollowingterms（名詞解釋10分）Abstract（摘要）：Arestatementofthemainfindingsandconclusionsofadocument.Indicativeabstract:Anindicativeabstractmerelydescribeswhatthereportisabout.Informativeabstract:Itgivessomespecificinformationabouttheproblem,method,result,orconclusions.Abstract與summary的不同?Standingalone?TheveryfirstpartCategory（分類）:descriptive/indicativeabstract;information/informativeabstract;information-indicativeabstractfunctions：miniaturizingthetext;deciding“Yes”or“No”;ExpandingthecirculationContent（主要內(nèi)容）：statementoftheproblem;statementoftheapproach;theprincipalresult;thesignificance3partstructure:Topicsentence;supportingsentence;concludingsentence寫作要求：Integrity;Conciseness;Consistency;Concentrationsteps:Underliningkeywordsandsentences;Listingessentialpointsofthepaper;Boilingdowneachsectiontoasentenceortwo;Draftingtheabstract;Checkingthefinaldraft5Astrategy:background;maintopic;specificinvestigation;resultandsuggestion;conclusionandcontributionSummaryisarestatementofthemajorfindingsandconclusionsofadocument,placedafterthetextFindingissomethingthatisfoundbyanalysisandexperiment.Resultsareusuallypresentedtogetherwiththecorrespondinganalysisconcerned,andinthissectiontheauthorpresenttheessentialresultanddateandthengeneralizethemtoatheoreticalheight.Quantitativeresults（定量分析）arereportedbytables/graphs/figurescoupledwithaverbal,andprovidethereaderswithparallelinformation,numericandnarrativeQualitativeresults（定性分析）areprimarilypresentedinanarrativeformbutoccasionallysupplementedbyafigureoratableConclusion:Asummaryoftheauthor（s）’sviewpointsbasedontheinvestigation,experiments,inferences,discussionsandsoon.Contents:Summingup;statementsofconclusions;statementsofrecommendations;gracefulterminationAcknowledgemen（t致謝）ismainlyusedtoexpresstheauthor’sappreciationandextendtheauthor’sindebtednesstothehelpfulsupportorconcernfromtheircolleagues（orinstitutions）inofferinganyusefulmaterial,specimen,technicalknow-how,suggestions,anyotherenlightenment,etc.totheauthor.Contents:gratitudetopersonalorinstitutionalassistance;gratitudetofinancialsupportfromdifferentsourcesReferences參考書目Referenceswouldnormallyincludeonlythoseworksthatareactuallyreferredtointhemaintext.twosystemofthereferences:nameandyearsystem;citationordersystemBibliography參考文獻(xiàn)Bibliographygenerallycontainsworksrelevanttothesubjectmatteroftheassignmentwhichtheauthorhasread,butnotnecessarilyandspecificallyreferredtointhetext.Plagiarism剽竊Theunauthorizeduseorcloseimitationofthelanguageandthoughtsofanotherauthorandthepresentationofthemasone’sownoriginalwork;somethingusedandrepresentedinthismannerHandlecitation:directquotation;paraphrasing;summarizingTechnicalwritingAwrittendocumentthatdealswithengineeringandscientifictopicsinindustryandbusinessTraditionalresumeTraditionalresumeisadocumentthatsummarizesyourpersonaldate,careerobjective,educationalandworkhistoryforapositioninyourfield.MeetinganassemblyofpeoplefortalkinganddiscussingonatopicConferenceaformalmeetingorganizedonaparticularsubject,oftenlastingforafewdaysSymposiumthemeetingforspecializedacademicdiscussion,usuallynarrowandspecificintherangeoftopicsCongressagatheringtodiscussissues,ideas,andpoliciesofpublicinterestConventionaroutinemeetingoralargegatheringtodiscussthebusinessoftheirorganizationorpoliticalgroupForumapublicmeetingtoexchangeideasanddiscussissues,especiallyimportantpublicissuesSeminar研討會(huì)aclass-likemeeting,todiscussaparticulartopicorsubjectpresentedbyseveralmajorspeakersTitle（文章題目）Writingrequirements:Bebriefandconcise;bespecific;avoidquestiontitles;beunified;bestandardfunctions:Generalizingthetext;attractingthereader;facilitatingtheretrievalKeywords（關(guān)鍵詞）Functions:easinessofretrieval;easinessofhighlightingnumbers:fourtosixkeywordsaretheaverage.Ingeneral,thereshouldbeatleast2andatmost8.Linguisticfeatures:Nominalization;Limitednumber;DesignatedchoiceIntroduction（概述）functions:introducingthesubject;limitingtheresearchscope;statingthegeneralpurpose;showingthewritingarrangementprocess:Startingwiththeresearchbackground;Transitingtotheexistingproblem;Focusingonthepresentresearch;Thestructureofathesis例題：what'sthe"PLAGIARISM"exactlymean?Plagiarismisakindofstealing.Itisusingsomeoneelse’swordsand/orideasandputthemintoyourwritingasthoughtheyareyours.What'sthemeaningof"abstract"and"summary"?Anabstractisabriefsummaryofaresearcharticle,conferenceproceedingoranyin-depthanalysisofaparticularsubject,andisoftenusedtohelpthereaderquicklyascertainthepaper'spurpose.Anabstractsisreadbeforeareaderstudiesthetext.Abstractsaredesignedtostandalone.Asummaryisarestatementofthemajorfindingsandconclusionsofadocumentplacedafterthetextofthebodyandintendtohelpreaderscomprehendandreviewthetext.twokindsofabstractsIndicativeabstractslistthesectionsofanarticle;Informativeabstractsbrieflyexplainthearticle’smainpointandthemainsupportforthatpoint.what'sthemeaningof"findings"and"results”inresearchpaper?Findingsrefertoallthefindingsfromthestudy.Somefindingsmaynotdirectlyaddresstheresearchquestions.Resultsfocusonthefindingsthatanswertheresearchquestions.twomajorreferencessystemNameandyearsystem,alsocalledHarvardSystem,isregardedassimpleandstraightforward,andisalphabeticallyarrangedandheadedbytheauthor’sname,theyearofpublication,thetitleofthepublication,thepublisher,andthepagenumberandsoon.Citationordersystem,referencesareorganizedbyorderofcitation.referenceandbibliographyAlistentitledreferenceswouldnormallyincludeonlythoseworksthatareactuallyreferredtointhemaintext.Alistentitledbibliographygenerallycontainsworksrelevanttothesubjectmatteroftheassignmentwhichtheauthorhasread,butnotnecessarilyandspecificallyreferredtointhetext.recommendationandfeasibilityreportsRecommendationreportschoosebetweentwoclearalternatives.Feasibilityreportsinvestigateoneoptionanddecideyesorno.Recommendationreportstendtobeshorter.其他類（不考分類，只考名詞解釋2013）ClassificationofProfessionalpapersReportpapers,researchpaper,coursepaper,thesispaperWaysofpreparingProfessionalpapersSearchingforgoodideas,findingtopics,consideringaudienceandpurpose,movingfrombrainstormingtodrafting,editingandrefiningGeneralFunctionsofAbstractGeneralizingthetext,attractingthereader,facilitatingtheretrievalAbstract的寫作要求Bebriefandconcise,bespecific,avoidquestiontitles,beunified,bestandardKeywords有幾個(gè)Generally2-8words,but4-6preferredLengthofAbstractNormally200words,butnevermorethan500words,50-100wordsforshortarticle.Approximately3-5%ofthelengthofthepaper.CategoriesofabstractDescriptive,informationalandinformationalindicativeInformationalabstract應(yīng)一般包含的內(nèi)容Astatementoftheproblem;Astatementoftheapproachtosolvingtheproblem;Theprincipleresult;thesignificanceAbstractsentencestructureA1:background;A2:maintopic;A3:specificinvestigation;A4:resultandinvestigation;A5:conclusionandcontributionWritingRequirementsforAbstractIntegrity;conciseness;consistency;concentrationAbstract寫作的5步(5steps)Underliningkeywordsandsentences;2)Listingessentialpointsofthepaper3)Boilingdowneachsectiontoasentenceortwo4)DraftingtheabstractCheckingthefinaldraftGeneralfunctionofintroductionIntroducingthesubject;2)LimitingtheresearchscopeStartingthegeneralpurpose;4)ShowingthewritingarrangementStructuralfunctionofintroductionStartingtheresearchbackground;2)TransitingtotheexistingproblemFocusingonthepresentresearchDiscussionincludesfactorsAnalyzingthedata;2)Pointingthedoubts;3)Expoundingviewpoints;4)Statingthesignificance;5)ArrivingataconclusionGeneralFunctionsandMainElementsofConclusionSummingup;2)statementsofconclusion;3)Statementofrecommendations;4)GracefulterminationAfullresearchreportincludesTitle,author,affiliation,abstract,keywords,introduction,theoreticalanalysisand/orexperimentaldescription,resultanddiscussionorconclusion,acknowledgment,reference,etc.ClassificationofprofessionaljournalsJournal,Acta,Bulletin,CircularorGazette,Rapidcommunications/letters,Review,ProceedingsCategoryofmeetingsMeetings,conference,Symposium,Congress,Convention,Forum,SeminarLetterscategoryforconferenceLettersforinquiry;2）Lettersforinvitation;3）Lettersforacceptanceofinvitation;4）Lettersfordeclinationofinvitation;5）Financialapplication;6）Coverletters;7）Post-conferencecorrespondence;8）Lettersofthanks信由哪幾部分組成Theheading,insideaddress,salutation,body,complimentaryclose,signature.Part2Revisethefollowingsentences（句子改寫10分）句子改寫，閱讀p41-43,P47-50,P55-56[1a]Managementguaranteesthattheoldsystemwillbereplacedandtoconsiderthenewproposal.[1b]Managementguaranteesthattheoldsystemwillbereplacedandthatthenewproposalwillbeconsidered.[2a]Usethecylinderwithadiameterof33/16inchesand11/2incheshigh.[2b]Usethecylinderwithadiameterof33/16inchesandaheightof11/2inches.[3a]Asuccessfulfirmiscapableofmanufacturingaproduct,marketingit,andmakeaprofit.[3b]Asuccessfulfirmiscapableofmanufacturingaproduct,marketingit,andmakingaprofit.Thememowassentbythemanager.（被動(dòng)passivevoice）Themanagersentthememo.（主動(dòng)activevoice）Anyloosebubblescanbedetectedinthisway.（被動(dòng)passivevoice）Youcandetectanyloosebubblesinthisway.（主動(dòng)activevoice）Theworkercandetectanyloosebubblesinthisway.Theheatedwaterissentintothechamber.（被動(dòng)passivevoice）Theheatedwaterflowsintothechamber.[1a]Therobotisusedinrepetitiveactivities.[1b]Companiesuserobotsinrepetitiveactivities.[2a]Theinkisforcedthroughthestencilbyasqueegee.[2b]Asqueegeeforcestheinkthroughthestencil.AterwehaveHavingcarriedthroughtheformulismofLagrangemultipliersfor27variableswith18equationsofconstraints,weobtaintheequationsofthreemajoraxes.Theyproposedthatthefactoryshouldbefined,finingthatfactoryforithasseriouslypollutedtheriversnearby.Afteritisbeingboiled,waterreadilygivesoffwatervapor.Weclearlyobservestheenhancement,andnumericallyanalyzedtheangular-distributionmomentsoftheconstantandfoundfindingthattheenhancementisconstant.Wewanttominimizefriction,soweshouldgreasethemetallicsurface.Thewateriscooledsothatitcantobeusedinthecondenser.Thematerialthatwearegoingtobeusedisagoodconductor.SuppliesofrubberwhichRubbersupplieswererequiredbyindustrycamefromfaraway.TheresearchthatisnowbeingcarriedoutinNMRimagingisextensiveandmeaningful.Theplanewhich■is-flyingatanaltitudeof2140metersissubjectedtopressuresof80kilometerspersquaremeter.Thescrewrevolvedonce,anditraiseraisingtheloadby30mm.Thecontractorsareresponsibleforthedamage,sincetheyhavinginstalledthemachinery.IftheyareGivenachance,thehegemonieswouldstageacomeback.It-ismystrongdesireistojoininyourwork,inthehopehopingthatwillbeinthefieldofmirrortheory.Herespondedinahastymanner.Hastily.P50Inthisformula,wehaveneglectedthefrictionlossescausedbyfriction.Webegantheexperiment,andhopedthattheexperimentcouldbesuccessful,hopefulofsuccess.ConnectMtoNbyusinggears.MisgearedtoN.Thegoodswillbetransportedbymeansoftrucked.Ifwehavehavingnofaith,w