2023年畜牧獸醫(yī)專業(yè)英語

畜牧獸醫(yī)專業(yè)英語SpecializedEnglishforVeterinaryMedicine講稿院系:動物醫(yī)學院任課教師:姚寶安講課對象:動物科技級1-4班動物醫(yī)學級1-4班總學時:40前言Preface按照大多數高等院校獸醫(yī)本科專業(yè)旳教學計劃及培養(yǎng)目旳，在畜牧獸醫(yī)本科專業(yè)學生完畢2年基礎英語學習旳基礎上，一般于三年級第一學期開設《畜牧獸醫(yī)專業(yè)英語》(EnglishforStudentsofAnimalScienceandVeterinaryMedicine)選修課程。有旳高等農業(yè)院校也給碩士碩士開設《畜牧獸醫(yī)專業(yè)英語》。該課程旳教學目旳與規(guī)定是：學生通過本門課程旳學習，到達借助專業(yè)詞典等工具書能純熟閱讀畜牧獸醫(yī)專業(yè)英語書刊并掌握畜牧獸醫(yī)專業(yè)文獻英譯漢、漢譯英旳基本技能。本課程重點論述了動物科技和動物醫(yī)學旳科技英語閱讀和翻譯旳基礎知識、科技英語旳特殊性、科技詞匯旳基本構造和構詞法、動物科技和動物醫(yī)學科技英語論文及摘要旳撰寫、參照文獻引錄;以及動物科技和動物醫(yī)學有關旳英語文章,包括動物科技、動物醫(yī)學基礎知識和專業(yè)知識。Chapter1GeneralofEnglishforScienceandTechnologySection1TheimportantofStudyEnglishforScienceandTechnology1.1ForeignlanguagesforScienceandTechnologyisaindividualsubjectForeignlanguagesforScienceandTechnologyLanguagesforspecialPurposes(LSP)EnglishforScienceandTechnologyEnglishforSpecialPurposes(ESP)1.2TheimportantofForeignlanguagesforScienceandTechnology1.3RequestofstudyinForeignlanguagesforScienceandTechnology3.1StudyEnglishbookandmagazineusingdictionaryTranslationEnglishbookandmagazineusingdictionaryKnowhowtowriteabstractforEnglishpaper1.4StudymethodsofEnglishforScienceandTechnology1.4.1Understandstudyaimandplane1.4.2Studymethods1.4.3Masterythepronunciation,vocabularyandgrammarPseudotuberculosisPseudo-tuberculo-sisImmunoassayImmuno-assayImmunochemicalImmuno-chemical1.4.4ReadingmethodsSection2Theformationanddevelopmentofseveralforeignlanguageinnormalusingintheworld2.1ThemajorlanguageintheworldThereare2700nationalityand5651languages,buttherearenotwordsinthreefourth.Thereare500languagesstudiedbyphilologist.Thereare70differentkindwordspublishedinforeigncountries.English60%German11%Russian11%France7%Japanese3%Spanish2%Others8%2.2TheoriginanddevelopmentofseveralmajorlanguagesinIndiaandEurope希臘東希臘文斯拉夫文俄文腓尼基文古希臘文法語西希臘文拉丁文意大利語西班芽語英語日爾曼語德語2.3ThesignificanceofstudyforeignlanguagesforscienceandtechnologyfromstudylanguagesinIndiaandEuropeSection3ThegeneralcharacterandindividualcharacterinEnglishforscienceandtechnologyandpublicEnglish3.1ThegeneralcharacterinEnglishforscienceandtechnologyandpublicEnglishTheEnglishforscienceandtechnologyisthebranchofgeneralEnglish.ThebasicwordsarecomefromgeneralEnglish.ThegrammarisassameasgeneralEnglish.3.2ThedifferenceofEnglishforscienceandtechnologyandpublicEnglish3.2.1ThecharacterofcommalanguageinEnglishforscienceandtechnology.Themeaningofvocabularyisproprietaryandstabilitydo,make,takeThereisnofeelinginEnglishforscienceandtechnologyTherearenofigureofspeech,overstateandparallelismItisawrittenlanguage3.2.2ThecharacteristicofvocabularyinEnglishforscienceandtechnology.InternationalThereare70%vocabularycomefromLatinandGreeceinmedicineandveterinary..Usingnormativewrittenverbdiscover(findout)observe(lookat).Usingderivativeadjectiveverbadd-able,-ed,-ing,-ivebreathbreathing,breathed,breather,breathlessnounadd-al,-ic,-iouselectronelectronic,electropolar,electropositive3.2.3ThecharacterofgrammarstructureinEnglishforscienceandtechnology1)UsingnounandwordgroupThetitleofpaperMethodsofdetectingdrug-resistanceinchickencoccidianThepathwayofcelldeathinducedbyleadinWishcellsEstablishmentofaRadiorecepterAssay(RRA)capableofmeasuringserumbioactiveLH/CGinawidevarietyofspecies2)UsingpassivevoiceTheToxplasmagondiiinfectionwerefoundinanimalsasearlyasin1950sinFujianprovinceofChina.Duringthenexttwenty-oddyearsmuchprogresswasmadeandmorethan100paperswerepublished.3)Usingparticipleandnon-predicateasadjective(1)Thesoundsheardintheheartareduetotheclosingofthevalves.(2)Azoonoticdiseaseisdefinedasadiseasesharedbyanimalsandhumans.4)UsingmorethantwoclauseSuchuseasweareabletomakeofhelpfulbacteriaandsuchcontrolaswehaveofharmfulonesdependuponourknowledgeoftheirhabits.Waterprovidedtothehogswassampledandsoilfromthesiteofmostrecentslurryspreadwascollected.5)UsingitasantecedencesubjectItmakesnodifferencetotakethismedicinebeforeoraftermeals.Itcanbeconcludedthatbovineembryorecloningissimilartotheembryoscloningexceptfortheembryo’slowinvitrodevelopmentability.6)UsingprepositionwordgroupThesecasesaregroupedbytheseverityofthedisease.7)UsingasguidanceactiveandpositivesentencesAstheillustrationshowsAshasbeenstatedAsfollowsChapter2ThreebasicofEnglishforscienceandtechnologyPronunciationvocabularygrammarSection1PronunciationSection2Word-formationinwordsofscienceandtechnology2.1ThederivationalexpansionofgeneralEnglishwords2.1.1ThebasicgeneralwordsBasicwords:3500-4500Morpheme(wordelement),basicwords:prefix,stem,suffixThebasicChinesewords:3500Thereareonly2900differentChinesewordsinChairmanMaoflorilegium.FormationofwordsNewwords:skylabmoonquakeE-mailTherearethreemethodsofformationwords:1)CompoundingUsingtwoormorewordsformonenewwords.CompoundnounA.Noun+nounnewspapertest-tubebookwormB.Adjective+noungreen-houseWhite-housedarkroomC.Gerund+nounSleeping-bagfreezing-pointworking-tableD.Verb+nounGrindstoneworkshopsawdustE.Adverb+nounOutbreakovercoatoverbridgeF.Pronoun+nounHe-goatshe-wolfG.Verb+adverbMake-upbreak-downget-togetherNoun+prepositionEditor-in-chieffather-inlawson-in-law(2)CompoundadjectiveAdjective+nounFirst-handsecond-handlow-temperaturehigh-temperatureB.Adjective+Adjectivelight-bluered-hotC.Noun+Adjectivecolor-blindworld-wideD.Adjective+noun+ed(d)small-sizedopen-mindedE.Noun+participleman-madesnow-coveredF.Noun+presentparticipleMan-eatingearth-shakingG.Adverb+participlefar-reachingwell-informedH.Adverb+preposition+nounUp-to-dateout-of-dateI.Numeral+noun(+ed)five-year(plan)four-corneredJ.Adverb+adjectiveever-greenover-sensitiveK.Adjective+participleready-madegood-lookingL.Noun+noun+ediron-willedstrong-willedweak-willed(3)CompoundpronounPronounobjectivecaseorpossessivepronoun+self(selves)HimselfourselvesIndefinitepronoun(some,any,no,every)+body(one,thing)Everybody,anybodysomething,nothing(4)CompoundverbA.Adverb+verb:overcomeupholdB.Noun+verbsunbathe(5)compoundadverbA.Noun+nounsidewaysB.Noun+adverbheadfirstC.Adjective+nounmeanwhileD.Preposition+nounbefore-head2)AffixationItiscalledderivativemethodtochangethemeaningwithprefixorsuffix.A.Prefixcancasethemeaningchangewithoutchangeofpartsofspeech.Unfair,dislike,amoral,superman,cooperate,foretell,Bicycle,tricycle,pentagon,sexangleSuffixcancasethechangeofpartsspeech,andsometimesthemeaningofwordchanged.Piglet,armlet,friendship,happiness,childless3)ConversionPartsofspeechchange(1)Nounturnedtoverb:formtoform,heattoheat(2)Adjectiveturnedtoverb:slowtoslow,directtodirectAdjectiveturnedtonoun:Woundedthewounded,beautifulthebeautiful(4)Adverbturnedtoverb:downtodown2.ThewordofspecialpurposeextensioninverticalandhorizontalThewordsofspecialpurposeinverticalextensionThewordsfromGreeceandLatinwordelement50-70%EnglishwordsarecomefromGreeceandLatin.ThecompoundmethodfromGreeceandLatinwordelementsManyderivativewordsarecompoundedfrommorethanthreewordelementsPolyavitaminosispoly-a-vita-amin(o)-osisPolyuriapolytrophyaminoacidacidosisleucocytosisLeucocyt(a)emiaOnestemoforgancancomposedtonewwordwithsuffixofdisease,symptom,skillterminologyorgan-algia-rragia-otomy-rrhaphy-plasty-itis-oma-osis-celeEntero-entero-entero-entero-entero-entero-entero-entero-entero-entero-algiarragiatomyrrhaphyplastytiscelegastro-gastro-gastro-gastro-gastro-gastro-gastri-gastro-gastro-algiarragiatomyrrhaphyplastytissiscelehepatohepatal-hepato-hepato-hepato-hepati-hepato-hepato-hepato-giarragiatomyrrhaphytismasisceleC.Verticalextensioninsomehematologynounterminologyhaemocytehaemocytoblastmyelo-myeloblastlympho--blastlymphoblastmono-monoblastmegacaryo-megacaryoblasterythro-erythroblastpro-+myelo+cytepromyelocytemeta-+myelo+cytemetamyelocyteFurthermore,abovementionedthecellwordscanaddedwithothersuffix,e.g.–blast(o)osis,-cytohaemia,-omaetc.ThecharacterofGreeceandLatinandruleofsynthesisThemorphemofGreeceandLatinisassameascommonEnglishwordstructure,anditisdividedintoprefix,rootandsuffix.Prefix:GreeceandLatinpreposition,numberorwordderivatione.g.a-aleukia,anti-antibody,dys-dyscontrol,B.Root:GreeceandLatinwordschangee.g.entero-enterotoxin,thoraco-thoracotomy,haemo-haemorrhagiaSuffix:GreeceorLatinsuffixorwordchangee.g.–itisenteritis,-osisbabesiosis,-tomiaenterostomy(2)DividedintoprimarywordderivativeandcompoundwordsPrimaryword:entero-,stoma-Derivativeword:primary+prefixorsuffixanti-+toxinumantitoxinCompoundword:compoundfromtwoormorewordsHaemo-+thoraxhaemothorax(3)ThemajorruleofformationandconnectioninstemA.StemandprefixmostlycomefromsinglemeaningTakeoffthesuffixofsinglemeaningword,iftheendofwordisconsonant,itneedstoconnect“o”.Butifitisvowed,itdoesnotneedtochange.ButspleeniscomingfromGreecespleen,thesuffixisneedingtoadd“o”,splenoo-.B.Whenthestemhasprefix,thereisavowelinfrontofthestem,thevowelistakenoutintheendofprefix.Ifthereisavowelinfrontofthestem,thevoweliskept.Enter(o)+itis,“o”meet“i”,takeout“o”enteritisEntero+rrhagia,“o”meet“r”,keep“o”enterorrhagiaC.If“o”takeout,twoconsonantadd“o”,itisdifficulttoknowthestem,adding“-”inthemiddle.Chondro-osteodystrophia,intra-abdominalD.gastro-+-enter(o)-+-itis,“o”meetwith“e”,keep“o”gastroenteritis2)ComefromgeneralEnglishwordswithnewmeaningenergy,base,normal,cell3)NewwordsCompoundnewwordsfromGreeceandLatinatom,a+tomos,bicycle(bicycletteFrance)CondensationfromfirstwordLaserLightAmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionofRadiationRaderRadioDetectionandRangingCompoundfromheadandtailofwordsTransfer+resistortransistor,Positive+electronpositronTakepartwordinsteadofwholewordGram-molecular-weightmoleormolChangewordTelevisiontelevise,laserlase,diagnosisdiagnoseReversethewordFrequencyquefrency,filterlifterCondensationwordAtom-bomba-bomb,underseaboatu-boatCondensationofLatinEtal.(etalifi),e.g.(exampligratia),ie.(idest)2.HorizontalextensionofspecialwordsUsingGreeceandLatinstemLatinForthenameofanimal,plant,microorganism,parasitesanddrugsetc.Nephritishaemorrhagicaaa,Bacillusmalleizopf,NatriumchloratumTranslatetospecialwordsfromLatinbydifferentcountriesAvitaminosis(L.E.W.),Avitaminose(F.G.),Avitaminosi(I.)Septicaemiahaemorrhagicasuum(L.)Haemorrhagicsepticemiaswine(E.)Septicemia(haemorphagique)dupore(F.)Haemorrhagischeseptikamiederschweigne(G.)3.HarfEnglishworsandphrasseofScienceandtechnologyItmeansthatusingandmeaningarechangedfromgeneralEnglish.Specimen,sample,germ,case,carrierSection3GrammarforEnglishofscienceandtechnology1.UsingpassivevoiceOnethirdverbsareusingpassivevoiceinEnglishforscienceandtechnology.Becausethearticleofscienceandtechnologyareintroducedtheoutcomeandresults.ThesentencewithoutpersonUsingpassivevoiceismoreconfidence.Researchwasbeingdone.Parasiteshavetobecontrolled.Parasiteshavecontrolled.expressionthenecessaryandresponsibilityTheinstrumentsneedtobesterilized.Thereareseveralfactorstobeconsidered.3)Expressionitem,planandaimTheresultsofresearcharetobepublishedsoon.Theresultsofresearchare(was)published.4)ExpressiontheprobabilityandtendencyTheseanimalsareliabletobeattackedbygerms.5)ExpressiontheperformerinpassivevoiceTheoperationwasperformedbythesurgeon.6)ExpressionthemethodandmannerThesolutionisweakenedbytheadditionofmorewater.7)Thesubjectisanimal,plantandothersubstanceDecayisacceleratedbyenzymes.8)ExpressioninvertedsentenceorderBytheadditionofwater,thesolutionisweakened2.Usingnounandnounwordgroupinsteadofverboradjectivenoun>verb,preposition>adjectiveandadverbIfwecompareTypeAwithTypeB,wewillfindthatTypeAismoreadvantageoustoourpurpose.*AcomparisonofTypeAwithTypeBshowsthatTypeAhasmoreadvantageoustoourpurpose.3.Usingmorenon-predicateverbphraseTodeterminethenumberofcells,asampleisputunderamicroscope.Thecellunitswerefoundtobefilledwithlivingsubstances.4.UsingmoreparticipleasattributeThequantityofoxygenliberatedtoatmospherebygrowingvegetationisobviouslyverylarge.5.UsingsubjunctivemoodButfortheheatofthesun(iftherewerenoheatofthesun),nothingcouldlive.6.UsingfixturesentenceItis(orverb)+adjective(ornoun)+that(clause)Itiscommonknowledgethatwaterismadefromoxygenandhydrogen.Chapter3ThestyleandstructureofsentenceinEnglishforscienceandtechnologySection1StylisticsinEnglishforscienceandtechnologyA.ChineseisdifferentfromEnglishonoralexpression.E.g.#Iwanttoaskyouaquestion.*I’dliketoaskyouaquestion.*MayIaskyouaquestion?B.StyleinEnglishisdifferentfromChinese.TheEnglishforScienceandtechnologyhasspecialindividualcharacterinword,grammarandstructureofsentence.1.Thestructureofstyleisrigor,concisionandbriefness.Wemadeaholeinacorkandpushedintoanarrowglasstube.Thenwepushedthisintoneckofabottlewhichwehadfilledwithcoloredwater.Whenwedidthissomeofthecoloredwaterwentupintothetube.Wemarkedthelevelofthecoloredwaterinthetubewasmarked.Thenthebottlewasplacedintoapanofhotwater.Almostimmediately,thewaterlevelinthetubefellslightly,butthenitstartedtoriseuntilthewateroverflowed.*2)Afteraholewasmadeinacork,anarrowglasstubewasinsertedandthecorkwasinsertedintoneckofabottlefilledwithcoloredwater.Ondoingthis,someofthecoloredwaterroseinthetube.Thelevelofthecoloredwaterinthetubewasmarked.Thenthebottlewasplacedintoapanofhotwater.Almostimmediately,thewaterlevelinthetubefellslightly,butthenitstartedtoriseuntilthewateroverflowed.2.Thearticleofscienceandtechnologyisstrictness,refine,infocusandconcision.Thispieceofmetalexpandedwhenitwasheated.Itwillcontractwhencooled.Metalsexpandwhenheatedandcontractwhencooled.Thechickembryosarechoppedupandareputintoajar,thentheyarepouredintoalargeflask.Anenzymeisaddedtobreakdownthetissue.ThereisachoiceinarticleforscienceandtechnologyTinresistscorrosionbyairorwater.Tinisresistanttocorrosionbyairorwater.Tinhasaresistancetocorrosionbyairorwater.Section2StructureofsentenceinEnglishforscienceandtechnologyOnesentencehassubject,predicateverb,objectandmodifierparts.Thebasicpartsaresubjectandpredicate.Themodifierpartsareattribute,adverbialandcomplement.Typeofsentence1)SimplesentenceAllofusmustlearnDr.Bethune.2)CompoundsentenceAfterliberationtheincidenceofoccupationalandepidemicdiseaseshasdroppedremarkably,thegeneralhealthconditionoftheworkershasgreatlyimproved.3)ComplexsentenceThatChinaisabigcountrywithallkindsofresourcesiswellknown.Thequestionwaswhetheritwascommoncoldorinfluenza.Weareknowthatredbloodcellscarryoxygenfromthelungstotherestofthebody.Theairthatanimalsbreatheisamixtureofdifferentgases.Everybitoffoodeatenmustbedissolvedinwaterbeforeitcanbeabsorbedandutilized.4)MembersofthesentenceA.SubjectStreptomycinpreparationscanbeadministeredbyavarietyofmethods.B.PredicateverbOurcountryhasagreatfuture.Firstaidshouldalwaysfirstbedirectedtowardthecontrolofhaemorrhage.Oneofthefunctionsofboneistoprotectimportantorgans.5)PredicativeMostcoldsappeartobecommunicable.6)ObjectWemustholdourselvesresponsibletothepeople.7)ComplementWecallthenewmethodacupunctureanaesthesia.8)AttributeNormally,eachbeatoftheheartcauseapulseinthearteries.9)AdverbialOnclinicalexaminationnochangesintheanimal’sconditionwerefound.AnalysisofEnglishforscienceandtechnologyTofindthesubject,predicate(howmany)andotherparts.*e.g.Intheearlydaysofseatravel,seamenonlongvoyageslivedexclusivelyonsaltedmeatandbiscuits.Manyofthemdiedofscurvy,adiseaseofthebloodwhichcausesswollengums,lividwhitespotsonthefleshandgeneralexhaustion.scurvy:adisease(formerlycommonamongsailors)markedbybloodingandcausedbynoteatingfruitandvegetables(withvitaminC).livid:paleexhaustion:thestateofbeingtiredoutChapter4ReadingandtranslationofEnglishforscienceandtechnologySection1ReadingofEnglishforscienceandtechnologyYoumustunderstandthearticleforreading.Thebasicrequireforreading:pronunciation,wordsandgrammarThemethodofreading:ExtractivereadingExtensivereadingSection2TranslationofEnglishforscienceandtechnology1.Thecalibrateoftranslation:confidence,clarityandvolubilityLiteraltranslation2)Freetranslation2.ThemethodoftranslationUnderstandingthewordsandsentencesFromsyntacticalfunctiontounderstandthemeaningA.Thoughusuallyofaroundshape,thenucleusmaysometimesbeelongatedandrod-shaped,asinnonstriatedmusclecells,orirregularinshape,asinsomewhitebloodcorpuscles.B.Anelectronisanextremelysmallcorpusclewithnegativechargewhichroundsaboutthenucleusofanatom.C.Theencouragingnewssoongotround.

Inmakingtheroundsthemedicalworkersattachgreatimportancetothepreventionofdisease.

Redrashdevelopedroundtheneckinthewakeoftwoday’sfever.

2)Themeaningofwordaccordingtoarticleupanddown

Inrecentreportsofeightcasesofviralhepatitis,fourwereseenwithacuteurticariainthepreictericphase.

Massivebleedingmaynotbebroughtundercontrolintime.Suchbeingthecase,promptoperationisindicated.

lFurtherimprovementsintheinstrumentationincludesthefittingofasmallcasecontainingultrafinemotor.

3)Accordingtothepartnerofwordsknownthemeaning

generalanesthesia,

generalcheck-up,

generaloutline,

generalperitonitis,

generalpathology,

generalsecretary

4)Wordschangeandextensione.g.we,you,they

Wehave365daysinayear.Youcannevertell.

Theysayitisso.

Theactivityofthisenzymeinthesesitescanbemaintainedatnormallevelsbysulfatefeeding.

2)Understandthesentence

(1)Sometimesthemembersofsentenceareellipsis

*Justthinkofthedifficult.

Tothinkthatyoushouldfail.(2)Usingit,there

Itrequiresheattochangewaterintogas.

Itisnousetrying.

Itisthepeoplethatarereallypowerful.

Itissaidthat……

Itisthoughtthat……

Itisdeclaredthat……

Itissupposedthat……

Itislearnedthat……

Therearethreekindsofbacteriainthetube.

(3)Usingparenthesis

EvenaslightlackofVitaminC,forexample,thevitaminmostplentifulinfreshfruitandvegetables,isthoughttoincreasesignificantlyoursusceptibilitytocoldsandinfluenza.

3)Whatkindofsentence

(1)Simplesentence

Onmeetingtheovum,theheadofthespermatozoonpenetratesit.

(2)Compoundsentence

Ithaslongbeenknowntobacteriaexpertsthatthetuberclebacillusisthegerminmilkwhichmoststronglyresistsheattreatment.

4)knownthewordorder

(1)Invertedwordorderincompoundsentence

A.Onlyinourcountrycanscienceservetheinterestofthepeople.

B.Ithasbeenroughlyestimatedthatfortypercentofanimal’sdiseasesaretheresultofinfectionbybacteria.

C.Nutritionalexperimentshavemadeitevidentthatvitaminsareindispensableforanimal’shealthandgrowth.

D.Thelymphvascularsystemdiffersfromthebloodvascularsysteminthatitisnotacirculatorysystembutsimplyadrainagesystemandpossessesnopump.

E.Thetruthisthatmenaredevelopedfromanthropoidapes.

F.Thereisalittledoubtthatantibioticsparticularlythoseofthebroadspectrum,canbeusedtoreducesecondarybacterialinfection.

(2)Invertedwordorderinpassivesentence

A.VitaminKisnotabsorbedfromtheupperintestine.

vertedwordorderinprepositionsentence

Shetreatssickanimalswithaneedle(3)Separatingsentenceandaddingsomepronounandconjunction

Anearbyobjectfallingintoablackholeisneverheardofagain.

4)Addingorreducingwords

(1)Addingwords

Someofthegasesintheairarefairlyconstantinamount,whileothersarenot.

(2)Reducingwords

Inthecourseofthesameyear,anthraxbrokeoutinthatarea.

Microoganismsaresosmallthattheycannotbeseenatallwiththenakedeyes.

5)Changingtranslation

Itwasnotuntil1959thatchemistssucceededinobtainingthiscompound.

Hecannotreadthebookwithoutadictionary.

6)expressiontruemeaning

Theheartliesbetweenthelungs,moretotheleftsidethantotheright.

7)Logicrelation

Theresubstancespassfromthetissuefluidintothecells,whilewasteproductspassintheoppositedirection.

8)UsingChinesecustom

Heistoowisenottounderstandsuchthings.

Section3Translationforlonganddifficultsentences

EnglishsentenceislongerthanChinese,especiallyusingarticleforScienceandtechnology.

1)Analysislongsentenceneedstofindcentralwordsandsentencepattern.

Howevergreatthejoywithwhichhewelcomedanewdiscoveryinsometheoreticalsciencewhosepracticalapplicationperhapsitwasasyetquiteimpossibletoenvisage,heexperiencedquiteanotherkindofjoywhenthediscoveryinvolvedimmediaterevolutionarychangesinindustry,andinhistoricaldevelopmentingeneral.2)Knownthesubjectandpredicateandseparationsentence

Toseparatelongsentenceforsimplesentenceandfindingcentralwords.

Allergicreactionsmayoccurinalargepercentageofnormalindividualswithoutevidenthereditarypredisposition.

Whenabodywhichhasacertaintemperaturebecomeshotter,wesaythatheathasbeenaddedtoit.

3)Knowntherelationpartsofsentencesbyconjunction

Whiletheprocessmeetsthepresentlyaccepteddefinitionsofemphysema,itmaybesimplyanatomicconsequenceofaging.

Justasadisturbanceinmetabolismofonemetabolitewillaffectallothermetabolites,soadeficiencyintheintakeofonenutrientaffectallothers.

Thereislittledoubtthatantibiotics,particularlythoseofthebroadspectrumcanreducesecondarybacterialinfections.

Ashasalreadybeenmentionedabove,patientsdifferintheirtissuesensitivity.

Aggressivedosageofpenicillinashighas40,000,000unitsperdayintheabsenceofuntowardeffectsarerequired,whichitcandoonlybyapplying“push”doses.

Whathasbeenfoundbynecropsyisofalmostimportance.

4)TranslationofModifierattachedtosubjectandpredicate

(1)Attributetranslation*cardiacfailure

Theadvancedworldlevels

Fromtheforegoingdiscussionafairideawillhavebeengatheredastothefactorsresponsibleforthisupset.

Foodistakeninthoughthemouth,whereitischewedandmixedwithsaliva,thenitpassesdowntheesophagustothestomach,wherethefoodcollects.

(2)Adverbialtranslation

Ourfindingsuggestthatthesymptomsofchronicbronchitisbeginearlyinlife.

CarotenewhichisaprecursorofvitaminAcanbegiveninsuchlargeamountsthatitcausesayellowishdiscolorationoftheskinwhichoftenismistakenforjaundice.

5)Translationforlongsentence

(1)Translationbyorderofsentence

*Heretheemphasisisondiseaseasaprocess,andaneffortismadetoexplaintheclinicalpicturebythepathologicalchangesfoundinthetissue,notonlyinthesurgicalpathologylaboratory,but,itmaybe,intheautopsyroom,wheretheobjectisnotmerelytodeterminethecauseofdeath,buttostudytheparticulardiseaseinallitsaspectsandvarious,andtocorrelateitwiththesignsandsymptomsobservedduringlife.

(2)reversetranslation

Anincreaseinantibodiesagainstthetypeofviruswhichcausedtheinfectionmaybedemonstratedseventotendaysaftertheonsetofillness,themaximalantibodyresponseisobservedtwotofourweeksafteronset.

6)Renewandseparatingtranslation

Anumberofinvestigationshavereportedthepresenceintheserumofpatientsintheearlystagesofacuteviralhepatitisofvaryingproportions(13-18%)ofanantigenvariouslyreferredtoastheAustraliaantigen,theSHantigenandthehepatitisantigens.

Chapter5WritingabstractforEnglishpaper

Section1writingtitle

1.Title

1)Simpleandunderstand

Aninvestigationintofatalcryptosporidiosisinbeefcattle

2)Usingnounwithoutpredicate

Factorsaffec