郵件包初試-英語(yǔ)新概念四背誦

新概念四Lesson1Findingfossilman發(fā)現(xiàn)化石Wecanreadofthingsthathappened5,000yearsagointheNearEast,wherepeoplefirstlearnedtowrite.Buttherearesomepartsoftheworldwhereevennowpeoplecannotwrite.Theonlywaythattheycanpreservetheirhistoryistorecountitassagaslegendshandeddownfromonegenerationofstory-lerstoanother.Theselegendsareusefulbecausetheycanlussomethingaboutmigrationsofpeoplewholivedlongago,butnonecouldwritedownwhattheydid.AnthropologistswonderedwheretheremoteancestorsofthePolynesianpeoplesnowlivinginthePacificIslandscamefrom.ThesagasofthesepeopleexplainthatsomeofthemcamefromIndonesiaabout2,000yearsago.Butthefirstpeoplewhowerelikeourselveslivedsolongagothateventheirsagas,iftheyhadany,areforgotten.Soarchaeologistshaveneitherhistorynorlegendstohelpthemtofindoutwherethefirst‘modernmen’camefrom.Fortunay,however,ancientmenmadetoolsofstone,especiallyflint,becausethisiseasiertoshapethanotherkinds.Theymayalsohaveusedwoodandskins,butthesehaverottedaway.Stonedoesnotdecay,andsothetoolsoflongagohaveremainedwheneventhebonesofthemenwhomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace.我們從書籍中可以讀到5,000年前近東發(fā)生的事情，那里的人最早學(xué)會(huì)了寫字。但直到現(xiàn)在，世界上仍然有些地方；人2,000年前從尼西亞遷來(lái)的。Lesson2Sparethatspider不要蜘Why,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeourfriends?Becausetheydestroysomanyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace．Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals．Weowealottothebirdsandbeastswhoeatinsectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyedbyspiders．Moreover,unlikesomeoftheotherinsecteaters,spidersneverdotheleastharmtousorourbelongings.Spidersarenotinsects,asmanypeoplethink,norevennearlyrelatedtothem．Onecantellthedifferencealmostataglance,foraspideralwayshaseightlegsandaninsectnevermorethansix.Howmanyspidersareengagedinthisworkonourbehalf?OneauthorityonspidersmadeacensusofthespidersinagrassfieldinthesouthofEngland,andheestimatedthatthereweremorethan2,250,000inoneacre;thatissomethinglike6,000,000spidersofdifferentkindsonafootballpitch．Spidersarebusyforatleasthalftheyearinkillinginsects．Itisimpossibletomakemorethanthewildestguessathowmanytheykill,buttheyarehungrycreatures,notcontentwithonlythreemealsaday．IthasbeenestimatedthattheweightofalltheinsectsdestroyedbyspidersinBritaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotalweightofallthehumanbeingsinthecountry.條腿，而昆蟲的腿從不超過(guò)6條Lesson3Matterhornman特霍恩山區(qū)Modernalpiniststrytoclimbmountainsbyaroutewhichwillgivethemgoodsport,andthemoredifficultitis,themorehighlyitisregarded．Inthepioneeringdays,however,thiswasnotthecaseatall．Theearlyclimberswerelookingfortheeasiestwaytothetop,becausethesummitwastheprizetheysought,especiallyifithadneverbeenattainedbefore．Itistruethatduringtheirexplorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnature,equippedinamannerwhichwouldmakeamodernclimbershudderatthethought,buttheydidnotgooutoftheirwaytocourtsuchexcitement．Theyhadasingleaim,asolitarygoal---thetop!Itishardforustorealizenowadayshowdifficultitwasforthepioneers．ExceptforoneortwoplacessuchasZermattandChamonix,whichhadrapidly epopular,Alpinevillagestendedtobeimpoverishedsettlementscutofffromcivilizationbythehighmountains．Suchinnsasthereweregenerallydirtyandflea-ridden;thefoodsimplylocalcheese paniedbybreadoftentwelvemonthsold,allwasheddownwithcoarsewine．Oftenavalleyboastednoinnatallandclimbersfoundshelterwherevertheycould---sometimeswiththelocalpriest(whowasusuallyaspoorashisparishionerssometimeswithshepherdsorcheese-makers．Invariablythebackgroundwasthesame:dirtandpoverty,andvery fortable．Formenaccustomedtoeatingseven-coursedinnersandsleebetweenfinelinensheetsathome,thechangetotheAlpsmusthavebeenveryhardindeed．Lesson6Thesportingspirit體育的精I(xiàn)amalwaysamazedwhenIhearpeoplesayingthatsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenations,andthatifonlythecommonpeoplesoftheworldcouldmeetoneanotheratfootballorcricket,theywouldhavenoinclinationtomeetonthebattlefield．Evenifonedidn'tknowfromconcreteexamples(the1936OlympicGames,forinstance)thatinternationalsportingcontestsleadtoorgiesofhatred,onecoulddeduceitfromgeneralprinciples.Nearlyallthesportspracticednowadaysarecompetitive．Youplaytowin,andthegamehaslittlemeaningunlessyoudoyourutmosttowin．Onthevillagegreen,whereyoupickupsidesandnofeelingoflocalpatriotismisinvolved,itispossibletoplaysimplyforthefunandexercise:butassoonasthequestionofprestigearises,assoonasyoufeelthatyouandsomelargerunitwillbedisgracedifyoulose,themostsavagecombativeinstinctsarearoused．Anyonewhohasplayedeveninaschoolfootballmatchknowsthis．Attheinternationallevel,sportisfranklymimicwarfare．Butthesignificantthingisnotthebehavioroftheplayersbuttheattitudeofthespectators:and,behindthespectators,ofthenationswhoworkthemselvesintofuriesovertheseabsurdcontests,andseriouslybelieve---atanyrateforshortperiods---thatrunning,jumandkickingaballaretestsofnationalvirtue.我總是驚愕不已。一個(gè)人即使不能從具體的事例（如1936年運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)）了解到國(guó)際運(yùn)動(dòng)比賽會(huì)導(dǎo)致瘋狂的，也Lesson Secrecyin 工業(yè)中Twofactorsweighheavilyagainsttheeffectivenessofscientificresearchinindustry.Oneisthegeneralatmosphereofsecrecyinwhichitiscarriedout,theotherthelackoffreedomoftheindividualresearchworker.Insofarasanyinquiryisasecretone,itnaturallylimitsallthoseengagedincarryingitoutfromeffectivecontactwiththeirfellowscientistseitherinothercountriesorinuniversities,oreven,oftenenough,inotherdepartmentsofthesamefirm.Thedegreeofsecrecynaturallyvariesconsiderably.Someofthebiggerfirmsareengagedinresearcheswhichareofsuchgeneralandfundamentalnaturethatitisapositiveadvantagetothemnottokeepthemsecret.Yetagreatmanyprocessesdependingonsuchresearcharesoughtforwithcompletesecrecyuntilthestageatwhichpatentscanbetakenout.Evenmoreprocessesareneverpatentedatallbutkeptassecretprocesses.Thisappliesparticularlytochemicalindustries,wherechancediscoveriesplayamuchlargerpartthantheydoinphysicalandmechanicalindustries.Sometimesthesecrecygoestosuchanextentthatthewholenatureoftheresearchcannotbementioned.Manyfirms,forinstance,havegreatdifficultyinobtainingtechnicalorscientificbooksfromlibrariesbecausetheyareunwillingtohavetheirnamesenteredashavingtakenoutsuchandsuchabookforfeartheagentsofotherfirmsshouldbeabletotracethekindofresearchtheyarelikelytobeundertaking.。司的其他部門的們進(jìn)行有效的接觸程度自然差別很大。某些大公司進(jìn)行的研究屬于一般和基礎(chǔ)性的研究。因此不。 Lesson Themoderncity現(xiàn)代城Intheorganizationofindustriallifetheinfluenceofthefactoryuponthephysiologicalandmentalstateoftheworkershasbeencompleyneglected．Modernindustryisbasedontheconceptionoftheumproductionatlowestcost,inorderthatanindividualoragroupofindividualsmayearnasmuchmoneyaspossible．Ithasexpandedwithoutanyideaofthetruenatureofthehumanbeingswhorunthemachines,andwithoutgivinganyconsiderationtotheeffectsproducedontheindividualsandontheirdescendantsbytheartificialmodeofexistenceimposedbythefactory．Thegreatcitieshavebeenbuiltwithnoregardforus．||Theshapeanddimensionsoftheskyscrapersdependentirelyonthenecessityofobtainingtheum epersquarefootofground,andofofferingtothetenantsofficesandapartmentsthatpleasethem．Thiscausedtheconstructionofgiganticbuildingswheretoolargemassesofhumanbeingsarecrowdedtogether．Civilizedmenlikesuchawayofliving．Whiletheyenjoythecomfortandbanalluxuryoftheirdwelling,theydonotrealizethattheyaredeprivedofthenecessitiesoflife．Themoderncityconsistsofmonstrousedificesandofdark,narrowstreetsfullofpetrolfumesandtoxicgases,tornbythenoiseofthetaxi-cabs,lorriesandbuses,andthrongedceaselesslybygreatcrowds．||Obviously,ithasnotbeenplannedforthegoodofitsinhabitants.|| Lesson Knowledgeandprogress知識(shí)和進(jìn)Whydoestheideaofprogressloomsolargeinthemodernworld?Surelybecauseprogressofaparticularkindisactuallytakingplacearoundusandis ingmoreandmoremanifest．Althoughmankindhasundergonenogeneralimprovementininligenceormorality,ithasmadeextraordinaryprogressintheaccumulationofknowledge．||Knowledgebegantoincreaseassoonasthethoughtsofoneindividualcouldbecommunicatedtoanotherbymeansofspeech．Withtheinventionofwriting,agreatadvancewasmade,forknowledgecouldthenbenotonlycommunicatedbutalsostored．Librariesmadeeducationpossible,andeducationinitsturnaddedtolibraries:thegrowthofknowledgefollowedakindofcompound-interestlaw,whichwasgreatlyenhancedbytheinventionofprinting．Allthiswascomparativelyslowuntil,withthecomingofscience,thetempowassuddenlyraised．Thenknowledgebegantobeaccumulatedaccordingtoasystematicplan．Thetricklebecameastream;thestreamhasnow eatorrent．||Moreover,assoonasnewknowledgeisacquired,itisnowturnedtopracticalaccount．Whatiscalled‘moderncivilization’isnottheresultofabalanceddevelopmentofallman'snature,butofaccumulatedknowledgeappliedtopracticallife．Theproblemnowfacinghumanityis:Whatisgoingtobedonewithallthisknowledge?Asissooftenpointedout,knowledgeisatwo-edgedweaponwhichcanbeusedequallyforgoodorevil．Itisnowbeingusedindifferentlyforboth．Couldanyspectacle,forinstance,bemoregrimlywhimsicalthanthatofgunnersusingsciencetoshattermen'sbodieswhile,closeathand,surgeonsuseittorestorethem?Wehavetoaskourselvesveryseriouslywhatwillhappenifthistwofolduseofknowledge,withitsever-increasingpower,continues.||識(shí)積便了隨書的邁了步因這一知不能且書使現(xiàn)代文明”并是的性衡展結(jié)果而積起的識(shí)用實(shí)生中結(jié)果現(xiàn)人的題這知去做什？像們常識(shí)一雙以于福也用為人現(xiàn)正不心把識(shí)于兩個(gè)方，如利科毀身、外醫(yī)就近科搶被兵壞，有么景這可Lesson32Galileoreborn伽利略的復(fù)InhisownlifetimeGalileowasthecentreofviolentcontroversy;butthescientificdusthaslongsincesettled,andtodaywecanseeevenhisfamousclashwiththeInquisitioninsomethinglikeitsproper.But,incontrast,itisonlyinmoderntimesthatGalileohas eaproblemchildforhistoriansofscience.TheoldviewofGalileowasdelightfully plicated.Hewas,aboveall,amanwhoexperimented:whodespisedtheprejudicesandbooklearningoftheAristoians,whoputhisquestionstonatureinsteadoftotheancients,andwhodrewhisconclusionsfearlessly.Hehadbeenthefirsttoturnaescopetothesky,andhehadseenthereevidenceenoughtooverthrowAristotleandPtolemytogether.HewasthemanwhoclimbedtheLeaningTowerofPisaanddroppedvariousweightsfromthetop,whorolledballsdowninclinedplanes,andthengeneralizedtheresultsofhismanyexperimentsintothefamouslawoffreefall.Butacloserstudyoftheevidence,supportedbyadeepersenseoftheperiod,andparticularlybyanewconsciousnessofthephilosophicalundercurrentsinthescientificrevolution,hasprofoundlymodifiedthisviewofGalileo.Today,althoughtheoldGalileolivesoninmanypopularwritings,amonghistoriansofscienceanewandmoresophisticatedpicturehasemerged.AtthesametimeoursympathyforGalileo'sopponentshasgrownsomewhat.Hisescopicobservationsarejustlyimmortal;theyarousedgreatinterestatthetime,theyhadimportanttheoreticalconsequences,andtheyprovidedastrikingdemonstrationofthepotentialitieshiddenininstrumentsandapparatus.ButcanweblamethosewholookedandfailedtoseewhatGalileosaw,ifwerememberthattouseaescopeatthelimitofitspowerscallsforlongexperienceandintimatefamiliaritywithone'sinstrument?WasthephilosopherwhorefusedtolookthroughGalileo'sescopemoreculpablethanthosewhoallegedthatthespiralnebulaeobservedwithLordRosse'sgreatescopeintheeighteen-fortieswerescratchesleftbythegrinder?WecanperhapsforgivethosewhosaidthemoonsofJupiterwereproducedbyGalileo'sspyglassifwerecallthatinhisday,asforcenturiesbefore,curvedglasswasthepopularcontrivanceforproducingnottruthbutillusion,untruth;andifasinglecurvedglasswoulddistortnature,howmuchmorewouldapairofthem?Lesson33Education教Educationisoneofthe ofourtime.Amanwithoutaneducation,manyofusbelieve,isanunfortunatevictimofadversecircumstances,deprivedofoneofthegreatesttwentieth-centuryopportunities.Convincedoftheimportanceofeducation,modernstates‘invest’ininstitutionsoflearningtogetback‘interest’intheformofalargegroupofenlightenedyoungmenandwomenwhoarepotentialleaders.Education,withitscyclesofinstructionsocarefullyworkedout,punctuatedbytext-books----thosepurchasablewellsofwisdomwhatwouldcivilizationbelikewithoutitsbenefits?Somuchiscertain:thatwewouldhavedoctorsandpreachers,lawyersanddefendants,marriagesandbirthsbutourspiritualoutlookwouldbedifferent.Wewouldlaylessstresson‘factsandfigures’andmoreonagoodmemory,onappliedpsychology,andonthecapacityofamantogetalongwithhisfellow-citizens.Ifoureducationalsystemwerefashionedafteritsbooklesspastwewouldhavethemostdemocraticformof‘college’imaginable.Amongtribalpeopleallknowledgeinheritedbytraditionissharedbyall;itistaughttoeverymemberofthetribesothatinthisrespecteverybodyisequallyequippedforlife.Itistheidealconditionofthe‘equalstart’whichonlyourmostprogressiveformsofmoderneducationtrytoregain.Inprimitiveculturestheobligationtoseekandtoreceivethetraditionalinstructionisbindingtoall.Thereareno‘illiterates’ifthetermcanbeappliedtopeopleswithoutascript----whileourowncompulsoryschoolattendancebecamelawinGermanyin1642,inFrancein1806,andinEnglandin1876,andisstillnon-existentinanumberof‘civilized’nations.Thisshowshowlongitwasbeforewedeemeditnecessarytomakesurethatallourchildrencouldshareintheknowledgeaccumulatedbythe‘happyfew’duringthepastcenturies.Educationinthewildernessisnotamatterofmonetarymeans.Allareentitledtoanequalstart.Thereisnoneofthehurrywhich,inoursociety,oftenhampersthefulldevelopmentofagrowingality.There,achildgrowsupundertheever-presentattentionofhisparents;thereforethejunglesandthesavannahsknowofno‘juveniledelinquency’.Nonecessityofmakingalivingawayfromhomeresultsinneglectofchildren,andnofatherisconfrontedwithhisinabilityto‘buy’educationforhis教育是我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的之一。我們?cè)S多人都相信，一個(gè)沒有受過(guò)教育的人，是逆境的犧牲品，被了20世紀(jì)、、至些可肯的雖我還有生牧師和和但們精面將另個(gè)子我的院具可想得的的式在落過(guò)統(tǒng)承知為有共并授部中的、、1806年1876年。今天，在許多“文明”國(guó)家里，義務(wù)教育迄今尚未實(shí)行。這說(shuō)明，經(jīng)過(guò)了多Lesson AdolescenceParentsareoftenupsetwhentheirchildrenpraisethehomesoftheirfriendsandregarditasaslurontheirownorcleaning,orfurniture,andoftenarefoolishenoughtolettheadolescentsseethattheyareannoyed.Theymayaccusethemofdisloyalty,ormakesomespitefulremarkaboutthefriends'parents.Suchalossofdignityandintochildishbehavioronthepartoftheadultsdeeplyshockstheadolescents,andmakesthemresolvethatinfuturetheynottalktotheirparentsabouttheplacesorpeopletheyvisit.Beforeverylongtheparentswillbecomplainingthatthechildissosecretiveandneverlsthemanything,buttheyseldomrealizethattheyhavebroughtthisonthemselves.Disillusionmentwiththeparents,howevergoodandadequatetheymaybebothasparentsandindividuals,istosomedegreeinevitable.Mostchildrenhavesuchahighidealoftheirparents,unlesstheparentsthemselveshavebeenunsatisfactory,thatitcanhardlyhopetostanduptoarealisticevaluation.Parentswouldbegreatlysurprisedanddeeplytouchediftheyrealizedhowmuchbelieftheirchildrenusuallyhaveintheircharacterandinfallibility,andhowmuchthisfaithmeanstoachild.Ifparentswerepreparedforthisadolescentreaction,andrealizedthatitwasasignthatthechildwasgrowingupanddevelovaluablepowersofobservationandindependentjudgment,theywouldnotbesohurt,andthereforewouldnotdrivethechildintooppositionbyresentingandresistingit.Theadolescent,withhispassionforsincerity,alwaysrespectsaparentwhoadmitsthathewrong,orignorant,oreventhathehasbeenunfairorunjust.Whatthechildcannotforgiveistheparents'refusaltoadmitthesechargesifthechildknowsthemtobetrue.Victorianparentsbelievedthattheykepttheirdignitybyretreatingbehindanunreasoningauthoritarianattitude;infacttheydidnothingofthekind,butchildrenwerethentoocowedtoletthemknowhowtheyreallyfelt.Todaywetendtogototheotherextreme,butonthewholethisisahealthierattitudebothforthechildandtheparent.Itisalwayswiserandsafertofaceuptoreality,howeverpainfulitmaybeatthemoment.子看出自己的煩惱。他們甚至責(zé)備孩子不忠，或者講些小朋友家長(zhǎng)的壞話。家長(zhǎng)這種有份和孩子氣的作法使的孩，相信家長(zhǎng)的品行和絕對(duì)正確孩子們的這種信念會(huì)對(duì)孩子產(chǎn)生多么大的影響，那么家長(zhǎng)會(huì)大為吃驚和深受感動(dòng)的。如， Lesson36Thecostofernment的開Ifanationisessentiallydisunited,itislefttotheernmenttoholdittogether.Thisincreasestheexpenseofernment,andreducescorrespondinglytheamountofeconomicresourcesthatcouldbeusedfordevelothecountry.Anditshouldnotbeforgottenhowsmallthoseresourcesareinapoorandbackwardcountry.Wherethecostofernmentishigh,resourcesfordevelopmentarecorrespondinglylow.Thismaybeillustratedbycomparingthepositionofanationwiththatofaprivatebusinessenterprise.Anenterprisehastoincurcertaincostsandexpensesinordertostayinbusiness.Forourpurposes,weareconcernedonlywithonekindofcost---thecostofmanagingandadministeringthebusiness.Suchadministrativeoverheadsinabusinessareanalogoustothecostofernmentinanation.Theadministrativeoverheadsofabusinessarelowtotheextentthateveryoneworkinginthebusinesscanbetrustedtobehaveinawaythatbestpromotestheinterestsofthefirm.Iftheycaneachbetrustedtotakesuchresponsibilities,andtoexercisesuchinitiativeasfallswithintheirsphere,thenadministrativeoverheadwillbelow.Itwillbelowbecauseitwillbenecessarytohaveonlyonemanlookingaftereachjob,withouthavinganothermantocheckuponwhatheisng,keephiminline,andreportonhimtosomeoneelse.Butifnoonecanbetrustedtoactinaloyalandresponsiblemannertowardshisjob,thenthebusinesswillrequirearmiesofadministrators,checkers,andforemen,andadministrativeoverheadswillrisecorrespondingly.Asadministrativeoverheadrises,sotheearningsofthebusiness,aftermeetingtheexpenseofadministration,willfall;andthebusinesswillhavelessmoneytodistributeasdividendsorinvestdirectlyinitsfutureprogressanddevelopment.Itispreciselythesamewithanation.Totheextentthatthepeoplecanbereliedupontobehaveinaloyalandresponsiblemanner,theernmentdoesnotrequirearmiesofandcivilservantstokeeptheminorder.Butifanationisdisunited,theernmentcannotbesurethattheactionsofthepeoplewillbeintheinterestsofthenation;anditwillhavetowatch,check,andcontrolthepeopleaccordingly.Adisunitednationthereforehastoincurundulyhighcostsofernment.如果一個(gè)國(guó)家實(shí)際上處于狀態(tài)，使之就是的事了。這樣一來(lái)就增加了的開支，從而相應(yīng)地減少了可以用來(lái)發(fā)展國(guó)家的那部分經(jīng)濟(jì)資源。不應(yīng)忘記，在一個(gè)貧窮的國(guó)家里，那部分財(cái)力是很有限的。凡是用高的地方，用于發(fā)展國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)的就會(huì)相應(yīng)地減少。 一個(gè)國(guó)家的情況也完全相同。如果人民職守，舉止規(guī)矩，能受到的信賴，那么就不需要大批的和文職人員去促使人民。但是，如果一個(gè)國(guó)家處于狀態(tài)，不能相信人民的行動(dòng)有利于國(guó)家，那么就不得不對(duì)Lesson37Theprocessofageing衰老過(guò)Attheageoftwelveyears,thehumanbodyisatitsmostvigorous.Ithasyettoreachitsfullsizeandstrength,anditsownerhisorherfullinligence;butatthisagethelikelihoodofdeathisleast.Earlier,wewereinfantsandyoungchildren,andconsequentlymorevulnerable;later,weshallundergoaprogressivelossofourvigourandwhich,thoughimperceptibleatfirst,willfinallyesosteepthatwecanlivenolonger,howeverwellwelookafterourselves,andhoweverwellsociety,andourdoctors,lookafterus.Thisdeclineinvigourwiththepassingoftimeiscalledageing.Itisoneofthemostunpleasantdiscoverieswhichweallmakethatwemustdeclineinthisway,thatifweescapewars,accidentsanddiseasesweshalleventually‘dieofoldage’,andthatthishappensataratewhichdifferslittlefrompersontoperson,sothatthereareheavyoddsinfavourofourdyingbetweentheagesofsixty-fiveandeighty.Someofuswilldiesooner,afewwilllive onintoaninthtenthdecade.Butthechancesareagainstit,andthereisavirtuallimitonhowlongwecanhopetoremainalive,howeverluckyandrobustweare.Normalpeopletendtoforgetthisprocessunlessanduntiltheyareremindedofit.Wearesofamiliarwiththefactthatmanages,thatpeoplehaveforyearsassumedthattheprocessoflosingvigourwithtime,of ingmorelikelytodietheolderweget,wassomethingself-evident,likethecoolingofahotkettleorthewearing-outofapairofshoes.Theyhavealsoassumedthatallanimals,andprobablyotherorganismssuchastrees,oreventheuniverseitself,mustinthenatureofthings‘wearout’.Mostanimalswecommonlyobservedoinfactageaswedo,ifgiventhechancetolivelongenough;andmechanicalsystemslikeawoundwatch,orthesun,doinfactrunoutofenergyinaccordancewiththesecondlawofthermodynamics(whetherthewholeuniversedoessoisamootpointatpresent).Butthesearenotogoustowhathappenswhenmanages.Arun-downwatchisstillawatchandcanberewound.Anoldwatch,bycontrast, essowornandunreliablethatiteventuallyisnotworthmending.Butawatchcouldneverrepairitself----itdoesnotconsistoflivingparts,onlyofmetal,whichwearsawaybyfriction.Wecould,atonetime,repairourselveswellenough,atleast,to eallbutthemostinstantlyfatalillnessesandaccidents.Betweentwelveandeightyyearswegraduallylosethispower;anillnesswhichattwelvewouldknockusover,ateightycanknockusout,andintoourgrave.Ifwecouldstayasvigorousasweareattwelve,itwouldtakeabout700yearsforhalfofustodie,andanother700forthesurvivorstobereducedbyhalfagain.在12歲時(shí)是生命力最旺盛的時(shí)期。雖然在這個(gè)時(shí)期人的身材、體力和智力還有待發(fā)展和完善，但在這個(gè)死在65至80歲之間，有些人會(huì)死得早一些，少數(shù)人會(huì)長(zhǎng)一些——活到八十幾歲或九十幾歲，但這種可能性很小。Lesson39Whateverywriterwants作家之所Ihaveknownveryfewwriters,butthoseIhaveknown,andwhomIrespect,confessatoncethattheyhavelittleideawheretheyaregoingwhentheyfirstsetpentopaper.Theyhaveacharacter,perhapstwo;theyareinthatconditionofeager fortwhichpassesforinspiration;alladmitradicalchangesofdestinationoncethejourneyhasbegun;one,tomycertainknowledge,spentninemonthsonanovelaboutKashmir,thenresetthewholethingintheScottishHighlands.Ineverheardofanyonemakinga‘skeleton’,asweweretaughtatschool.Inthebreakingandremaking,inthetiming,interweaving,beginningafresh,thewritercomestodiscernthingsinhismaterialwhichwerenotconsciouslyinhismindwhenhebegan.Thisorganicprocess,oftenleadingtomomentsofextraordinaryself-discovery,isofanindescribablefascination.Ablurredimageappears;headdsabrushstrokeandanother,anditisgone;butsomethingwasthere,andhewillnotresttillhehascapturedit.Sometimestheyeastwithinawriteroutlivesabookhehaswritten.Ihaveheardofwriterswhoreadnothingbuttheirownbooks;likeadolescentstheystandbeforethemirror,andstillcannotfathomtheexactoutlineofthevisionbeforethem.Forthesamereason,writerstalkinterminablyabouttheirownbooks,winklingouthiddenmeanings,super-imposingnewones,beggingresponsefromthosearoundthem.Ofcourseawriterngthisismisunderstood:hemightaswelltrytoexplainacrimeoraloveaffair.Heisalso,incidentally,anunforgivablebore.Thistemptationtocoverthedistancebetweenhimselfandthereader,tostudyhisimageinthesightofthosewhodonotknowhim,canbehisunng:hehasbeguntowritetoplease.AyoungEnglishwritermadethepertinentobservationayearortwobackthatthetalentgoesintothefirstdraft,andtheartintothedraftsthatfollow.Forthisreasonalsothewriter,likeanyotherartist,hasnorestingplace,nocrowdormovementinwhichhemaytakecomfort,nojudgmentfromoutsidewhichcanreplacethejudgmentfromwithin.Awritermakesorderoutoftheanarchyofhisheart;hesubmitshimselftoamoreruthlessdisciplinethananycriticdreamedof,andwhenheflirtswithfame,heistakingtimeofffromlivingwithhimself,fromthesearchforwhathisworldcontainsatitsinmost常9。從聽何位家我在校的樣筆先什提。家剪修、思間穿情、以從重的程中會(huì)悟素中很東是剛筆所的這有的工程往到尋自我發(fā)的界具難言的思一朦的象在家腦里他添筆右一，象而逝；一作，了己書，的一不，如神中位亮年站鏡，能認(rèn)自的。解他不給講個(gè)一戀故順說(shuō)句他是不饒的人煩人。脫離了自我生活，脫離了對(duì)自己最深處世界的探索。Lesson44Patternsofculture文化的模Customhasnotcommonlybeenregardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation,butcustom,wehaveawayofthinking,isbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffact,itistheotherwayaround.Traditionalcustom,takentheworldover,isamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonecaneverevolveinindividualactions,nomatterhowaberrant.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbelief,andtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest.Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithpristineeyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.Eveninhisphilosophicalprobingshecannotgobehindthesestereotypes;hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshathebehavioroftheindividual,asagainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionalcustom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueagainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenupintothevernacularofhisfamily.Whenoneseriouslystudiesthesocialordersthathavehadtheopportunitytodevelopautonomously,thefigure esnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation.Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostan modationtothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromthemomentofhisbirth,thecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.Bythetimehecantalk,heisthelittlecreatureofh