大學英語寫作知識與技巧

四級寫作知識與技巧

2/1/20231（一）四級作文的考試要求1.考生應在30分鐘內，根據題目要求及寫作提綱或規(guī)定情節(jié)，圖表等寫出120字以上，語言比較規(guī)范的短文。2.要求“內容切題，包括提綱的全部要點，表達清楚，文字連貫。句式有變化，句子結構和用詞正確?！?/1/20232（二）

四級作文的評分標準

作文滿分為15分，閱卷標準共分為五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。閱卷人員根據閱卷標準，對照樣卷評分，若認為與某一分數（8分）相似，即定為該分（8分）；若認為稍優(yōu)或稍劣于該分，則可以加一分，即為9分，或減一分，即為7分，但不得加或減半分。具體標準如下：2分—條理不清，思路混亂，語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯誤，且多為嚴重錯誤。5分—基本切題。表達思想不清楚，連貫性差，有較多嚴重的語言錯誤。2/1/202338分—基本切題。有些地方表達思想不夠清楚，文字勉強連貫，語言錯誤相當多，其中有一些是嚴重錯誤。11分—切題。表達思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯誤。14分—切題。表達思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性較好?；旧蠠o語言錯誤，僅有個別小錯，文字運用較好。2/1/20234注：①白卷、作文與題目毫不相干，或只有幾個孤立的詞而無法表達思想，則給零分。

②字數不夠應酌情扣分。如題目中給出主題句、起始句、結束句均不得計入所寫字數。

③只寫一段者，0-4分；兩段者，0-9分（指規(guī)定三段的作文）。2/1/20235（三）四級作文通病分析通過對歷年英語短文寫作考生答卷的分析，考生寫作時已具有較大的主動性和創(chuàng)造性。絕大多數考生都有一定的英語基礎，也已經基本上掌握了表達自己觀點和想法的詞匯和語法知識。但從整體得分來看，多數考生短文寫作成績卻不盡人意。分數主要集中在5-9分。2/1/20236考生普遍存在著普遍的問題是思維單調，例證堆切，簡單羅例數據，片面描繪畫面，缺乏主題提升等方面的通病。究其原因，一方面存在著教學過程中忽略了對學生書面表達能力的培養(yǎng)，學生缺乏適量的作文訓練；另一方面，還有些考生對英語短文寫作的考試要求不十分明確，靠背幾篇范文，壓幾道題，抱著碰運氣的態(tài)度，就倉促上陣。

2/1/20237（四）四級作文常見的十大癥結1.大小寫，標點符號，拼寫錯誤;2.卷面不潔，字跡潦草，用鉛筆寫作；3.語法和結構錯誤，造成文章結構松散，脫節(jié)；4.代詞，連接詞或邏輯順序詞錯用，而造成文章的邏輯混亂；5.用中文思維加英文翻譯所造成的語句生硬，錯誤；2/1/20238

5.文不對題，部分跑題或主題不突出所造成的文章不切題現象。6.詞匯量匱乏，文章中難見高分詞匯；7.語法不通，復合句使用錯誤多且表達不清；8.句型單一、句子無變化，表達方式單調;9.不會正確使用常用套語，文章缺少層次感；10.作文普遍缺乏文采，打動人的杰作奇缺。

2/1/20239（五）考試作文類型及命題1.短文寫作大致分為五種類型：A.記敘文(Narration)B.描寫文（Description）C.說明文（Exposition）D.論說文（Argumentation）E.應用文（PracticalWriting）2/1/2023102.命題形式（主要有三種形式）A.

命題類作文：包括命題提綱式，命題提綱式附首段起始句，命題式附各段主題句等分支。B.

規(guī)定情景類：包括情景式給定標題的論說文和情景式給定標題的記敘文等。C.圖表，圖畫類作文：包括無題提綱式圖表類作文，無題提綱式漫畫或圖片類作文；命題提綱式圖表類作文和命題提綱式漫畫或圖片類作文。2/1/202311實用的審題、構思方法1.審題：a。抓住給出的題目中的主題詞，有哪些可以替換的表達b。抓住中文提綱（尤其是中間段）要點，判斷是哪種類型的作文2.組織素材：要想盡快、高效地收集、羅列素材，可分兩個步驟走：第一步，圍繞文章的主題展開風暴式思考（Brainstorming),盡可能多地調集腦海中已有觀點和詞匯，可無序排列，但必須剔除不熟悉和不會拼寫的部分；第二步，按提綱給出內容的重要性（當然是第二部分?。?，構思各個段落的要點，按照邏輯歸屬等標準，對素材加以篩選，按要點歸類和排列，整理，以備寫時用。2/1/202312文章總體構建1.合理布局篇章結構引言Introduction交代背景Background)點明主題Thesis概括性介紹文章的發(fā)展，內容和作者的觀點正文Body主題句TopicS.拓展句SupportingS.總結句ConclusionS.詳細具體地展開（敘述，論述，說明）文章的話題和作者的態(tài)度結論Conclusion小結Summary概括大意，重復要點，得出結論，提出建議2/1/2023132.寫好引言，主體部分和結尾段落，尤其是主題句3.遵循科學的寫作步驟，遵循不同類型的作文要求來邏輯構思要點，套用句型表達。A.審題B.組織素材C.撰寫提綱D.行文E.修改與修訂

2/1/202314段落的基本結構段落可以概括地定義為圍繞一個主題而展開的一組相關的句子。這組句子是密切關聯(lián)的信息組合，也是文字表達的一個基本單位。段落的中心思想通常有主題句概括，而主題句中提出的問題和論點要在段落中通過擴展句進行討論與回答。段落常常有三部分構成：1.主題句（topicsentence)2.擴展句（supportingsentences)3.結尾句（concludingsentence)2/1/202315段落種類1.開頭段：概括陳述主題，提出觀點或論點，點明寫作目的。吸引讀者的興趣與好奇心。2.中間段：是一篇文章的正文，其作用是對文章主題進行解釋和證明。3.結尾段：是簡要地呼應前面段落的內容進行總結，點明主題，使文章的意思更明確，從而得出合乎邏輯的結論。2/1/202316

generalintroductoryremarksIntroductionnarrowcontrollingideaBody

Topicsentence________________________________________supportingdetails(examples,reasonsorarguments)___________________________________concludingremarksconclusion

restatementofcontrollingideafinalstatement2/1/202317寫好段落的方法和技巧

每篇文章有若干或多段落，每一個段落有若干或者許多句子。段落并非是句子的簡單堆疊，而是有計劃、有規(guī)則、有規(guī)律的系統(tǒng)性創(chuàng)作過程。段落的特征大致這樣：一個主題句，一個中心思想（大意）、幾個照應過渡詞、幾個或許多細節(jié)事實（擴展句）。請分析下面幾段文字，找出主題句、過渡詞語、基本事實或細節(jié)。

2/1/202318(1)Lifein2009willbemuchdifferentfromwhatitistoday.(2)Foronething,youwillsleeplaterbecauseyourjobwillstartlaterinthemorning.(3)Too,machineswilldomostofyourroutineworkforyou.(4)Also,youwilltraveltoworkonamovingsidewalk.(5)Furthermore,youwilltalktofriendsonacolorpicturetelephone.(6)Finally,youwilltakelongervacationsinmoredistantplacessincetransportationwillbemuchfasterandcheaper.

2/1/202319TheleadersofancientEgyptandEthiopiamademanyimportantcontributionstogoodgovernment.(2)NegroesinAfricawereamongtheearliesttoperfecttheartofmakingiron.(3)InWestAfrica,Tenkemenin,GongaMussa,andSonniAlimademanyimportantadvancesintheaeraofdefensiveandoffensivewarfare.(4)CertainlyAfricanshaveearnedtheirplaceinhistory.2/1/202320句子的安排英語短文寫作是一種語言創(chuàng)作，雖不可能像數學有嚴格的公式可套用，但卻可以找出一定的思路來遵循。第一段：引言句—擴展句—限制主題句第二段：主題句—擴展句—擴展句—擴展句—擴展句—段落小結；第三段：連接詞+全文概括總結句—擴展句。當然這只是構成短文的基本思路，其中各段擴展句的數量在不同的文章可適當增減，以達到內容清晰，主題突出的目的。2/1/202321段落的擴展(1)主題句Ifindacademiclifeendlesslyfascinating.(2)擴展句Ifindtheclassstimulating,mostoftheprofessorsinteresting,thereadingandstudyingsatisfying,andthestudentdelightful.(3)擴展句Iconsiderabigassignmentalivelychallenge.(4)擴展句ButIliketheleisureactivitiesbestofall.Everystudentmayhavehisorherchoiceofactivity:athletics,music,theater,lectures,discussionsandstudentpolitics.(5)結尾句IbelievethevarietyunequaledanywhereelseandImaygotoschoolforalongtime.2/1/202322主題句寫法示例1.Scienceandtechnologyconstitutetheprimaryproductiveforce.2.Moneyisagoodservantbutabadmaster.3.WithoutInternetitisdifficulttoimaginemodernlife.4.Nowadays,collegegraduateshavemanyjoboptions.5.Asuccessfulinterviewdependsonthreefactors:jobrequirements,thequalificationandmannersoftheapplicant.2/1/202323常用于開頭的短語、句式

(1)Withthe（rapidly）growingpopularityof（computers,/privatecars/,ourliveshasbeenconsiderablychanged）inChina，thequalityof

（2）Withthe（rapid）growthof（oureconomy/population)，manyproblemssuchas（watershortages/wasteofenergy/lackofprofessionalsandchaoticmanagement）arebeggingtosurface2/1/202324（3）Withthedevelopmentof（scienceandtechnology/marketeconomy），moreandmore/anincreasingnumberofpeoplecometorealizethat…（4）Currentlythereisawidespread/seriousconcernover(illegalpublication/drugabuse/negativeinfluenceofwesterncultures).（5）Nowadays,aheateddebated/discussionabout…isunderwayinChina.somepeoplebelievethat…,whereasothersarguethat…2/1/202325（6）Therearesomereasonsforowning(privatecars/personalcomputers).Tobeginwith,…Next,…Last,…Thereare,ontheotherhand,manyreasonsagainstit,First,…Second,…Finally,…（7）Therearemanyadvantagesanddis-advantagesin(owningacar).（8）Therearevarious/atleastthreeways/possibletechniques/problems/methodstodosomething2/1/202326（9）Smoking/Alcoholicbeverageshouldbebannedfromcollegecampusesfortoereasons.Thefirstreasonisthat…Thesecondreasonisthat…/Ontheonehand,…Ontheotherhand,…(10）Thepossiblesolutionsof(theenergycrisis/watershortages/thesesocialproblems)dependonthreefactors…（11）Thetwomajorreasonsresponsiblefor(therapideconomicgrowth/thewidespreadoffakeproducts)are…2/1/202327用于開“起”文章，常置于主題句前后的：

Atpresent;currently;first(ly);Firstofall;generallyspeaking;Ingeneral;lately;now;Recently;tobeginwith;Foronething…foranother;Ontheonehand…ontheotherhand2/1/202328WhenaskedaboutWhenitcomestoFacedwith…,Somepeopleclaim/think/argue/believethat…,but/whileothers…(differently)

Nowadaysthereismuch/generaldiscussionasto….

Withthedevelopment/improvement/growthof…,

2/1/202329Now,itiscommonly/widely/increasinglybelieved/thought/held/acknowledgethat…,

Accordingtoarecentsurvey/investigation/poll,…

Haveyoueverthought/wondered…?

Suppose…

Asthesayinggoes,…

2/1/202330陳述或論證觀點、看法（view，point，opinion）、原因（reason、cause）、方法、手段、措施、步驟…（method，means，measures，step…）、因素（factor）、利弊、優(yōu)缺點（advantage，disadvantage）時常用的詞語、句式：

2/1/202331（1）引述段落提出問題時常用的句式、詞語：…的原因有許多.Therearemanyreasonswhy……的原因如下；Thereasonswhy…areasfollows我的看法是…Myopinionisthat2/1/202332（2）展開段落論證時常用的句式、詞語：

①、第一層次（首先）First，Firstly，Inthefirstplace，Firstofall，Tobeginwith，Foronething.

我的第一理由是…Myfirstreasonisthat…

主要因素是…Themainfactoristhat…2/1/202333②第二層次（其次）Second，Secondly，IntheSecondplace，Next，Then，Foranother，另一種方法是…Anothermeansof…istodo…第二種解決方法是…thesecondsolutionisthat…③第三層次（第三點）Third，thirdly，besides，inaddition，furthermore，whatismoreimportant

2/1/202334（3）總結性段落常用句式、詞語：最后一點last，lastly，finally，inthelastplace，lastofall，inshort，inbrief簡言之inaword，insummary，tosumup總之，inconclusion，onthewhole，altogether，inall因此，so，thus，hence，therefore。Consequently，fortheereasons2/1/202335結果，inconsequence，asaresult由此可見…itwillbeseenfromitthat如上所述，我們可以得出結論…ashasbeensaidabove，wecanconclude/makeaconclusion/drawaconclusion/reachaconclusioncometoaconclusionthat….2/1/202336（4）將事物的正反、好壞兩方面，或者將兩種不同事物進行比較，對比時常用的句式、短語：

然而while，whereas，but，however，nevertheless

盡管如此inspiteofthat，despiteallthis

但在另一方面butontheotherhand

與…相比in/byincomparisonwith…/ascomparewith…

2/1/202337對比之下by/incontrast

與…相反asopposedto…/insteadof…

相反onthecontrary，instead他們的區(qū)別如下Thedifferencesareasfollows；thedifferencescanbedescribedasfollows

A與B之間的不同在于…thedifferencesbetweenAandBis/liesin/exertsin/consistsin…；AisdifferentfromBin…2/1/202338表示原因的常用句型1）Therearethreereasonsforthis.2）Thereasonsforthisareasfollows.3）Thereasonforthisisobvious.4）Thereasonforthisisnotfartoseek.5）Thereasonforthisisthat...6）Wehavegoodreasontobelievethat...2/1/202339例如：Therearethreereasonsforthechangesthathavetakenplaceinourlife.Firstly，people’slivingstandardhasbeengreatlyimproved.Secondly，mostpeoplearewellpaid，andtheycanaffordwhattheyneedorlike.Lastbutnotleast，moreandmorepeopleprefertoenjoymodernlife.2/1/202340表示好處的常用句型1）

Ithasthefollowingadvantages.2）

Itdoesusalotofgood.3）

Itbenefitsusquitealot.4）

Itisbeneficialtous.5）

Itisofgreatbenefittous.2/1/202341例如：

Booksarelikefriends.Theycanhelpusknowtheworldbetter，andtheycanopenourmindsandwidenourhorizons.Therefore，readingextensivelyisofgreatbenefittous.2/1/202342表示壞處的常用句型1）Ithasmoredisadvantagesthanadvantages.2）

Itdoesusmuchharm.3）

Itisharmfultous.

2/1/202343例如：

However，everythingdividesintotwo.Televisioncanalsobeharmfultous.Itcandoharmtoourhealthandmakeuslazyifwespendtoomuchtimewatchingtelevision.2/1/202344

表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能

1）Itisimportant（necessary，difficult，convenient，possible）forsb.todosth.2）Wethinkitnecessarytodosth.3）Itplaysanimportantroleinourlife.2/1/202345例如：Computersarenowbeingusedeverywhere，whetherinthegovernment，inschoolsorinbusiness.Soon，computerswillbefoundineveryhome，too.WehavegoodreasonstosaythatcomputersareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourlifeandwehavesteppedintotheComputerAge.2/1/202346表示措施的常用句型

1）Weshouldtakesomeeffectivemeasures.2）Weshouldtryourbesttoovercome（conquer）thedifficulties.3）Weshoulddoourutmostindoingsth.4）Weshouldsolvetheproblemsthatweareconfronted（faced）with.2/1/202347例如：Thehousingproblemthatweareconfrontedwithisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.Therefore，wemusttakesomeeffectivemeasurestosolveit.2/1/202348表示變化的常用句型

1）Somechangeshavetakenplaceinthepastfiveyears.2）Agreatchangewillcertainlybeproducedintheworld’scommunications.3）Thecomputerhasbroughtaboutmanychangesineducation.2/1/202349例如：Somechangeshavetakenplaceinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears.Themajorreasonsforthesechangesarenotfartoseek.Nowadays，moreandmorepeopleareswitchingfromgraintomeatforprotein，andfromfruitandvegetabletomilkforvitamins.2/1/202350表示事實、現狀的常用句型

1）Wecannotignorethefactthat...2）Noonecandenythefactthat...3）Thereisnodenyingthefactthat...4）Thisisaphenomenonthatmanypeopleareinterestedin.5）However，that’snotthecase.2/1/202351例如：

Wecannotignorethefactthatindustrializationbringswithittheproblemsofpollution.Tosolvetheseproblems，wecanstartbyeducatingthepublicaboutthehazardsofpollution.Thegovernmentonitspartshouldalsodesignstricterlawstopromoteacleanerenvironment.2/1/202352表示比較的常用句型

1）ComparedwithA，B...2)A

and

B

has

several

points

in

common.

3)It

is

true

that

A

...

,

but

the

chief

faultB

(obvious

defects

)are

...

4)A

and

B

differ

in

several

ways.

5)The

advantages

of

A

are

much

greater

than

those

of

B.

6）IprefertoreadratherthanwatchTV.7）Thereisastrikingcontrastbetweenthem.2/1/202353例如：Comparedwithcars，bicycleshaveseveraladvantagesbesidesbeingaffordable.Firstly，theydonotconsumenaturalresourcesofpetroleum.Secondly，theydonotcausethepollutionproblem.Lastbutnotleast，theycontributetopeople’shealthbygivingthemduephysicalexercise.2/1/202354表示例舉的常用句型

1)

A

good

case

in

point

is

...

2)

As

an

illustration,

we

may

take

...

3)

Such

examples

might

be

given

easily.

4)

...is

often

cited

as

an

example.

2/1/202355表示數量的常用句型

1）Ithasincreased（decreased）from...to...2）Thepopulationinthiscityhasnowincreased（decreased）to800，000.3）TheoutputofJulyinthisfactoryincreasedby15％comparedwiththatofJanuary.

2/1/202356例如：Withtheimprovementofthelivingstandard，theproportionofpeople’sincomespentonfoodhasdecreasedwhilethatspentoneducationhasincreased.再如：Fromthegraphlistedabove，itcanbeseenthatstudentuseofcomputershasincreasedfromanaverageoflessthantwohoursperweekin1990to20hoursin20002/1/202357表示看法的常用句型

1）Peoplehave（take，adopt，assume）differentattitudestowardssth.2）Peoplehavedifferentopinionsonthisproblem.3）Peopletakedifferentviewsof（on）thequestion.4）Somepeoplebelievethat...Othersarguethat...2/1/202358例如：Peoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsfailure.Somebelievethatfailureleadstosuccess.Everyfailuretheyexperiencetranslatesintoagreaterchanceofsuccessattheirrenewedendeavor.However，othersareeasilydiscouragedbyfailuresandputthemselvesintothecategoryoflosers.再如：Do“l(fā)uckynumbersreallybringgoodluck？Differentpeoplehavedifferentviewsonit.2/1/202359表示結論的常用句型

1）Inshort，itcanbesaidthat...2）Itmaybebrieflysummedupasfollows.3）Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove，wecancometotheconclusionthat...

2/1/202360例如：Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove，wecancometotheconclusionthatexaminationisnecessary，however，itsmethodshouldbeimproved.2/1/202361部分常用套語

1）It’swellknowntousthat...2）Asisknowntous，...3）Thisisatopicthatisbeingwidelytalkedabout.4）Fromthegraph（table，chart）listedabove，itcanbeseenthat...5）Asaproverbsays，“Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.2/1/202362例如：

Asiswellknowntous，itisimportantforthestudentstoknowtheworldoutsidecampus.Thereasonforthisisobvious.Nowadays，thesocietyischanginganddevelopingrapidly，andthecampusisnolongeran“ivorytower.Ascollegestudents，wemustgetintouchwiththeworldoutsidethecampus.Onlyinthiswaycanweadaptourselvestothesocietyquicklyafterwegraduate.2/1/202363再如：

Doesitpaytobehonest？Thisisatopicthatisbeingwidelytalkedaboutanddifferentpeoplehavedifferentopinionsonit.2/1/202364結尾寫好結尾就是要使文章作到善始善終，使主題更加突出，使文章前后呼應，結尾要遵循簡潔的原則，點到為止，不得拖拉，應避免節(jié)外生枝。在結尾部分不可出現與全文不一致的新話題。常用的結尾方式有:2/1/2023651.概括總結全文,提出解決方法(summary&solution)Tosolvetheproblem,theRe-employmentProjectiswellunderway.Thegovernment,mostimportantofall,needstodrawupaneconomicpolicythatwillcreatemorejobopportunitiestoeasethemountingunemploymentcreatedbytherestructuringofthestatesector.Thelaid-offworkers,too,shouldadjustthemselvestothenewsituationbyarmingthemselveswithnewerknowledgeandskillstogettheadvantageinnewpositions.2/1/2023662.回答前面問題（answertothequestion)Personally,Ibelievethatparentsshouldpaymoreattentiontothecultivationofsuchqualitiesasindependence,confidenceandcourageintheirchildren.Onlyinthiswaycanthechildrengrowup,fullyequippedtomeetwhateverchallengesthatlifemaypresent.2/1/2023673.提出建議（recommendation&suggestion)Inbrief,byrepeatingthissimplestep-by-stepprocess,youcanputasideyourfearsandwriteaclear,coherent,andconvincingessay.Allyouneediseagerness,perseveranceandcourageandapencilandpaper.2/1/2023684.給出預見(prediction)Ifpeoplestoppedtothinkbeforeacquiringpets,therewouldbefewerofcrueltytoanimals.Manytimes,itisthepeoplewhoadoptpetswithoutconsideringtheexpenseandresponsibilityinvolvedwhomistreatandneglecttheiranimals.Petsarelivingcreatures.Theydonotdeservetobeacquiredascarelesslyasonewouldacquireastuffedtoy.2/1/2023695.發(fā)人深省的問題（thought-provokingquestion)What,then,willhappeninthetwenty-firstcenturywhenmostofthepopulationwillbeoversixtyyearsold?Retirementpolicescouldchangedramatically.2/1/2023706.發(fā)出號召（callforaction)Therefore,tomakeourworldabetterplaceinwhichtolive,wemustmakethebestuseofeverydropofwaterandworkhandinhandtoprotectwaterresources.2/1/202371常用于結尾的短語、句式

（1）Itishopedthatweshouldplacemuchemphasison/paymoreattentionto…（2）Toconclude，wecanseethat（thebestway/thepossiblesolution）is…（3）Inshort，（shortagesofwater，decreaseoffertilefieldsandenvironmentalpollution）arethemajorproblemstobesolvedto（increaserainproduction）2/1/202372（4）Inordertomakeourworldabetterplaceinwhichtoliveweshouldmakegreateffortsto…（5）Inaword，therearethreesuggestionswemustfollow，onlyinthiswaycanwe（achieveagreatsuccess）（6）Itistimeforustotakeanactivepartin…（7）Letusworkhandinhandinhandto（solvethesesocialproblems）2/1/202373結尾段常用的詞語Therefore;Inshort;Finally;Insummary;Inaword;Onthewhole;Inall;Toconclude;Inbrief;Allthissuggeststhat…Inconclusion;Itcanbeconcludedthat…2/1/202374

根據不同的段落要求，選擇適當的轉承語

常用的過渡詞或短語（轉承語的使用）2/1/202375

2/1/2023762.表示“承”接，一般用于段落中間，可舉例，可用同義詞說明，可進一步解釋，補充內容。Furthermore;forexample;forinstance;Inaddition;inotherwords;likewise;Inparticular;inthesameway;meanwhile;moreover;namely;similarly;What’smore2/1/202377Thosewhohold….

Itistruethat…

Tobesure..

First/Firstly…

Themain/leading/underlying/root/primary/chief/essential….

2/1/2023783.表示“轉”折，常用于段中：Incontrast;inspiteof;nevertheless;Onthecontrary;unlike;unfortunately;Whereas;although2/1/202379Itsoundslikeagood(attractive)idea(suggestion),buttheyfailtounderstand(see,notice

Thereisprobablyanelementoftruthinthearguments(ideas),buttheyignoreamoreimportant(basic)fact…

2/1/202380Closerexamination(analysis),however,suggests(shows)thatthisargument(claim,idea)maynotbeborneof(supported)bythefollowingevidence(facts,examples,statistics).

Close(careful)examination(analysis)ofthesearguments(ideas,suggestions),however,wouldreveal(suggest,prove)howflimsy(不足信的，不嚴密)(fallacious（靠不住的）,groundless（沒有根據的）)theyare.

2/1/202381Howeverlogical(sound,forcible(有說服力))theseargumentsmaybe,theydon'tmakesense(onlyskimthesurfaceoftheproblem)when…isviewedtheotherway(takenintoconsideration).

Asopposedto(Contraryto)thewidely(commonly,generally)heldidea(belief,view),newstudies(facts)challenge(failtojustify)theopinion(view).

2/1/202382Good/Superior/Wonderfulas….,ithasitsowndisadvantages/itbringsitsownproblems.

Theymayberightabout…,buttheyseemtoneglect/failtomention/takeintoaccount…

Inallthediscussionanddebateover…,oneimportant/basicfactisignored/overlooked/neglected.

2/1/202383Itistruethat/Admittedly,butitisunlikely/doesn'tfollow/doesn'tmeanthat…

Thereisanelementoftruthinthesearguments/statements,buttheyignoreadeeperandmorebasic/essential/importantfact/factor…

Inmanycases,however,…

Asfaras..isconcerned,…

2/1/2023844.表示“合”，一般用于段落小結或引出結尾段：Aboveall;accordingly;asaresult;Consequently;inaword;thus;Insummary;tosumup;inconclusion;So;therefore;hence2/1/202385圖表圖畫類作文圖表和圖畫作文在近年出現的比率大，考生也應該對這兩類作文形式加以關注。寫作在考試形式上也越考越靈活，總體上放棄了機械做題，避免考生猜題、押題，每年出題都在求變，考生就應該把握題型規(guī)律，掌握模式化語言，以不變應萬變。背范文、照搬句子在現在的寫作考試中已經不那么有效了，但是如果能掌握寫作的框架結構和精彩句型就能占據一部分優(yōu)勢，這些將構筑起一篇文章以及亮出它的“閃光點”，得到評卷老師的欣賞。

2/1/202386圖表作文的寫作要看清數據的變化，通過坐標和圖表縱橫比較說明事實，并且從表面看到實質，了解變化反映的深層意義。

圖畫作文的難點在于對圖畫信息的描述是否準確。然后要點破圖畫的寓意，分析背后的原因，這是文章的重頭戲，所以在復習中就要多看些報刊文摘的圖片，多關注社會熱點也是很好的鍛煉方式。2/1/202387圖表式作文是四級考試中較難的一種作文類型。它要求考生根據圖表所給出的信息，寫出所要表達主題的作文。圖表式作文最大的特點是所給的信息表達很集中，給人以一目了然之感。圖表式作文一般可分三段來寫：第一段描述出圖表反映的總情況，用能充分說明主題的典型數據來描寫。第二段對數字進行仔細的分析比較，歸納出增減速率并找出產生變化的原因。第三段寫讀圖表后的想法和評論，從而得出自己的結論。2/1/202388圖表圖畫類作文種類1.Tablebargraphlinegraph2.Graphandchartcirclegraph(piegraph)picturegraph2/1/202389table20022003TravelingabroadGoingtoseasideCampingVisitingfriendsinanothertownStayingathome417620252812167142031Total1001002/1/202390Bargraph

ChangesinChina’sForeignTrade2/1/202391Circlegraph(Piechart)2/1/202392Linegraph2/1/202393

picturegraph“GoodExample”

2/1/202394圖表圖畫類作文寫作技巧一.寫作要旨1.弄清題意，看作文屬于下面哪一種：A.單純描述解釋圖表曲線，按圖表所示內容如實表達，不加評論。B.通過敘述圖表（或圖畫）中的內容和數字變化來分析原因，發(fā)表議論。2/1/202395二.遵照程序1.審題和分析圖表曲線；描述圖表，得出結論；2.緊扣主題句，將圖表，數字變?yōu)樾畔?；分析原因，發(fā)表議論；3.提出建議或得出結論。2/1/202396三.掌握技巧1.對表格，圖形，數據。分類，橫線，縱線及百分比等代表什么，要先弄清楚；2.適當運用描述圖表的規(guī)范用語。3.學會看趨勢，找規(guī)律；從整體看圖表有何發(fā)展變化，找出特點，規(guī)律；4.注意用數字獲取信息，將代表發(fā)展趨勢的數字變?yōu)槲淖?，并加以敘述?.抓典型，講原因，不需描述所有的信息；6.必須基于圖表所給事實，按情理得出結論，做到自圓其說，具有說服力。2/1/202397圖表作文的常用詞

上升：increaseriseascendcoresurgegoupclimbmountlevelup下降:decreasefalldropdescenddeclinereducelessenleveldown平穩(wěn):stablesteadyremain/maintain/keep/bethesameas/similarto2/1/202398最高點:thehighestthetopthesummitthepeakthemost最低點:bottomlessleastrockbottom平均:meanaverage趨勢:tendancytrendinclination預見:prediction達到頂峰:mountto

2/1/202399在***中占***:***gainthepercentageof有一個穩(wěn)定的過程:astableperiodcanbeseen2/1/2023100第二段：說明段，Fromthe***/***illustrate***+一些內容，主要寫以下幾個方面：極點(極大，極小)，趨勢，特別點(交點，轉折點，相同點和一些在特定圖上有意義的點)

第三段:Fromthechart,wemayhaveabasicunderstandingofthesituationof——湊字數用的！！

2/1/2023101一些表達：A.柱形圖increaserisegoup/dropdecreasedeclineB.餅圖***isdivided/sintoseveralparts***consumethelargestportion***accountingfor******(百分比)of***is******playaveryimportantrolein***C.線形圖FromthispointDrop/increasedramaticallyamodest/rapidincrease2/1/20231021.以時間為比較基礎的應抓住“變化”：上升，下降，或是波動，題中對兩個或兩個以上的變量進行描述時應在此基礎上進行比較，如變量多于兩個應進行分類或有側重的比較，2.不以時間為比較基礎的應注意對極點的描述

2/1/2023103圖表作文的關鍵是要記住一些常用的詞，因為圖表無怪乎曲線圖和柱狀圖，別的圖表大都可以以此類推。

這些詞整理一下包括：

increase

decreaserise

drop

grow

fall

shoot

up(非常得快)

decline

reach

a

peak

reach

a

number

fluctuate(wildly/mildly)

________

level

off,

to

stablize,to

maintain

a

trend

形容快慢的詞：

rapid(ly)

*dramatical(ly)

*slight

*sharp(ly)

*gradual(ly)

*quick(ly)

*superising(ly)

2/1/20231042.分項目的總結在做這個之前，把“模板”說一下(主要針對菜鳥,應付考試時找不到東西說)第一段：The***(某種圖，比如barchart,piechart或是curvegraph)show***(簡單寫寫情況，比如“婦女受教育程度”，“美國能源利用”，這些一般可以在圖下面的說明文字中找到),Fromthe***(某種土)wecanhaveaunderstandingof***(又是什么情況)注：第二句話是廢話，是為了湊字數，字數夠了的時候就可以不用了，當然寫的時候注意表達方式的一些小改動2/1/2023105波動:fluctuatefluctuationriseandfallsupanddown占:occupytakeupaccountforgain而:whilehoweverwhereasontheotherhandactually/infact相比:bycontractonthecontrarylikewisecomparedwith

2/1/2023106寫作模板——圖表式作文

Itisobviousinthegraphic/tablethattherate/number/amountofYhasundergonedramaticchanges.Ithasgoneup/grown/fallen/droppedconsiderablyinrecentyears(asXvaries).AtthepointofX1,Yreachesitspeakvalueof…(多少).

2/1/2023107Whatisthereasonforthischange?Mainlythereare…(多少)reasonsbehindthesituationreflectedinthegraphic/table.Firstofall,…(第一個原因).Moreimportantly,…(第二個原因).Mostimportantofall,…(第三個原因).2/1/2023108Fromtheabovediscussions,wehaveenoughreasontopredictwhatwillhappeninthenearfuture.Thetrenddescribedinthegraphic/tablewillcontinueforquitealongtime(ifnecessarymeasuresarenottaken括號里的使用于那些不太好的變化趨勢).2/1/2023109圖表圖畫類作文常用表達法描述圖表內容：1.Accordingtothefiguresshowninthetable/graphwecansee/concludethat…2.Thegraphshows/tellsus/revealsthat…3.Asisshown/canbeseeninthechart…4.Thetableis/givesinformationabout…5.Thetablesrepresentthedevelopmentandchangesin..Inthepast10years.6.Afterconsideringtheinformationinthegraphwemightconcludethat…2/1/2023110描述增減變化1.Comparedwiththenumberof1999…Itstillincreasedby3896,withanincreasingproportionof2%.2.Thenumberof…grew/rosefrom…to…3.Theamountof…willrise/showatendencytoincrease.4.Thepopulationwillamountto1200millionin2000.…2/1/20231115.Noincreaseisshownin1965;thencameasharpincreaseofeightmillion.6.Aismore/lessexpensivethanB.7.A’sproductionwasmore/lessthanthatofB.8.In1990thenumberremainedthesame/droppedto2/1/2023112描述時間：1.Overtheperiodfrom1987to19942.Duringthepasthalfcentury3.Inthethreeyearsspanningfrom1985through19874.Between1987and19972/1/2023113圖表圖畫類作文第一段寫作公式：Itcanbeseenthat…

Fromthegraph(chart,curve,picture)…

Thegraphshowsthat…

Thestatisticsinthegraphindicates…

Youcanfindthetendencyinthechartthat…

2/1/2023114圖表圖畫類作文第二段寫作公式：Whatarethereasonsforit?

Thereareafewreasonsorways.

Theexplainingsare

Thesolutionsinclude…

First(ofall)alsosecond,inaddition,furthermore

…

從上面所講中大家應該知道作文的套路，萬變不離其中，再加上平時的積累，相信大家不會在作文中失分太多。

2/1/2023115圖表圖畫類作文第三段寫作公式：Then/Howevertome/forme/tomypointofview,

asfarasIamconcerned,

foronething,fortheother/foranother(thing)2/1/2023116溫室花朵經不起風雨2/1/2023117Studythefollowingsetofdrawingscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould:1）describethesetofdrawings,interpretitsmeaning,and2)pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife2/1/2023118Thesetwopicturesarebothinterestingandinstructive.Fromthepictures,wecanseethataflo