國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的來(lái)源

國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的來(lái)源國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的來(lái)源幾種傳統(tǒng)解釋比較優(yōu)勢(shì)論國(guó)家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策優(yōu)勢(shì)論管理文化優(yōu)勢(shì)論勞工組織優(yōu)勢(shì)論帝王過(guò)渡擴(kuò)張論2Theoryofnationalcompetitiveadvantage

ThetheoryattemptstoanalyzethereasonsforanationssuccessinaparticularindustryPorterstudied100industriesin10nations

postulateddeterminantsofcompetitiveadvantageofanationwerebasedonfourmajorattributesFactorendowmentsDemandconditionsRelatedandsupportingindustriesFirmstrategy,structureandrivalry3

Porter’sdiamond

Successoccurswheretheseattributesexist.More/greatertheattribute,thehigherchanceofsuccessThediamondismutuallyreinforcingFig4.64FactorendowmentsFactorendowments:-Anation’spositioninfactorsofproductionsuchasskilledlabororinfrastructurenecessarytocompeteinagivenindustryBasicfactorendowmentsAdvancedfactorendowments5BasicfactorendowmentsBasicfactors:FactorspresentinacountryNaturalresourcesClimateGeographiclocationDemographicsWhilebasicfactorscanprovideaninitialadvantagetheymustbesupportedbyadvancedfactorstomaintainsuccess6AdvancedfactorendowmentsAdvancedfactors:Aretheresultofinvestmentbypeople,companies,government

andaremorelikelytoleadtocompetitiveadvantageIfacountryhasnobasicfactors,itmustinvestinadvancedfactors7

Advancedfactorendowmentscommunicationsskilledlabor researchTechnologyeducation8通用要素專(zhuān)用要素要素創(chuàng)造9選擇性的要素劣勢(shì)與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)10DemandconditionsDemand:

createscapabilitiescreatessophisticatedanddemandingconsumersDemandimpactsqualityandinnovation11高級(jí)需求與挑剔顧客預(yù)測(cè)買(mǎi)方需求本土需求的規(guī)模本土需求的國(guó)際化及其對(duì)國(guó)外需求的影響12

RelatedandsupportingindustriesCreatesclustersofsupportingindustriesthatareinternationallycompetitiveMustalsomeetrequirementsofotherpartsoftheDiamond1314151617FirmStrategy,StructureandRivalryLongtermcorporatevisionisadeterminantofsuccessManagement‘ideology’andstructureofthefirmcaneitherhelporhurtyouPresenceofdomesticrivalryimprovesacompany’scompetitiveness1819

DeterminantsofCompetitiveAdvantageinnationsGovernmentCompanyStrategy,Structure,andRivalryDemandConditionsRelatedandSupportingIndustriesFactorConditionsChanceTwoexternalfactorsthatinfluencethefourdeterminants.Fig4.820

Porter’sTheory-predictionsPorter’stheoryshouldpredictthepatternofinternationaltradethatweobserveintherealworld

Countriesshouldbeexportingproductsfromthoseindustrieswhereallfourcomponentsofthediamondarefavorable,whileimportinginthoseareaswherethecomponentsarenotfavorable21ImplicationsforbusinessLocationimplications:

DisperseproductionactivitiestocountrieswheretheycanbeperformedmostefficientlyFirst-moverimplications:Investsubstantialfinancialresourcesinbuildingafirst-mover,orearly-moveradvantagePolicyimplications:Promotingfreetradeisinthebestinterestsofthehome-country,notalwaysinthebestinterestsofthefirm,eventhough,manyfirmspromoteopenmarkets22集

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一、集群作為一種歷史現(xiàn)象1、英國(guó)棉紡、毛紡、手套工業(yè)等紡織工業(yè)大都呈現(xiàn)區(qū)域集群狀態(tài)2、美國(guó)

1900年，美國(guó)15個(gè)地理集群23集

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論二、當(dāng)代的集群現(xiàn)象1、美國(guó)硅谷2、意大利中小企業(yè)集群2425集

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論三、集群的多樣性與普遍性地理區(qū)域發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家、發(fā)展中國(guó)家產(chǎn)業(yè)領(lǐng)域農(nóng)業(yè)、制造業(yè)、服務(wù)業(yè)、高科技創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)2627282930集群理論三、集群理論模型1、工業(yè)區(qū)理論馬歇爾《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理》2、柔性專(zhuān)業(yè)化理論P(yáng)ioreandSabel(1984)3、新競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Best(1990)31集群理論集群理論模型（續(xù)）4、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)——鉆石模型Porter(1990)5、集體效率模型Schmitz(1995)6、集體學(xué)習(xí)模型32集群理論集群理論模型（續(xù)）7、當(dāng)?shù)兀▍^(qū)域）創(chuàng)新系統(tǒng)模型8、棲息地模型李鐘文、米勒主編《硅谷優(yōu)勢(shì)》9、社會(huì)文化環(huán)境模型Saxenian：《地區(qū)優(yōu)勢(shì)：硅谷與128公路地區(qū)的文化與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)》33集群理論集群理論模型（續(xù)）10、集群知識(shí)理論11、集群認(rèn)知理論12、集群復(fù)雜性理論13、集群信息理論14、集群供應(yīng)鏈管理理論15、