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《計(jì)算與軟件工程II》
Ch15“面向?qū)ο蟆钡男畔㈦[藏丁二玉南京大學(xué)軟件學(xué)院InformationHidingEachmodulehidestheimplementationofanimportantdesigndecision(secrets)sothatonlytheconstituentsofthatmoduleknowthedetails3DesignSecretsneedtohide…PrimarySecret:ResponsibilityChangeHiddeninformationthatwasspecifiedtothesoftwaredesignerFromSRSSecondarySecret:ImplementationChangeTheimplementationdecisionsmadebythedesignerwhenimplementingthemoduledesignedtohidetheprimarysecret變化;MainContentsEncapsulationWhatshouldbehiding?Howtohidingchange?Encapsulation(1)EncapsulationallowstheprogrammertogroupdataandthesubroutinesthatoperateonthemtogetherinoneplaceResponsibilityEncapsulation(2)hideirrelevantdetailsfromtheuseraclasscanbedividedintotwoparts,theuserinterfaceandtheimplementation.Theinterfaceisthevisiblesurfaceofthecapsule.describestheessentialcharacteristicsofobjectsoftheclasswhicharevisibletotheexteriorworldTheimplementationishiddeninthecapsule.Theimplementationhidingmeansthatdatacanonlybemanipulated,thatisupdated,withintheclass,butitdoesnotmeanhidinginterfacedata. NewViewofEncapsulationOld/Beginner/Implementationviewofencapsulation:
hidingdatainsideanobjectNewview:hidinganything,including:Data(implementation)Structure(implementation)Otherobject(implementation)Type(derivedclasses)Change/vary(designdetails)…EncapsulationCorrectly——ADTADT=AbstractDataTypeAconcept,notanimplementationAsetof(homogeneous)objectstogetherwithasetofoperationsonthoseobjectsNomentionofhowtheoperationsareimplementedEncapsulation=dataabstraction+typedataabstraction:groupdataandoperationType:hidingimplementation,makeusagecorrectlyWhytype?Atypemaybeviewedasasetofclothes(orasuitofarmor)thatprotectsanunderlyinguntypedrepresentationfromarbitraryorunintendeduse.Itprovidesaprotectivecoveringthathidestheunderlyingrepresentationandconstrainsthewayobjectsmayinteractwithotherobjects.Inanuntypedsystemuntypedobjectsarenakedinthattheunderlyingrepresentationisexposedforalltosee.EncapsulateDataIfneeded,useAccessorsandMutators,NotPublicMembers
AccessorsandMutatorsismeaningfulbehaviorConstraints,transformation,format…publicvoidsetSpeed(doublenewSpeed){ if(newSpeed<0){ sendErrorMessage(...); newSpeed=Math.abs(newSpeed); } speed=newSpeed;}EncapsulatestructuresSeechapter16IteratorPatternReferencesandCollectionData-Type!Encapsulateotherobjects
CollaborationDesignComposition;delegationEncapsulatetype(subclass)LSPpointerstosuperclassesorinterfaces;AllderivedclassesmustbesubstituteablefortheirbaseclassEncapsulateChange(orvary)
Identifytheaspectsofyourapplicationthatmaychange(orvary)andseparatethemfromwhatstaysthesame.Takethepartsthatchange(vary)andencapsulatethem,sothatlateryoucanalterorextendthepartsthatvarywithoutaffectingthepartsthatdon’t.SeeDIPandOCPLaterEncapsulateImplementationDetailDataStructureOtherobjectTypeChange/vary…Principle#1:MinimizeTheAccessibilityofClassesandMembersAbstractionAnabstractionfocusesontheoutsideviewofanobjectandseparatesanobject’sbehaviorfromitsimplementationEncapsulationClassesshouldnotexposetheirinternalimplementationdetailsMainContentsEncapsulationHowtohidingchange?ExampleofResponsibility
ChangeCopyReadKeyboardWritePrintervoidCopy(ReadKeyboard&r,WritePrinter&w){
intc;
while((c=r.read())!=EOF)
w.write(c);}WriteDiskvoidCopy(ReadKeyboard&r,WritePrinter&wp,WriteDisk&wd,OutputDevicedev){
intc;
while((c=r.read())!=EOF)
if(dev==printer)wp.write(c);elsewd.write(c);}Howto…AbstractionisKey...usingpolymorphicdependencies(calls)ExampleofResponsibility
ChangeDiskWriter::Write(c){ WriteDisk(c);}CopyKeyboardReaderPrinterWriterDiskWritervoidCopy(ReadKeyboard&r,WritePrinter&w){
intc;
while((c=r.read())!=EOF)
w.write(c);}Principle10:
Open/ClosedPrinciple(OCP)Softwareentitiesshouldbeopenforextension,butclosedformodificationB.Meyer,1988/quotedbyR.Martin,1996Beopenforextensionmodule'sbehaviorcanbeextendedBeclosedformodificationsourcecodeforthemodulemustnotbechanges統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)表明,修正bug最為頻繁,但是影響很小;新增需求數(shù)量一般,但造成了絕大多數(shù)影響Modulesshouldbe
writtensotheycanbeextended
without
requiringthemtobemodifiedOCPRTTIisuglyanddangerousRTTI=Run-TimeTypeInformationIfamoduletriestodynamicallycastabaseclasspointer
toseveralderivedclasses,anytimeyouextendthe
inheritancehierarchy,youneedtochangethemodulerecognizethembytypeswitchorif-else-ifstructuresRTTIisUglyandDangerous!//
RTTIviolating
the
//open-closed
principleandLSP
class
Shape
{}
class
Square
extends
Shape
{
void
drawSquare()
{
//
draw
}
}
class
Circle
extends
Shape
{
void
drawCircle()
{
//
draw
}
}
void
drawShapes(List<Shape>
shapes)
{
for
(Shape
shape
:
shapes)
{
if
(shapes
instanceof
Square)
{
((Square)
shapes).drawSquare();
}
else
if
(shape
instanceof
Circle)
{
((Circle)
shape).drawCircle();
}
}
}
//
AbstractionandPolymorphismthat
does
//not
violate
the
open-closed
principleandLSP
interface
Shape
{
void
draw();
}
class
Square
implements
Shape
{
void
draw()
{
//
draw
implementation
}
}
class
Circle
implements
Shape
{
void
draw()
{
//
draw
implementation
}
}
void
drawShapes(List<Shape>
shapes)
{
for
(Shape
shape
:
shapes)
{
shape.draw();
}
}
OCPSummaryUseabstractiontogainexplicitclosurePlanyourclassesbasedonwhatislikelytochange.minimizesfuturechangelocationsOCPneedsDIP&&LSPNosignificantprogramcanbe100%closed
R.Martin,“TheOpen-ClosedPrinciple,”1996Principle11:DependencyInversionPrinciple(DIP)I.High-levelmodulesshouldnot
dependonlow-levelmodules.Bothshoulddependonabstractions.II.Abstractionsshouldnotdependondetails.DetailsshoulddependonabstractionsR.Martin,1996DIP:separateinterfacefromimplementation——abstractUseinheritancetoavoiddirectbindingstoclasses:
Designtoaninterface,notanimplementation!ClientInterface
(abstractclass)Implementation
(concreteclass)DIPExampleCopyReaderWriterKeyboardReaderPrinterWriterDiskWriterclassReader{public:virtualintread()=0;};classWriter{public:virtualvoidwrite(int)=0;};voidCopy(Reader&r,Writer&w){intc;while((c=r.read())!=EOF)w.write(c);}DIPProceduralvs.OOArchitectureProceduralArchitectureObject-OrientedArchitectureDIPsummaryAbstractclasses/interfaces:tendtochangelessfrequentlyabstractionsare‘hingepoints’whereitis
easiertoextend/modifyshouldn’thavetomodifyclasses/interfaces
thatrepresenttheabstraction(OCP)ExceptionsSomeclassesareveryunlikelytochange;
thereforelittlebenefittoinserting
abstractionlayerExample:StringclassIncaseslikethiscanuseconcreteclass
directlyasinJavaorC++HowtodealwithchangeOCPstatesthegoal;DIPstatesthemechanism;LSPistheinsuranceforDIPExampleofImplementationChangeDuckquack()swim()display()//otherduck-likemethods…MallardDuckdisplay(){//lookslikeamallard}RedHeadDuckdisplay(){//lookslikea
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