Unit7purchasing物流專業(yè)英語采購

Unit7PurchasingText1PurchasingDialogue1WhatisPurchasingText2PurchasingProcessDialogue2OrderingEquipmentText1Purchasing【Para1】DefinitionofPurchasing（采購的概念）Purchasingisnotsimplybuyinggoodsandservices,anditisagroupoffunctionalactivitiesassociatedwithbuyingthegoodsandservicesrequiredbyorganizations.Theseactivitiesincludesupplieridentificationandselection,buying,negotiationandcontracting,supplymarketresearch,suppliermeasurementandimprovement,andpurchasingsystemsdevelopment,etc.Text1Purchasing【Para2】theRoleofPurchasing（采購的作用）Themostimportantandtraditionalroleofpurchasingistomeettherequirementsofinternalusers.Inthepast,theemphasiswaslaidtobuywhatfirmsneedfromtherightsource,attherightprice,intherightquantity,totherightinternalcustomerandattherightspecifications.However,withtheincreaseofoutsourcing,firmsaremoreandmorerelyingonexternalsupplierstoprovidenotjustmaterialsandproducts,butalsoinformationtechnology,service,andevenlogistics.Therefore,toensuretheuninterruptedflowofhigh-qualitygoodsandservicesisbecomingmorecriticalformodernenterprises.Text1PurchasingPurchasingdepartmentmustdevelopandmaintaincloserelationshipswithotherfunctionalgroupswithintheorganizationwhichmayincludemanufacturing,marketing,technologyandfinance.Effectivecommunicationwiththesedepartmentsisessentialandnecessaryforthewholeorganizationtokeepascompetitive.Forexample,ifasupplier’scomponentsaredefectiveandcausingproblemformanufacturing,thenthepurchasingdepartmentmustworkwiththesuppliertoimprovetheirquality.Text1PurchasingInordertoensurethecurrentsuppliersarecompetitive,purchasingmustidentifynewsuppliersandimproveorreplacetheexistingsupplierswhoarenotmeetingtherequirements.Thatmeansthatpurchasingneedstokeepabreastofthenewestconditionsinsupplymarket.Text1Purchasing【Para3】theNeedofPurchasing（采購需求）Nowadaystheneedforpurchasingtobeinvolvedincorporatestrategyhasreceivedagreatdealofattention.Thereasonisthattheamountofmoneyspentonpurchasinghasincreasedsignificantly,andthepotentialsavingsfromstrategicmanagementofpurchasingareconsiderable.Anotherfactoristhetrendtowardoutsourcing,whichmeansfirmsmustmanagetheirsupplierseffectively.Nowitisbelievedthatsuppliersplayacriticalroleinsupportingafirm’scompetitivestrategy,whetheritiscostleadership,differentiation,oramixedstrategy.Text1Purchasing【Para4】DecisionofPurchasing（采購決策）Purchasingthoseproductsandserviceswhichfirmscannotproduceisnecessaryandeasilyunderstood,butiftheycanmakeorprovidetheseproductsandservicesin-house,whatwilltheydo?Decisionsaboutwhetheraproducerofgoodsorserviceswillinsourceoroutsourcearealsocalledmake-or-buydecisions.Answeringsuchquestionsisoftennotasobviousasblackandwhite.Text1PurchasingTomakeitclear,managementneedstoanswerthequestion:Whatisthedifferenceinrelevantcostsbetweenthealternatives?Therefore,itisnecessarytocalculatecostsamongalternativesandconsideritsresourcesandopportunitycost.Finally,someotherstrategicissuesalsoneedtobetakenintoaccount.Text1PurchasingNewWordsandPhrasesfunctionaladj.功能的internaladj.內(nèi)部的specificationn.規(guī)格,規(guī)范outsourcingn.外包，外購ensurev.

確保uninterruptedadj.不間斷的，連續(xù)的enterprisen.

企業(yè)，商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)Text1Purchasingfinancen.財(cái)務(wù)，金融essentialadj.基本的，必需的competitiveadj.有競爭力的，競爭的componentn.零件，部分defectiveadj.有缺陷的differentiationn.差異化relevantadj.相關(guān)的，相應(yīng)的alternativeadj.選擇性的，二中選

一的Text1Purchasingstrategicadj.戰(zhàn)略上的，關(guān)鍵的laidto把……歸于relyon依賴，依靠keepabreastof保持與...并列costleadership成本領(lǐng)先opportunitycost機(jī)會成本takeintoaccount重視，考慮Text1PurchasingNotes1．Theseactivitiesincludesupplieridentificationandselection,buying,negotiationandcontracting,supplymarketresearch,suppliermeasurementandimprovement,andpurchasingsystemsdevelopment,etc.這些活動包括供應(yīng)商的認(rèn)定和選擇，采購，談判、合同簽訂，供應(yīng)市場調(diào)研，供應(yīng)商的考核和改進(jìn)，以及采購系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)等等。Text1Purchasing2．Thatmeansthatpurchasingneedstokeepabreastofthenewestconditionsinsupplymarket.這就意味著采購需要與供應(yīng)市場的最新情況同步。Text1Purchasing3．Suppliersplayacriticalroleinsupportingafirm’scompetitivestrategy,whetheritiscostleadership,differentiation,oramixedstrategy.供應(yīng)商在支持企業(yè)的競爭戰(zhàn)略上可以扮演極其重要的角色，不管這種戰(zhàn)略是成本領(lǐng)先、差異化或是二者的混合。Text1Purchasing4．Decisionsaboutwhetheraproducerofgoodsorserviceswillinsourceoroutsourcearealsocalledmake-or-buydecisions.有關(guān)一個(gè)生產(chǎn)者會自己生產(chǎn)或者外包其產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的決策也稱為生產(chǎn)或購買決策。Text1Purchasing5．Therefore,itisnecessarytocalculatecostsamongalternativesandconsideritsresourcesandopportunitycost.Finally,someotherstrategicissuesalsoneedtobetakenintoaccount.因此，有必要在不同的可選項(xiàng)之間，計(jì)算各自的成本，考慮其資源和機(jī)會成本。最后，一些其它的戰(zhàn)略因素也需要考慮在內(nèi)。Dialogue1WhatisPurchasing（Mr.Wang,thepurchasingmanagerinamultinationalcompany,istalkingwithMissLi,anewgraduateduniversitystudent.）Li：Goodmorning,Mr.Wang.Mymajorismarketing,soIknowlittleaboutpurchasing.Couldyoutellmemoreaboutit?Wang：Ok.Purchasingisanimportantfunctionforfirmsandevennon-profitorganizations.Itisjustasimportantasmarketing,anditrequiresalotoftacticsandrichexperience.Dialogue1WhatisPurchasingLi：Really?Ithoughtpurchasingwassimplytobuysomethingyouneed,anditwillbeeasiertodo.Wang：Infact,purchasingconsistsofmanytasks,forexample,toidentifytheinternalneeds,findthesuitablesuppliers,negotiatecontract,andmakesurewhatyoupurchasewillbedeliveredontime.Li：MayIsaythatcostcontrolisthemostimportantforyou?Dialogue1WhatisPurchasingWang：Yes.Price,togetherwithqualityanddeliveryarethemostobviousandimportantfactorsforpurchasingmanagerstoconsider.Li：Arethereanyotherthingsrelatedtopurchasing?Wang：Yes.Suchasmake-or-buydecision,suppliertechnology,andhowpurchasingcansupportthefirm’scompetitivestrategy.Li：Well,Iknowsomeofthem.Buthowcanpurchasingsupportafirm’scompetitivestrategy?Dialogue1WhatisPurchasingWang：Youknow,themovementtowardglobalsourcing,rapidchangesintechnology,andincreasedcompetitionrequirepurchasingtoassumemoreresponsibilityintheplanningandimplementationofstrategiestosupportcorporatestrategy.Li：Itsoundsreasonable.Wang：Nowconsiderablefocusisplacedonensuringsupply,inventoryminimization,qualityimprovement,supplierdevelopment,andthelowesttotalcostofownership.Dialogue1WhatisPurchasingLi：Exactly,alloftheseareconnectedwithpurchasing.Wang：Thatmeansgoodpurchasingcanmakethecorporatemoreprofitable.Li：Iknowmuchaboutpurchasingnow.Sowhatisthecurrentsituationinmostfirms?Dialogue1WhatisPurchasingWang：Unfortunately,mostorganizationshavenotfullyunderstoodtheroleofpurchasing.Itisclearthattheattitudesoftopmanagementandpurchasingmanagersthemselvesmustchangebeforepurchasingplayingastrategicroleinorganizations.Li：Itmustbealongway.Wang：Yes.Besides,purchasingskillsalsoneedtobedeveloped.Dialogue1WhatisPurchasingLi：Definitely.Wang：Sohaveyougottheroughpictureofpurchasingnow?Li：Yes.NowIfullyunderstandwhatyousaid.Purchasingisreallyimportant.Wang：Wewelcomeyoutojointhepurchasingprofessioninthefuture.Li：Thankyoualot.Iwillconsideritseriously.Dialogue1WhatisPurchasingNewWordsandPhrasesmajorn.專業(yè)，主修方向functionn.功能tacticsn.戰(zhàn)術(shù)，策略identifyv.確定negotiatev.商議，談判assumev.承擔(dān)reasonableadj.有道理的Dialogue1WhatisPurchasingrolen.任務(wù)，角色managementn.管理roughadj.大致的professionn.職業(yè)，專業(yè)non-profit非盈利的consistof由……組成make-or-buy生產(chǎn)或購買competitivestrategy競爭策略Dialogue1WhatisPurchasingNotes1．Purchasingisanimportantfunctionforfirmsandevennon-profitorganizations.采購是企業(yè)甚至非盈利組織的一個(gè)重要功能。Dialogue1WhatisPurchasing2．Suchasmake-or-buydecision,suppliertechnology,andhowpurchasingcansupportthefirm’scompetitivestrategy.比如：生產(chǎn)或購買的決策，供應(yīng)商的技術(shù)，以及采購如何支持企業(yè)的競爭策略。3．thelowesttotalcostofownership.不僅包括購買價(jià)格，而是包括諸如服務(wù)維修費(fèi)用在內(nèi)的所有購得成本最低。Dialogue1WhatisPurchasing4．Unfortunately,mostorganizationshavenotfullyunderstoodtheroleofpurchasing.Itisclearthattheattitudesoftopmanagementandpurchasingmanagersthemselvesmustchangebeforepurchasingplayingastrategicroleinorganizations.遺憾的是，大多數(shù)組織還沒有完全理解采購的功能。只有高層管理者以及采購經(jīng)理的態(tài)度發(fā)生改變，采購才可能在組織中發(fā)揮戰(zhàn)略作用。Dialogue1WhatisPurchasingTips：1．Hi,thisis…speaking.2．IsthereanythingIcandoforyou?3．Ineedsome…4．Thereisagreatneedof…5．I’minurgentneedof…6．Whatelsedoyouneed?7．I’mnotsureifyouhave…8．HowsooncanIgetit?9．I’mafraidyouhavetowaituntil…10．Sorry,wedon’thavethegoodsyouneedrightnow,butwecan…Exercise按訂單生產(chǎn)make-to-______供應(yīng)商管理庫存_______managedinventory已訂購的on_____戰(zhàn)略性采購_______procurement處理訂單_____withorder成本價(jià)_____price優(yōu)惠價(jià)_________price物價(jià)指數(shù)price_______ExerciseWithouteffectivepurchasingpractices,operationsinafirmmaybedisrupted,customerservicelevelsmayfall,andlong-termcustomerrelationshipmaybedamaged.

沒有有效的采購方案，公司中的運(yùn)作將會中斷，顧客的服務(wù)將會下降，與長期客戶的關(guān)系也會破壞。2.Identifyingtherightproductionequipmentandbuyingitatagoodpricecancreatecompetitivecostadvantagesthatlastformanyyears.

辨別商品設(shè)備的性質(zhì)和購買價(jià)格合理的產(chǎn)品能夠在成本優(yōu)勢上取得延續(xù)幾年的強(qiáng)有力的競爭力。Exercise3.JITstrategyisespeciallyadvantageouswhenpricearedropping,thus,avoidingbuyinggreaterquantitiesnowwhendelaybuyingcanyieldlowerprices.當(dāng)價(jià)格下降的時(shí)候，JIT戰(zhàn)略特別有好處。因此，避免購買更大數(shù)量的同時(shí)，延期購買能使價(jià)格更低。4.Theemergenceofthesupplychainmanagementconcepthasenlightenedmanymanagersaboutthestrategicroleplayedbypurchasing.供應(yīng)鏈管理這個(gè)概念的出現(xiàn)使許多經(jīng)理人受到啟發(fā)，他們開始認(rèn)識到采購這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)所起的戰(zhàn)略性的作用。Text2PurchasingProcessThepurchasingprocessusuallyconsistsofsixstages：IdentifyuserneedforproductandserviceEvaluatepotentialsuppliersSupplierselectionPurchaseapprovalReleaseandreceivepurchaserequirementsMeasuresuppliers’performanceText2PurchasingProcessHowever,thesestagesmayvaryindifferentorganizations,dependingonwhetherpurchasingistobuyaneworrepeatitem,andalsowhetherthereisaapprovalprocessforpurchasesthatexceedaspecificamount.Newitemsrequirethatpurchasingspendmuchmoretimeevaluatingpotentialsources.Repeatitemsusuallyhaveapprovedsourcesalreadyavailable.Text2PurchasingProcess【Para1】IdentifyUserNeedforProductofService（確認(rèn)產(chǎn)品的用戶需求）Thepurchasingprocessbeginswithidentifyingmaterialsorservicesneededbyaninternaluser.Materialrequirementsmightincludeequipment,components,rawmaterials,orevencompletelyfinishedproducts.Examplesofservicecanbeaneedforcomputerprogrammers,transportationcarriers,ormaintenanceserviceproviders.Usersmayusedifferentwaystocommunicatewithpurchasing,suchasbyphone,word-of-mouth,orthroughtheinternalcomputernetworks.Text2PurchasingProcess【Para2】EvaluatePotentialSuppliers（評估潛在的供應(yīng)商）Onceafirmidentifiespotentialitemstobepurchased,itmustgatherandevaluateinformationonpotentialsuppliers,andthisisthecaseparticularlyforanewpurchase.Alistofpotentialsupplierscanbegeneratedfromavarietyofresources,includingmarketrepresentatives,tradeshows,tradejournals,thecurrentsuppliers,andtheInternet.Text2PurchasingProcessAlthoughthetraditionalwaysarestillwidelyusedandhelpful,moreandmorefirmsareutilizingtheInternetasanaidtosearchbusinessopportunitiessinceitiseffective,efficientandinexpensive.Text2PurchasingProcess【Para3】SupplierSelection（選擇供應(yīng)商）Selectingsuppliersisoneofthemostimportantactivitiesperformedbycompanies,sincemistakesmadeduringthisstagecanbedamagingandlong-lasting.Whenpriceisamaincriteriaandtherequireditemorservicehasclearspecifications,competitivebiddingisthecommonlyusedmethod.Generallythelowestbidderreceivesthecontract;otherwise,thebuyermustexplainwhyitdidnotgetthecontract.However,whennon-pricevariablesexist,thenthebuyerandsellerusuallynegotiatedirectly.Finally,thepurchasingteamwillselectasupplierbasedonthebidsreceivedorthenegotiationresult,andthenmoveontothenextstage.Text2PurchasingProcess【Para4】PurchaseApproval（采購實(shí)施）Afterthesupplierisselected,purchasinggrantsanapprovaltopurchasetheproductorservice.Thisisaccomplishedthroughissuingapurchaseorder(PO),alsocalledapurchaseagreement.Thepurchaseorderwillspecifythedetailsagreedbythebuyerandseller,suchasquantity,price,deliverydate,methodordelivery,andsoon.Itshouldbenotedthatnowadaysmoreandmorefirmsareusingcomputerizeddatabasestoperformthesetasksandaremovingtoa“paperless”office.Text2PurchasingProcess【Para5】ReleaseandReceivePurchaseRequirements（發(fā)送和接收采購需求）Atthisstage,purchasingorotherfunctionalgroupsmustmonitortheprocesscarefully.Lotsofpotentialconflictsmayoccuratthisperiod,sincethesupplierandbuyeraretwoseparatedgroupsintraditionalsenseandtheirgoalsmaybeinconflict.Forexample,thesupplierwantstoproduceandshipinaneconomicsize,whilethebuyer’sgoalistominimizeinventoryandexpectsmallordersandshortleadtime.Text2PurchasingProcess【Para6】PerformanceMeasurements（業(yè)績衡量）Suppliers’performanceiscriticaltoanorganization,andevaluationshouldbeconductedonacontinuousbasis.Asupplierthatperformswellcanhelporganizationsbemoreefficient,producehigherqualityproductsorservices,reducecosts,andincreaseprofits.However,veryfewcompanieshavedevelopedsystemstomeasuretheirsuppliers’performance.Text2PurchasingProcessNewWordsandPhrasesstagen.階段，時(shí)期approvaln.

同意，批準(zhǔn)exceedv.

超過maintenancen.維護(hù)particularlyadv.特別地，獨(dú)特地journaln.

期刊utilizev.利用Text2PurchasingProcessaidn.幫助，輔助effectiveadj.有效的efficientadj.有效率的grantv.同意，準(zhǔn)予accomplishv.完成，實(shí)現(xiàn)issuev.發(fā)布monitorv.監(jiān)控conflictn.沖突conductv.實(shí)施，進(jìn)行Text2PurchasingProcessdependingon決定于，視……而定finishedproduct成品word-of-mouth口頭的tradeshow貿(mào)易展覽long-lasting持續(xù)長時(shí)間的non-price非價(jià)格onacontinuousbasis持續(xù)地Text2PurchasingProcessNotes1．Thesestagesmayvaryindifferentorganizations,dependingonwhetherpurchasingistobuyaneworrepeatitem,andalsowhetherthereisaapprovalprocessforpurchasesthatexceedaspecificamount.在不同的組織中，這些階段可能會有所不同，取決于是重復(fù)還是全新的采購，還有是否規(guī)定了超過一定限額的采購需要一個(gè)批準(zhǔn)程序。Text2PurchasingProcess2．Materialrequirementsmightincludeequipment,components,rawmaterials,orevencompletelyfinishedproducts.物料需求可能包括設(shè)備，部件，原材料，甚至是完全的制成品。Text2PurchasingProcess3．Althoughthetraditionalwaysarestillwidelyusedandhelpful,moreandmorefirmsareutilizingtheInternetasanaidtosearchbusinessopportunitiessinceitiseffective,efficientandinexpensive.雖然傳統(tǒng)的方法仍然廣泛的使用，也很有幫助，但越來越多的組織逐漸使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)作為一個(gè)輔助來搜尋商業(yè)機(jī)會，因?yàn)樗坏行?，而且效率高也不昂貴。Text2PurchasingProcess4．Finally,thepurchasingteamwillselectasupplierbasedonthebidsreceived,orthenegotiationresult,andthenmoveontothenextstage.最后，采購團(tuán)隊(duì)將根據(jù)收到的標(biāo)書，或是談判的結(jié)果來選定一個(gè)供應(yīng)商，然后轉(zhuǎn)向下一個(gè)階段。Text2PurchasingProcess5．Itshouldbenotedthatnowadaysmoreandmorefirmsareusingcomputerizeddatabasestoperformthesetasksandaremovingtoa“paperless”office.應(yīng)該注意到，今天越來越多的企業(yè)開始采用計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)庫來完成這些工作，逐漸走向一個(gè)“無紙化”的辦公。Text2PurchasingProcess6．Suppliers’performanceiscriticaltoanorganization,andevaluationshouldbeconductedonacontinuousbasis.供應(yīng)商的表現(xiàn)對一個(gè)組織來說極為重要，因此評價(jià)應(yīng)該經(jīng)常地進(jìn)行。Dialogue2OrderingEquipment（Mr.Li,thepurchasingofficerinaUniversityistalkingwithMissZhang,themarketingrepresentativeinanITcompany.）Zhang：Goodmorning.Mr.Li.Li：Hello.MissZhang.Zhang：WeknowthattheUniversitywillbuildanewcomputerlaboratory.Canyougivemesomedetailsaboutthat?Dialogue2OrderingEquipmentLi：Yes.Theprojectwillneedhundredsofcomputers,relevantsoftwareandaccessories.Zhang：That’sgreat.Howdoyoudothat?Li：Bidding.Companiesshouldprovidedocumentsforinitialevaluation,suchasacopyoffinancialaccountsforthepreviousthreeyears,etc.Zhang：Isee.Dialogue2OrderingEquipmentLi：Allresponseswillbefullyevaluatedaccordingtotheagreedcriteria,includingprice,lead-time,qualityandsuitabilityofequipment,reputationofsupplier,etc.Zhang：Ok.Thatmustincludemanydocumentsandtables.Li：Yes.Youcangetthatinouroffice,ordownloadfromourwebsite.Zhang：Great.MayIaskthepaymentterms?Dialogue2OrderingEquipmentLi：Paymentwillbewithin45daysofreceiptofinvoiceandgoods,butduringthisperiodinstallationandprovisionoftrainingmustbefinished.Zhang：Ok.Whenshouldwesubmitthetenderdocument?Li：Nolaterthan12:00a.m.on21July.Andyoumaysendittotheaddressontheinvitationinasealedenvelope.Dialogue2OrderingEquipmentZhang：Thatwillbenoproblemforus.Li：Pleasenotethatoneprintedcopyofthetenderdocumentmustbesubmitted,togetherwithanelectronicone.Zhang：Allright.Li：Youcanprovidecompaniesororganizations,whichhavepreviouslypurchasedthesameequipmentfromyouasareference.Dialogue2OrderingEquipmentZhang：Thatisfineforus.Wehavesoldthesimilarproductstoseveraluniversitiesinthepastfewyears.Li：Universitycontractsoffercompaniesamarketingadvantage,asthoseprovidethemashowcasetothestudents,whoarepotentialbuyersinthefuture.Zhang：Thatdepends.Itmayormaynotwork.Li：Anyway,PleaseconsiderthisandtheUniversitylooksforwardtoreceivingasubstantialeducationaldiscount.Dialogue2OrderingEquipmentZhang：Ok.Iwilltalkthistomyboss.Li：Formoredetails,youcanseefromthedocuments.Zhang：Thankyouverymuch.Wewillworkonitandsubmititontime.Li：Welookforwardtoseeingitsoon.Seeyou.Zhang：Seeyousoon.Dialogue2OrderingEquipmentNewWordsandPhrasesaccessoryn.零件，附件biddingn.

招標(biāo)evaluationn.

評價(jià)criterian.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)receiptn.

收到，收據(jù)invoicen.商業(yè)發(fā)票installationn.安裝Dialogue2OrderingEquipmentenvelopen.信封，信袋referencen.參考，證明showcasen.展示substantialadj.真實(shí)的discountn.折扣financialaccount財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告tenderdocument標(biāo)書Dialogue2OrderingEquipmentNotes1．Theprojectwillneedhundredsofcomputers,relevantsoftwareandaccessories.該項(xiàng)目需要幾百臺電腦，以及相關(guān)的軟件和零配件。Dialogue2OrderingEquipment2．Paymentwillbewithin45daysofreceiptofinvoiceandgoods,butduringthisperiodinstallationandprovisionoftrainingmustbefinished.在收到貨物和發(fā)票之后的45天內(nèi)我們會付款，但在此期間安裝培訓(xùn)必須完成。Dialogue2OrderingEquipment3．Pleasenotethatoneprintedcopyofthetenderdocumentmustbesubmitted,togetherwithanelectronicone.請注意需要上交一份打印的標(biāo)書，還有一份電子版的。Dialogue2OrderingEquipment4．Universitycontractsoffercompaniesamarketingadvantage,asthoseprovidethemashowcasetothestudents,whoarepotentialbuyersinthefuture.大學(xué)的合同給公司提供了營銷的優(yōu)勢，因?yàn)樗鼈兲峁┝艘粋€(gè)向?qū)W生展示的平臺，而這些學(xué)生都是將來的潛在購買者。Dialogue2OrderingEquipment5．PleaseconsiderthisandtheUniversitylooksforwardtoreceivingasubstantialeducationaldiscount.請考慮這一點(diǎn)，而且學(xué)校期待著實(shí)實(shí)在在的教育折扣。Exercise1.對許多公司來說，購買貨物和服務(wù)是物流成本要素之一。Purchasedgoodsandservicesareoneofthelogisticselementsofcostsformanyfirms.2.對于大多數(shù)組織來說，供應(yīng)管理就意味著采購。Formostorganizations,supplymanagementmeanspurchasing.Exercise3.節(jié)省成本最有效的方法之一就是有效的采購。Themosteffectivefactortosavethecostistoperformanefficientpurchasing.4.在生產(chǎn)過程中，直接勞動力的平均消耗大約只占10%。Theaverageexpenseofdirectlaborinthemanufacturingprocessaccountsforonlyabout10%.ExerciseCaseStudy1:如何處理訂單Smith:我買了一個(gè)專門向建筑市場賣釘子的店鋪，但是我確實(shí)不知道我應(yīng)該多久下一次訂單和每次訂多少貨物。David：那肯定會是一件非常復(fù)雜的事情，我想這是因?yàn)獒斪佑泻芏喾N型號的原因。Smith：幸運(yùn)的是我只賣一個(gè)型號的釘子。David：那事情就容易多了，但是還是有很多其他的因素決定著這件事。Smith：例如呢？David：市場、稅款等一些不確定的因素。Smith：依照過去的記錄的話，每年都是一年進(jìn)一次貨物，一年賣出。每年釘子的容量是2000公斤，并且他們是每年均勻的賣給零售商的。ExerciseDavid：這看起來是很簡單的問題啊，那你主要關(guān)心的是什么呢？Smith：就目前來看，只有兩個(gè)成本我會關(guān)心。一個(gè)是營運(yùn)過程中的成本，另一個(gè)就是倉儲的成本。David：那每個(gè)訂單的運(yùn)營成本大概是多少？Smith：每個(gè)訂單是60元。David：那倉儲的成本呢？Smith：每千克每年1元。David：好的，這是一個(gè)典型的倉儲管理的問題。你可以參考下面的表來解決你的問題。Smith：好的，謝謝。ExerciseCaseStudy2