機(jī)電專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)第2版22Unit22機(jī)器人技術(shù)

RoboticsUnit22

機(jī)器人技術(shù)RoboticsRoboticsTranslationReadingMoreTranslatingSkillsText

Robotsarenotonlythestuffofspacemovies.Rightnow,allovertheworld,robotsareonthemove.They’repaintingcarsatFordplants,assemblingcookiesforPepperidgeFarms,walkingintolivevolcanoes,drivingtrainsinParis,anddefusingbombsinNorthernIreland.Today’srobotsaredoingmoreandmorethingswecan’t—ordon’twantto—do,becausetheyaretougher,nimbler,andsmarternow.Whatisarobotthen?There’snoprecisedefinition,butbygeneralagreementarobotisaprogrammablemachinethatimitatestheactionsorappearanceofanintelligentcreature—usuallyahuman.Toqualifyasarobot,amachinehastobeabletodotwothings:getinformationfromitssurroundings,anddosomethingphysical—suchasmoveormanipulateobjects[1].Ascomputersmarter.Thecurrentmechanicalrobotsofpopularculturearenotmuchdifferentfromthosefictionalbiologicalcreations.Basicallyarobotconsistsof:1.Amechanicaldevice,suchasawheeledplatform,arm,orotherconstruction,capableofinteractingwithitsenvironment.2.Sensorsonoraroundthedevicethatareabletosensetheenvironmentandgiveusefulfeedbacktothedevice.3.Systemsthatprocesssensoryinputinthecontextofthedevice’scurrentsituationandinstructthedevicetoperformactionsinresponsetothesituation[2].Traditionally,robotsareappliedanywhereoneofthe3Dsexistsinanyjobwhichistoo:Dirty,Dangerous,and／orDullforahumantoperform.Theyfunctiontorelieveusfromdangerandtedium:1.Safety:Roboticshavebeendevelopedtohandlenuclearandradioactivechemicalsformanydifferentusesincludingnuclearweapons,powerplants,environmentalcleanup,andtheprocessingofcertaindrugs.2.Unpleasantness:Robotsperformmanytasksthataretediousandunpleasant,butnecessary,suchasweldingorjanitorialwork.3.Repetitionandprecision:Assemblylineworkhasbeenoneofthemainstaysoftheroboticsindustry.Robotsareusedextensivelyinmanufacturingand,moreglamorously,inspaceexploration,whereminimummaintenancerequirementsareemphasized.Nowadaysrobotsarealsousedforentertainmentofcourse.defuse[,di:'fju:z]vt.平息；去掉…的雷管；使除去危險(xiǎn)性tough[t?f]adj.艱苦的，困難的；堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的；強(qiáng)壯的n.惡棍adv.頑強(qiáng)地nimble['nimbl]adj.敏捷的；聰明的；敏感的precise[pri'sais]adj.精確的；明確的；嚴(yán)格的manipulate[m?'nipjuleit]vt.操縱；操作；巧妙地處理；篡改sensor['sens?;-s?:]n.感受器；傳感器；敏感元件；探測(cè)裝置device[di'vais]n.裝置；策略；圖案function['f??k??n]n.功能；函數(shù)；職責(zé)；盛大的集會(huì)vi.運(yùn)行relieve[ri'li:v]vt.解除，減輕；使不單調(diào)乏味；換……的班；使放心tedium['ti:di?m]n.冗長(zhǎng)乏味，單調(diào)，沉悶handle['h?ndl]n.[建]把手；柄；手感；口實(shí)vt.處理；運(yùn)用；觸摸radioactive[,reidi?u'?ktiv]adj.放射性的；有輻射能的weld[weld]vt.焊接；使結(jié)合；使成整體vi.焊牢n.焊接；焊接點(diǎn)janitor['d??nit?]n.房屋管理員(負(fù)責(zé)維修供暖系統(tǒng)等)；[古語(yǔ)]看門(mén)人mainstay['meinstei]n.支柱；中流砥柱；主要的依靠；主桅支索glamorous['ɡl?m?r?s]adj.富有魅力的，迷人的，有誘惑力的；刺激性的maintenance['meint?n?ns]n.維護(hù)，維修；保持；生活費(fèi)用emphasize['emf?saiz]vt.強(qiáng)調(diào)，著重1.Toqualifyasarobot,amachinehastobeabletodotwothings:getinformationfromitssurroundings,anddosomethingphysical--suchasmoveormanipulateobjects.

譯文：為證明一個(gè)機(jī)器人的合格性，它應(yīng)當(dāng)至少可以做到兩件事：1)從它周邊的環(huán)境中獲取信息；2)做一些實(shí)際工作，比如移動(dòng)物體或操作物體。說(shuō)明：qualifyas（使）（某人）具有資格；（使）合格又如：AnyexternalpowersupplymeetingtheperformancerequirementsforlevelVandabovewouldqualifyasENERGYSTAR(Version2.0).

符合V級(jí)或以上等級(jí)要求的外部電源可通過(guò)“能源之星（2.0版）”認(rèn)證。2.Systemsthatprocesssensoryinputinthecontextofthedevice’scurrentsituationandinstructthedevicetoperformactionsinresponsetothesituation.譯文：要有一個(gè)根據(jù)設(shè)備所處情形處理傳感器輸入的系統(tǒng)，并能夠根據(jù)情況指揮設(shè)備去完成(相應(yīng))動(dòng)作。說(shuō)明：inthecontextof在……情況下；在……背景下又如：Inthecontextofthemodernaerospaceindustrytheseproblemsareseldomsimpleorroutine.在現(xiàn)代空間工業(yè)范疇內(nèi)，這些問(wèn)題很少是簡(jiǎn)單的或常規(guī)的問(wèn)題。I.Answerthefollowingquestions.

Toqualifyasarobot,whichtwothingsdoesamachinehavetobeabletodo?2.

Whyarerobotsgettingsmarterandsmarter?Toqualifyasarobot,amachinehastobeabletodotwothings:getinformationfromitssurroundings,anddosomethingphysical—suchasmoveormanipulateobjects.Ascomputerprocessorsaregettingfasterandcheaper,robotsaregettingsmarterandsmarter.KeyKeyI.Answerthefollowingquestions.3.Basicallywhatdoesarobotconsistof?

Basicallyarobotconsistsof:1.Amechanicaldevice,suchasawheeledplatform,arm,orotherconstruction,capableofinteractingwithitsenvironment.2.Sensorsonoraroundthedevicethatareabletosensetheenvironmentandgiveusefulfeedbacktothedevice.3.Systemsthatprocesssensoryinputinthecontextofthedevice’scurrentsituationandinstructthedevicetoperformactionsinresponsetothesituation.

KeyII

．TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese．1.Rightnow，allovertheworld，robotsareonthemove．2.Thecurrentmechanicalrobotsofpopularculturearenotmuchdifferentfromthosefictionalbiologicalcreations.現(xiàn)在，全世界范圍內(nèi)，機(jī)器人都在活動(dòng)著呢!當(dāng)今流行文化中的機(jī)械器人與小說(shuō)中塑造的那些生物已經(jīng)沒(méi)有太大區(qū)別。Key

Key

II.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese．3.Theyfunctiontorelieveusfromdangerandtedium：4.Robotsperformmanytasksthataretediousandunpleasant,butnecessary,suchasweldingorjanitorialwork．而它們的職能就是將我們從危險(xiǎn)和沉悶中解放出來(lái)機(jī)器人可以完成許多煩悶、無(wú)趣但卻是必需的工作，比如焊接或守門(mén)的工作。KeyKey

英文招聘廣告是較常見(jiàn)和實(shí)用的應(yīng)用文之一，它具有一般廣告的共同特點(diǎn)，但又有別于產(chǎn)品廣告，非商業(yè)廣告和政治廣告，它是一種特定的以招募各種勞動(dòng)力為目的的文體，因此在語(yǔ)言和結(jié)構(gòu)上也具有自己的特點(diǎn)。英文招聘廣告的閱讀屬于語(yǔ)用性閱讀，要達(dá)到高效省事的效果，必須掌握英文招聘廣告的特點(diǎn)和一些實(shí)際的閱讀技巧。英文招聘廣告具有以下特點(diǎn)：

一、結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，層次分明招聘廣告通常由“廣告標(biāo)題”、“公司簡(jiǎn)介”、“工作職責(zé)”、“資格要求”、“薪金待遇”、“聯(lián)系方式”等六部分組成，雖然某些部分也會(huì)省略，但每一部分通常都獨(dú)立成段，各部分之間的界限清晰明了。

怎樣閱讀英文招聘廣告

二、標(biāo)題言簡(jiǎn)意賅，精確具體英語(yǔ)招聘廣告往往以招聘單位名稱(chēng)或招聘職位作標(biāo)題，使求職者一目了然。如：Avon(Shanghai)CompanyLimited

上海雅芳有限公司R&DsoftwareEngineer研發(fā)軟件工程師Businessadvisor商務(wù)顧問(wèn)

三、多用省略句 為了節(jié)省廣告的篇幅和廣告的費(fèi)用，同時(shí)使讀者一目了然，英語(yǔ)招聘廣告經(jīng)常省略句子的主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞，定冠詞，不定冠詞和從句。由于特定的上下文，讀者也十分清楚，不會(huì)產(chǎn)生誤會(huì)或歧義。如：ExcellentwrittenandverbalcommunicationskillsinEnglishandmandarin

良好的口頭和書(shū)面中英文表達(dá)能力

(省略了實(shí)義動(dòng)詞have)Abilitytoreactquicklyandefficiently

tocrisis能夠快速有效地應(yīng)對(duì)危機(jī)（省略了冠詞the)Qualificationsneeded:

所需資格：（省略了從句whichare)

四、多用各種短語(yǔ)或短句英語(yǔ)招聘廣告在描述工作職責(zé)和應(yīng)聘資格時(shí)廣泛使用名稱(chēng)短語(yǔ)、形容詞短語(yǔ)和介詞短語(yǔ)以縮短廣告的篇幅。短語(yǔ)的使用既方便記憶，又能節(jié)約版面，同時(shí)突出了關(guān)鍵詞，容易引起求職者的注意。如：Goodanalyticskills,problemsolvingandconflictmanagementskills（良好的分析能力、解決問(wèn)題能力和沖突管理能力）Familiarwithgeneralofficesoftware（熟悉辦公軟件）Undertheageof40（40歲以下）With2-3yearsexperienceintelecom（2~3年電信行業(yè)工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)）

五、常用祈使句一般用來(lái)說(shuō)明應(yīng)聘方法。為表示禮貌，使讀者感到親切，開(kāi)頭都用個(gè)“請(qǐng)”字。如：PleaseapplyinyourownhandwritingwithfullEnglishresumeandresentphototo:

請(qǐng)親自謄寫(xiě)詳細(xì)的英文簡(jiǎn)歷并附上近照寄：Pleasecalorinterviewing.

請(qǐng)致定面試事宜。

六、采用縮略詞

為了節(jié)省廣告撰稿人的撰稿時(shí)間與讀者的閱讀時(shí)間，并節(jié)省費(fèi)用，英語(yǔ)廣告中能用縮略的詞語(yǔ)都盡可能縮略。如：Dept:Department部門(mén)

CV:CurriculumVitae

個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷JV:jointventure

合資

G.M.:GeneralManager

總經(jīng)理Ad:advertisement

廣告

add:address

地址P/T:parttime兼職（的）

refs:references推薦信

exp’d:experienced有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的

Wpm:wordsperminute打字/每分鐘

req:required需要

CAD:computerassisteddesign計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)因此，在閱讀英文招聘廣告時(shí)，首先要瀏覽廣告標(biāo)題，確定招聘單位和招聘職位。然后瀏覽公司簡(jiǎn)介，掌握招聘公司的一些基本情況。接下來(lái)，要細(xì)讀工作職責(zé)和資格要求，確定自己是否能夠勝任這份工作，注意辨別一些省略句和縮略詞。最后，要留意聯(lián)系方式，必要時(shí)要?jiǎng)邮钟浵戮唧w的聯(lián)系方式。

七、英文招聘廣告（范例）Sample1Machineoperator

Responsibilities:---Basicoperationofmachine,includingstart-up,shutdownandtesttomachine.---Workaccordingtoproductionplanandprogramorprocessdrawings.---Replaceandmaintainthemachineparts.

Requirements:---Collegedegreeorabove,majoredinmechanicalengineeringorrelevant---Excellentinreadingandinterpretingmachiningworkinstructions---Experienceinanindustrialproductionenvironmentisaplus.---GoodsenseofresponsibilityandworkingattitudeWeofferattractivesalarydependentonqualificationandexperience.Interestedpartiespleasesendfullresumewithexpectedsalary,photo,contactaddressandtel.no.toPersonnelDept.beforeJune18,2011.Theaddressofourcompany:106Fang-yuanRoad,Guangzhou.Ourpostcode:510370招聘機(jī)床操作員

工作職責(zé)：1.用機(jī)床進(jìn)行基本的操作，包括機(jī)床的啟動(dòng)、關(guān)閉及調(diào)試。2.依據(jù)生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃與加工程序或工藝圖紙,進(jìn)行加工。3.維護(hù)及更換機(jī)床內(nèi)部零件。

職位要求：1.機(jī)械相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)大學(xué)專(zhuān)科及以上學(xué)歷2.能看懂機(jī)床加工工作指令3.有工廠(chǎng)實(shí)際操作經(jīng)驗(yàn)者優(yōu)先4.崗位責(zé)任心強(qiáng)，工作態(tài)度認(rèn)真我們將根據(jù)各人的學(xué)歷和經(jīng)驗(yàn)提供富有吸引力的薪酬。有興趣的人員請(qǐng)將希望待遇、照片、聯(lián)系地址、電話(huà)和簡(jiǎn)歷2010年6月18日前寄到我公司人事部。公司地址：廣州市方圓大道106號(hào)，郵編：510370。

Sample2

MarketingAssistantResponsibilities:---Responsibleforthelocalmanagementofmarketingandsalesactivitiesaccordingtoinstructionsfromheadoffice.---Collectrelatedinformationfortheheadoffice.Requirements:---CollegedegreeorabovewithgoodEnglish(speakingandwriting).---Developrelationshipwithlocalmediaandcustomers.---Withbasicideaofsalesandmarketing,relatedexperienceispreferred.---Workingexperienceinaninternationalorganizationisamust.---Goodcommunicationandpresentationskills.

Therightcandidatewillreceiveanappropriateandattractivecompensationpackage.InterestedcandidatespleaseapplyinwritinginbothEnglishandMandarinasfollows:1.Qualifications,jobexperiencewithsalaryhistoryandexpectedcompensationpackage.2.Recentphoto.AndsendthemtotheaddressbelowbyJuly31:Room302,InternationalHotel,1S.St.Beijing100088.AllemploymentswillbedonethroughFESCO.Notelephonecallwillbeentertained.招聘銷(xiāo)售助理

工作職責(zé)：1.根據(jù)總公司的要求負(fù)責(zé)區(qū)域銷(xiāo)售管理及銷(xiāo)售活動(dòng)2.收集相關(guān)信息資料上報(bào)總公司職位要求：1.大學(xué)及以上文憑，英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)流利，書(shū)面表達(dá)能力強(qiáng)。2.開(kāi)發(fā)和維護(hù)所負(fù)責(zé)區(qū)域的客戶(hù)和合作伙伴。3.了解市場(chǎng)，熟悉銷(xiāo)售相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)工作者優(yōu)先4.外資企業(yè)工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)是必備的條件5.具有良好的溝通及表達(dá)能力應(yīng)聘者將獲得合理而富有吸引力的薪酬待遇。有意者請(qǐng)用中英文書(shū)寫(xiě)以下應(yīng)聘材料：包含學(xué)歷，工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)，以往工作待遇和期望的工資福利待遇，并準(zhǔn)備近照一張。請(qǐng)于7月31日前，將應(yīng)聘材料寄往：北京南街1號(hào)國(guó)際賓館302房間郵編：100088所有招聘都將通過(guò)外國(guó)企業(yè)服務(wù)公司進(jìn)行。恕不接受電話(huà)查詢(xún)。

Robot&itscontrolRobot&itscontrolAtypicalrobot(Fig.22.1)willhaveseveral,thoughnotnecessarilyallofthefollowingproperties:(1)isnot‘natural’,i.e.itisartificiallycreated.(2)cansenseitsenvironment,andmanipulateorinteractwiththingsinit.(3)hassomeabilitytomakechoicesbasedontheenvironment,oftenusingautomaticcontrolorapreprogrammedsequence.(4)moveswithoneormoreaxesofrotationortranslation.(5)appearstohaveintentoragency.Fig.22.1robotThemechanicalstructureofarobotmustbecontrolledtoperformtasks.Thecontrolofarobotinvolvesthreedistinctphases—perception,processingandaction.Sensorsgiveinformationabouttheenvironmentortherobotitself(e.g.thepositionofitsjointsoritsendeffector).Thisinformationisthenprocessedtocalculatetheappropriatesignalstotheactuators(motors)whichmovethemechanicalstructure.Theprocessingphasecanrangeincomplexity.Itmaybethefirststeptoestimateparametersofinterest(e.g.thepositionoftherobot’sgripper)fromnoisysensordata.Animmediatetask(suchasmovingthegripperinacertaindirection)isinferredfromtheseestimates[1].Techniquesfromcontroltheoryconvertthetaskintocommandsthatdrivetheactuators.Atlongertimescalesorwithmoresophisticatedtasks,therobotmayneedtobuildandreasonwitha“cognitive”model.Cognitivemodelstrytorepresenttherobot,theworld,andhowtheyinteract.Pattenrecognitionandcomputervisioncanbeusedtotrackobjects.Mappingtechniquescanbeusedtobuildmapsoftheworld.Finally,motionplanningandotherartificialintelligencetechniquesmaybeusedtofigureouthowtoact.Controlsystemsmayalsohavevaryinglevelsofautonomy.Directinteractionisusedforhapticortele-operateddevices,andthehumanhasnearlycompletecontrolovertherobot’smotion.Operator-assistmodeshavetheoperatorcommandingmedium-to-high-leveltasks,withtherobotautomaticallyfiguringouthowtoachievethem[2].Anautonomousrobotmaygoforextendedperiodsoftimewithouthumaninteraction.Higherlevelsofautonomydonotnecessarilyrequiremorecomplexcognitivecapabilities.Forexample,robotsinassemblyplantsarecompletelyautonomous,perty['pr?p?ti]n.性質(zhì)，性能；財(cái)產(chǎn)；所有權(quán)intent[in'tent]n.意圖；目的；含義adj.專(zhuān)心的；急切的；堅(jiān)決的perception[p?'sep??n]n.知覺(jué)；感覺(jué)；看法；洞察力；獲取actuator['?ktjueit?]n.操作者，執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)；驅(qū)使者，激勵(lì)者；傳動(dòng)裝置

phase[feiz]n.相；階段；位相vt.使定相；逐步執(zhí)行vi.逐步前進(jìn)range[reind?]n.范圍；幅度v.平行；延伸；漫游；使并列；歸類(lèi)于parameter[p?'r?mit?]n.參數(shù)；系數(shù)；參量gripper['ɡrip?]n.夾子，鉗子；抓器，抓爪infer[in'f?:]vt.推斷；推論vi.推斷；做出推論sophisticated[s?'fistikeitid]adj.復(fù)雜的；精致的；富有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的cognitive['k?ɡnitiv]adj.認(rèn)識(shí)的；認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程的；以實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)為依據(jù)的track[tr?k]n.軌道；蹤跡；小道vt.追蹤；通過(guò)；循路而行vi.追蹤1.Atypicalrobotmoveswithoneormoreor2.Thecontrolofarobotinvolvesthreedistinctphases—and.Fillinthefollowingblanksaccordingtothetext.

axesofrotationtranslationperceptionprocessingaction

KeyKey3.Atlongertimescalesorwithmoresophisticatedtasks,therobotmayneedtobuildandreasonwitha.4.andcanbeusedtotrackobjects..Fillinthefollowingblanksaccordingtothetext.

“cognitive”modelPattenrecognitioncomputervision

KeyKey5.isusedforhapticortele-operateddevices,andthehumanhasnearlycompletecontrolovertherobot’smotion.6.maygoforextendedperiodsoftimewithouthumaninteraction.Fillinthefollowingblanksaccordingtothetext.

DirectinteractionAnautonomousrobotKeyKey機(jī)器人及其控制典型機(jī)器人(圖22.1)有以下一些特征，盡管不一定