2023年英語二自考答案

【題型：單項選擇】[1]Ishouldliketorentahouse,modern,comfortableand___inaqiuetenvironment.DAbeforeallBfirstofallCafterallDaboveall[2]Hisfewpersonalbelongingsmakeitpossibleforhimtomovefromplacetoplace___.CAineaseBateaseCwitheaseDwitheasiness[3]Couldyoulendmesomemoney?I'mvery______ofcashatthemoment.BAneedBshortCscarceDempty[4]It______exactlythirtyyearssinceIgraduatedfromcollege.BAwasBhasbeenCwillbeDhadbeen[5]Hewascompletely______byhertaleofhardship.BAtakenawayBtakeninCtakingawayDtakenup[6]Theteamdoctorinsistedthattheroute_____becauseofthepossibledanger.CAcouldbechangedBwouldbechangedCbechangedDmightbechanged[7]Problemscan_____whenpeoplehavenoknowledgeofthelaw.CAriseBjumpCariseDlift[8]The_____ladyisbelievedtobethethiefwantedbythepolice.AAbeautifullydressedBdressedbeautifullyCbeautifuldressingDbeautifuldress[9]Themanagerdidnotofferhimthejobbecauseofhisuntidy_____.DAsightBpresenceCviewDappearance[10]Whenaskedtogivehisopiniononthefailureoffileexperiment,hepretended______it.CAhaven'theardBhaven'theardofCnottohaveheardofDnothavingheardof[1]Thechiefconcern___foggywinteristhatthelowertemperatersandtheabsenceofsunlightwouldseverelydisruptfoodproduction.BAonBoverCofDfor[2]Wealth,education,andoccupationcanvarygreatly___membersofmiddleclass.AAamongBbewteenCfromDinside[3]Thedateofthemeetinghasbeen______fromthe5thto8thofJune.AApostponedBputforwardCadvancedDbroughtoff[4]Allthathashappenedisheart-breaking.Infact,alittlemorecarefulness_____thistragicevent.AAwouldhavepreventedBshouldpreventCcouldpreventDmusthaveprevented[5]Asuddenidea_____tohimthathemighttrythenewmethod.BAoccurredBtookplaceChappenedDtookpart[6]With_____,theadventurerssucceededinmakingafiretowarmthemselves.DAtheycouldfindBwhichtheycouldfindCthattheycouldfindDwhattheycouldfind[7]Wehavecometoacriticalmoment.Youmusttakeimmediate______.AAactionBactivityCactDdoings[8]BeforehesetoffIpackedhimsomefood_____hewouldn'tgethungry.DAbecauseBevenClestDsothat[9]Heis_____tovisitusifheknowswherewelive.AAlikelyBprobablyCpossiblyDnecessarily[10]_____breaksthelawwillbepunishedwithoutmercy.CAAnyoneBWhoCWhoeverDNomatterwho[1]Theship'sgeneratorbrokedown,andthepumpshadtobeoperatedinsteadofmechanically.CAartificiallyBautomaticallyCmanuallyDsynthetically[2]Thelittlegirlwassofrightenedthatshejustwouldn'thergriponmyarm.AAloosenBremoveCrelieveDdismiss[3]Heneverarrivesontimeandmyisthathefeelsthemeetingsareuseless.CApreferenceBconferenceCinferenceDreference[4]Mrs.gmithwassoabouteverythingthatnoservantscouldpleaseher.DAspeeificBspecialCpreciseDparticular[5]NormanDaviswillberememberedbymanywithnotonlyasagreatscholarbutalsoasamostdelightfulandfaithfulfriend.DAkindnessBfriendlinessCwarmthDaffection[6]Salariesforpositionsseemtobehigherthanforpermanentones.DAlegalBoptionalCvoluntaryDtemporary[7]MostpeopleagreethatthepresentroleofwomenhasalreadyaffectedU.S.society.ithasaffectedthetraditionalroleofmen.AAAboveallBInallCAtmostDAtlast[8]Scienceandtechnologyhaveinimportantwaystotheimprovementofagriculturalproduction.CAattachedBassistedCcontributedDwitnessed[9]Asanactorhecouldcommunicateawholeofemotions.BAframeBrangeCnumberDscale[10]Thisiswhatyoushouldbearinmind:Don'tasalaryincreasebeforeyouactuallygetit.DAhangonBdrawonCwaitonDcounton[1]Hefoundthemediaattentionintolerableanddecidedtogoabroad.BAsufficientBconstantCsteadyDplenty[2]Therehasbeenacollisionanumberofcarsonthemainroadtotown.CAcomposingBconsistingCinvolvingDengaging[3]elephantsaredifthrentfromwildelephantsinmanyaspects,includingtheirtempers.DACultivatedBRegulatedCCivilDTame[4]Tendaysagotheyoungmaninfo~edhisbossofhisintentiontoAAresignBrejectCretreatDreplace[5]Asoneoftheworld'shighestpaidmodels,shehadherface.forfivemilliondollars.DAdeposiledBassuredCmeasuredDinsured[6]Histemperandpersonalkyshowthathecanbecomeasoldierofthetop.BAcircleBrankCcategoryDgrade[7]Duringthelecture,thespeakeroccasionallyhispointbyrelatinghisownexperiences.AAillustratedBhintedCcitedDdisplayed[8]Onlythosewhocantolosetheirmoneyshouldmakehigh-riskinvestments.DAmaintainBsustairtCendureDafford[9]Lastnighthesawtwodarkenterthebuilding,andthentherewastheexplosion.BAfeaturesBfiguresCsketchesDimages[10]Itisobviousthatthisnewruleisapplicabletoeveryonewithout.AAexceptionBexclusionCmodificationDsubstitution[1]Themachinelookedlikealarge,，old-fashionedtypewriter.BAforcefulBclumsyCintenseDtricky[2]Thoughshebeganherbysinginginalocalpopgroup,sheisnowafamousHollywoodmoviestar.BAemploymentBcareerCoccupationDprofession[3]Withintwoweeksofarrival,allforeignershadtowiththelocalpoliceCAinquireBconsultCregisterDprofession[4]Consideringyoursalary,youshouldbeabletoatleasttwentydollarsaweek.DAputforwardBputupCputoutDputaside[5]Ashehasourpratience,we’llnotwaitforhimanylonger.CAtornBwastedCexhaustedDconsumed[6]TheseteacherstrytobeobjectivewhentheytheintegratedabilityoftheirstudentsBAjustifyBevaluateCindicateDreckon[7]Mrs.Morris'sdaughterisprettyand,andmanygirlsenvyher.AAslenderBlightCfaintDminor[8]TomorrowthemayoristoagroupofCanadianbusinessmenonatourofthecity.CAcoordinateBcooperateCaccompanyDassociate[9]I'menoughtoknowitisgoingtobeaverydifficultsituationtocompeteagainstthreestrongteams.AArealisticBconsciousCregisterDresolve[10]Canyougivemeeventheclueastowherehersonmightbe?BAsimplestBslightestCleastDutmost【題型：閱讀】[1]Mostpeoplethinkofacamelasanobedientbeastofburden,becauseitisbestknownforitsabilitytocarryheavyloadsacrossvaststretchesofdesertwithoutrequiringwater.Inreality,thecamelisconsiderablymorethanjusttheArabianequivalentofthemule.Italsopossessesagreatamountofintelligenceandsensitivity.TheArabsassertthatcamelsaresoacutelyawareofinjusticeandilltreatmentthatacamelownerwhopunishesoneofthebeaststooharshlyfindsitdifficulttoescapethecamel’svengeance.Apparently,theanimalwillrememberaninjuryandwaitforanopportunitytogetrevenge.Inordertoprotectthemselvesfromthevengefulbeasts,Arabiancameldrivershavelearnedtotricktheircamelsintobelievingtheyhaveachievedrevenge.WhenanArabrealizesthathehasexitedacamel’srage,heplaceshisowngarmentsonthegroundintheanimal’spath.Hearrangestheclothingsothatitappearstocoveraman’sbody.Whenthecamelrecognizesitsmaster’sclothingontheground,itseizesthepilewithitsteeth,shakesthegarmentsviolentlyandtramplesontheminarage.Eventually,afteritsangerhasdiedaway,thecameldeparts,assumingitsrevengeiscomplete.Onlythendoestheownerofthegarmentscomeoutofhiding,safeforthetimebeing,thankstothiscleverruse.1.Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthispassage?A.Thecamelneverdrinkswater.B.Thecamelisalwaysviolent.C.Thecamelisverysensitive.D.Thecamelisrarelyusedanymore.2.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat________.A.themuleisastupidandinsensitiveanimalB.themuleisasintelligentasthecamelC.themuleisananimalwidelyusedinthedesertD.themuleisavengefulanimal3.Fromthispassagewecanconcludethat________.A.camelsaregenerallyvicioustowardstheirownersB.camelsusuallytreattheirownerswellC.camelsdon’tseeverywellD.camelstrytopunishpeoplewhoabusethem4.Thewritermakesthecamel’svengefulbehaviourclearertothereaderbypresenting______.A.awell-plannedargumentB.alargevarietyofexamplesC.someeyewitnessaccountsD.atypicalincident5.Themainideaofthepassageis_____________.A.camelscanbeasintelligentastheirdriversB.camelsaresensitivetoinjusticeandwillseekrevengeonthosewhoharmthemC.cameldriversareoftenthetargetsofcamels’revengeD.camelsaresensitivecreaturesthatareawareofinjustice【注】答案填寫按照題目次序直接填寫選項，例如（ABBCC）得分：60分答：BBDDB[2]Becausespeechisthemostconvenientformofcommunication,inthefuturewewantessentiallynaturalconversationswithcomputers.Theprimarypointofcontactwillbeasimpledevicethatwillactasourwindowontheworld.Itwillhavetobesmallenoughtoslipintoyourpocket,sotherewillbeascreenbutnokeyboard:youwillsimplytalktoit.Thedevicewillbepermanentlyconnectedtotheinternetandwillsendrelevantinformationuptoyouasitcomesin.Suchdeviceswillevolvenaturallyinthenextfivetotenyears.Justhowquicklypeoplewilladapttoavoice-basedinternetworldisuncertain.Manybelievethat,initiallyatleast,wewillneedsimilarconventionsforthevoicetothoseweuseatpresentonscreen:click,back,forward,andsoon.ButsoonyouwillundoubtedlybeabletointeractbyvoicewithallthoseIT-basedservicesyoucurrentlyconnectwithovertheinternetbymeansofakeyboard.Thiswillhelptheinternetservetheentirepopulation,notjusttechnofreaks.Changeslikethiswillencompassthewholeworld.BecauseEnglishisthelanguageofscience,itwillprobablyremainthelanguageinwhichthetechnologyismostadvanced,butmostspeech-recognitiontechniquesaretransferabletootherlanguagesprovidedthereissufficientmotivationtoundertakethework.Ofcourse,inanylanguagetherearestillhugeproblemsforustosolve.Carefullydictated,clearspeechcannowbeunderstoodbycomputerswithonlya4-5percenterrorrate,butevenstate-of-the-arttechnologystillrecords30-40percenterrorswithspontaneousspeech.Withintenyearswewillhavecomputersthatrespondtogoal-directedconversation,butforacomputertohaveaconversationthattakesintoaccounthumansocialbehaviorisprobably50yearsoff.We’renotgoingtobechattingtothebigscreeninthelivingroomjustyet.1.Computerscannowunderstand__________ofcarefullydictated,clearspeech.A.4-5%B.30-40%C.91-92%D.95-96%2Thesimpledevice,possiblywithascreenbutnokeyboard,canbeputtouse___________.A.withinfiftyyearsB.fiftyyearslaterC.inthenextfivetotenyearsD.withinthenextfiveyears3.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleforthepassage?A.InternetandHumanVoiceB.ComputersandArtificialSpeechC.ScreenandSpeechRecognitionD.ComputersandHumanBehavior4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Speechisthemostconvenientformofcommunication.B.Speech-recognitiontechniquescanbeusedbetweendifferentlanguages.C.Thetoneofthepassageisblindlyhopeful.D.Lotsofproblemsarewaitingtobesolvedforthespeechrecognition.5.Theword“state-of–the-art”(Para.4)mostprobablymeans_____________.A.mostadvancedB.mostpopularC.mostpracticalD.mostcomplicated【注】答案填寫按照題目次序直接填寫選項，例如（ABBCC）得分：100分答：DCBCA[3]Disneyisoneofthemostpowerfulcompaniesintheworld.Infact,itissobigandhassomuchinfluencethatanewwordhascomeintoEnglish:DISNEYFICATION.HereisaquickguidetotheeffectsofDisneyfication.Afewmediaandpublishinggiantscontrolmanyofthethingswewatch,readandlistento.ThereforetheWest—mainlytheUSA—hasastronginfluenceontheworld’spopularculture.Itiseasyforpeopletoidentifywiththeproductsoftheentertainmentcorporations.Theseproductsareglamorous,excitingandfullofthelatesttechnology;theyeasilybecomepartoftheculturethatpeoplesharewiththeirfriendsandtheircommunities.Asthecultureofwesternentertainmentspreads,theworldwilllosealotofitsculturalvariety.Everyoneisbecomingmoreandmorealike:allaroundtheworldteenagerswearthesame“uniform”ofbaseballcaps,bluejeansandrunningshoes.CountrieslikeCanada,FranceandMalaysiahavebeenfightinghardtoprotecttheirtraditionalculturebyrestrictingtheimportofforeignbooks,filmsandsoon.However,companiesthatwanttoincreasetheircultureexportsareinfavorofanewtreaty,theMultilateralTreatyofInvestment.Thistreatywouldlimitthepowerofgovernmentstocontrolculturalimports.MajorcorporationslikeDisneymakeconsumerismpartofsports,artsandentertainment.AfteryouhavetakenyourchildrentoseethelatestDisneymovie,theywillwantyoutobuythevideo,thekeychain,thetoys,theT-shirt,thenote-paper,thepencilset…Everyfilmcomeswithapackageofproducts,games,andchildren’sbooks—and,ofcourse,acarefulplanformarketingthemall.Themeparksarebecomingamodelfortownsandcommercialdevelopment.Everywhere,youcanfindchainrestaurants,giantshoppingmalls,andmodernizedcitycentersthatallfollowthesamepattern.Theyarealldesignedtomakeusfeelasifwearegettingawayfromlife’sproblems—andtomakeusspendmoney.Asthiskindofdevelopmentspreads,thereislessandlessspaceforothervaluesandotherwaysofdoingthings.1.TheeffectsofDisneyficationcanbeseenfromallofthefollowingEXCEPTthat________.A.theworldgrowslikeathemeparkB.webuy,buy,buyC.wehavethecorporateviewofnatureD.westernculturegrowsstronger2.Whatdoestheworld“disneyfication”imply?A.Disneyisagiantcorporation.B.Weallbecomemorealike.C.Thelocalculturebecomeslessstrong.D.Therealworldisbecomingmoreandmorelikeathemepark—likeDisneyland.3.AsfarastheUSAisconcerned,theMultilateralTreatyofInvestmentsignifies__________.A.thelimitof“cultureexports”B.thespreadof“cultureexports”C.therestrictof“cultureimports”D.thelimitofgovernment’spowertocontrolthecultureimports4.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.ThebiginfluencethatDisneyplaysontheworld.B.Disneymotivatesustobuyitsproducts.C.ChildrenarecrazyaboutDisneyfashion.D.Disneyissimplyadreamtousall.5.Theword“glamorous”inParagraph2isclosestinmeaningto__________inthecontext.A.beautifulB.attractiveC.excitingD.elegant【注】答案填寫按照題目次序直接填寫選項，例如（ABBCC）得分：100分答：CDBAB[4]KayJames,SecretaryofHealthandHumanResourcesintheVirginiastategovernment,lovestoturnthetablesonthosewhodon’tthinkit’spossibletobemiddle-class,conservation,educatedandstillbetrulyblack.Once,duringanabortiondebate,awomanintheaudienceangrilytoldJamesshewassomiddle-classshedidn’thaveaclueaboutrealAfrican-Americanlife.“Ifyouunderstoodwhatthesewomengothrough,”thewomansaid,“youwouldrealizethatabortionistheironlychoice.”Jamesthenaskedthewomantoconsiderapoorblackmotheronwelfare.Shealreadyhasfourchildrenandanalcoholichusbandwhohasallbutabandonedthefamily.Nowshediscoversanotherchildisontheway.“Howwouldyoucounselthatwoman?”askedJames.“Haveanabortion,”thewomanresponded.“Thatchildwouldhaveaverypoorqualityoflife.”“Ihaveavestedinterestinyouranswer,”Jamessaid.“ThewomanIdescribedwasmymother.Iwasthefifthofsixchildrenbornintopoverty.And,incaseyou’reinterested,thequalityofmylifeinjustfine!”1.KayJames___________.A.isnotablackB.isapoorblackmotherC.hasfivebrothersandsisterD.hasahardlife2.“Toturnthetables”means____________.A.tomovethetablesB.tocarrythetablesawayC.togaincourageD.togainanadvantageafterhavingbeenatadisadvantage3.James’father_____________.A.divorcedhiswifeB.likedtodrinkC.desertedhisfamilyD.BandC4.James’mother____________.A.waseducatedB.wasconservativeC.waspoorD.AandB5.James’familyleda_________lifewhenshewasborn.A.miserableB.happyC.well-offD.hardly【注】答案填寫按照題目次序直接填寫選項，例如（ABBCC）得分：100分答：CDDCA[5]WhenaconductorinSpainaskedtoseehertrainticket,JanetLoops,andexerciseinstructorfromPaloAlto,Calif.,reachedforherpurse—anddiscoveredherwalletwasgone.Shehadnoticket,passport,creditcards,traveler’schecks,cash.Ittooknearlyaweektogetanewpassportandtraveler’schecks.Hertripwasalmostruined.Toguardagainstsuchdisasters,especiallyoverseas,someexpertssuggestcarryingyourmoneyanddocumentsinasmall,flatpoucharoundyourneckandtuckedunderyourclothing.Afannypackcanbeusedifcarriedinfront,butbealert—itcanbecutoff.Otherpossiblewaystofoilpickpockets:Wraprubberbandsaroundawallettomakeithardertoliftfromapocket.Havezipperssewnintoyourblazerpocket.Thekeyistostayalertand“packyourcommonsense,”saysAlfredBoza,aMiamiBeachpolicedetective.Know,forinstance,thatthehonest-lookingwomanyouasktotakeyourpicturemightrunawaywithyourcamera.Orthatthievescouldbewatchingforyoutoleaveyourbagsunattendedbrieflyatairportsecuritycheckpoints.1.JanetLoops______________.A.hadnotboughtherticketB.wasatravelerC.wasatrainconductorD.hadherwalletrobbed2.Itis____________foroverseastokeeptheirmoneyanddocumentssafe.A.difficultB.precariousC.possibleD.perilous3.“Bealert”inParagraph2means_____________.A.becarefulB.bewatchfulandreadytomeetdangerC.bealternativeD.bereadytostopthief4.Ifyouareatraveler,youshould_______________.A.notaskotherstotakeyourpictureB.putyourpassport,creditcardstraveler’schecksandcashindividuallyC.notcarrycashonyouD.stayalertandpackyourcommonsense5.Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe________________.A.HowtoTravelB.HowtoKeepMoneySafeC.WatchforThievesD.GuardAgainstDisasters【注】答案填寫按照題目次序直接填寫選項，例如（ABBCC）得分：100分答：BADDC[6]KayJames,SecretaryofHealthandHumanResourcesintheVirginiastategovernment,lovestoturnthetablesonthosewhodon’tthinkit’spossibletobemiddle-class,conservation,educatedandstillbetrulyblack.Once,duringanabortiondebate,awomanintheaudienceangrilytoldJamesshewassomiddle-classshedidn’thaveaclueaboutrealAfrican-Americanlife.“Ifyouunderstoodwhatthesewomengothrough,”thewomansaid,“youwouldrealizethatabortionistheironlychoice.”Jamesthenaskedthewomantoconsiderapoorblackmotheronwelfare.Shealreadyhasfourchildrenandanalcoholichusbandwhohasallbutabandonedthefamily.Nowshediscoversanotherchildisontheway.“Howwouldyoucounselthatwoman?”askedJames.“Haveanabortion,”thewomanresponded.“Thatchildwouldhaveaverypoorqualityoflife.”“Ihaveavestedinterestinyouranswer,”Jamessaid.“ThewomanIdescribedwasmymother.Iwasthefifthofsixchildrenbornintopoverty.And,incaseyou’reinterested,thequalityofmylifeinjustfine!”1KayJames___________.A.isnotablackB.isapoorblackmotherC.hasfivebrothersandsisterD.hasahardlife2.“Toturnthetables”means____________.A.tomovethetablesB.tocarrythetablesawayC.togaincourageD.togainanadvantageafterhavingbeenatadisadvantage3.James’father_____________.A.divorcedhiswifeB.likedtodrinkC.desertedhisfamilyD.BandC4.James’mother____________.A.waseducatedB.wasconservativeC.waspoorD.AandB5.James’familyleda_________lifewhenshewasborn.A.miserableB.happyC.well-offD.hardly【注】答案填寫按照題目次序直接填寫選項，例如（ABBCC）得分：100分答：CDDCA[7]IdeasabouteducationarechangingintheUnitedStates.Educationtodayisnotjustahighschooldiplomaoracollegedegree.Manyadultsarenotinterestedingoingtocollege.Theyareinterestedinotherkindsoflearning.Forthem,learningdoesnotendwithadiploma.Continuingeducationgivestheseadultstheopportunitytoincreasetheirknowledgeabouttheirownfieldortolearnaboutanewfield.Italsogivesthemachancetoimprovetheiroldskillsortolearnnewones.Secretaries,mechanics,andbarberscantakeclassestoimprovetheirworkskills.Nursescantakeclassestoincreasetheirknowledgeofnursing.Iftheyknowmoreorlearnmore,thentheycangetabetterjoborearnmoremoney.Continuingeducationclassesgivesomeadultsthechancetolearnnewskills.Thereisusuallyalargevarietyofclassestochoosefrom,typing,foreigncooking,photography,autorepair,furniturerepair,orswimming.Theseareonlysomeoftheclassesavailable.Someadultstakeclassesforfunorbecausetheclasswillbeusefulforthem.Forexample,theycanchooseaclassinalmostanylanguage,Chinese,SpanishorEnglishasasecondlanguage.Thereareclassesinfirstaidorclassesinsewing.Therearealsomanyothertypesofclassestochoosefrom.Otheradultstakecontinuingeducationclassestoimprovetheirownlivesbecausetheywanttofeelbetteraboutthemselves.Overweightpeoplecanfindexerciseclassesorclassesinnutrition.Otherscanlearnhowtobegoodparents,orhowtogetalongwithotherpeople.Therearemanyopportunitiesforadultstocontinuetheirlearning.Almostanycommunitycollegeorpublicschoolsystemhasacontinuingeducationprogram.Thereareclassesinschools,communitybuildings,orchurches.Mostclassesareintheevening,soworkingpeoplecanattend.Theclassesareusuallysmall,andtheyareinexpensive.Thousandsofpeopleregisterforcontinuingeducationclasseseachyear.Theyreceivenodiplomaorcertificate,andnogradeformostoftheclassestheyattend.Forthem,learningissomethingtheydobecausetheywantto.1.Someadultsgotocontinuingeducationclassesto_______.A)getacollegeeducationB)learnnewskillsC)getacertificateD)earngrades2.Attendingcontinuingeducationclasses_______.A)doesnotcostmuchmoneyB)isexpensiveC)requiresaloanD)isfreeofcharge3.What’sthemainideaofPara.7?A)Adultscancontinuetheirlearning.B)Mostcontinuingeducationclassesareintheevening.C)Adultshavemanyopportunitiestocontinuetheirlearning.D)Classesareheldforworkingpeople.4.Lotsofpeopleattendcontinuingeducationclassesbecause________.A)theclasseswillhelpthemfeelbetteraboutthemselvesB)therearemanycoursestheycanchoosefromC)theycanalsogotochurchatthesametimeD)learningissomethingtheyareinterestedindoing5.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat________.A)collegeeducationisnotimportantB)adulteducationisverypopularC)otherkindsoflearningaremoreimportantthanschoollearningD)continuingeducationclassesteachthesamecoursesthataretaughtincolleges【注】答案填寫按照題目次序直接填寫選項，例如（ABBCC）得分：100分答：BACDB[8]Engineeringdesignaimstolinkeconomic,social,environmentalandofcoursesafetyfactorstoproducethebestsolution.Thisisespeciallytrueinearthquakeengineeringwhereitispossibletodesignabuildingthatis“safe”foralltypesofearthquakesbutdoesnotfitthedesignbrief.Forexample,itisnoteconomicallyfeasibletodesignbuildingsinBristoltowithstandalargeearthquakeasthechancesareverysmall.Similarlyasquareconcretestructurethathassmallwindowsandthickwallsmaybetheidealdesignforaparticulararea;however,itwouldn’tfitadesignbriefaskingforamodernhigh-techdesign.Thisbalanceoffactorscanonlybeachievedbyengineerscombiningexperienceandknowledgeoftheareawherethestructureistobelocated.Designpracticehasbeenchangingoverthelastfewyears.Theolderdesignrequirementsusedtoinsistthatinanearthquakethebuildingshouldmaintainenoughstructuralintegritytoremainstanding.Thismeantthatiftheserviceabilitylimitstatewaspassedthestructurewouldhavetobedemolished,asitwouldbenolongersafetouse.Althoughthisconceptsaveslivesaspeoplecanescapefrombuildings,itdoesnothingtopreventthehugefinancialcostofalargeearthquakeasalargeproportionofbuildingshavetobedemolishedandrebuilt.Thusthenewdesignrequirementsdemandthatthestructureshouldremainstandinginanearthquakeandadditionallynothavetobedemolished.Theotherfactoroftenleftunconsideredistheeffectofaftershocks.Theseshocksgenerallyhavelittleeffectonundamagedbuildings;however,ondamagedonestheycanhavedestructiveeffectandstoprescueoperations.Intheassessmentofbuildingstheenergyfromanafte