第三章英漢語(yǔ)言的對(duì)比

Lecture3ComparativeStudiesofEnglishandChineseLanguagesAsyouknow,ournativelanguageChineseisquitedifferentfromEnglish.Thereisreallyabiggapbetweenthecharacteristicsofthetwolanguages.Inordertolearnthetranslationcoursebetter,wehavetostudythecomparisonbetweenthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguage.Sinceallthetheories,methods,techniquesconcerningEnglish-Chinesetranslationarebasedonthecomparison,itisveryimportant,sotosay,tomasterthelanguages’peculiarities.LanguageFamilies(語(yǔ)系)EnglishbelongstotheGermanicbranchoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily(印歐語(yǔ)系).ChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily(漢藏語(yǔ)系).ItiswellknowthatEnglishhastherichestvocabularyofanyEuropeanlanguage.OnthebasisofAngles’language(Anglo-Saxon),English,ahybrid,wasbuiltbyabsorbingwordsinvariouslanguages.Latin:pen,pencil,cup,butter,silkFrench:pork,feast,sir,nobleItalian:piano,solo,studio,opera,umbrellaSpanish:cargo,cigarette,cigarGreek:paper,alphabet,dialogue,comedyChinese:tea,chowmein,kowtow,toufuLexicalComparisonofChineseandEnglish(詞匯對(duì)比)Themajorwaysofword-buildinginEnglisharecomposition(合成),conversion(詞性轉(zhuǎn)化),andderivation

(affixation衍生).AndinChinesewehavethesamemajorways.English:Composition:motherland,blackboard,handwriting,silkworm,easy-going,home-made,do-it-yourselfConversion:paperthewindow,emptythebasket,elbowone’sway,upsanddownsDerivation:ableunable,takemistakehopehopelesshopelessnessChinese:Composition:并列式：語(yǔ)言，改革，樹(shù)立，遙遠(yuǎn)，左右，出入，好歹

偏正式：學(xué)分，本科，紅糖，笑聲，新衣主謂式（主從式）：耳聞，目睹，臉紅，膽小，月明動(dòng)賓式：思甜，攻關(guān)，滅火，開(kāi)車，踢球補(bǔ)充式：提前，救活，改善，說(shuō)明，調(diào)好重疊式：平平安安，高高興興，懶洋洋，亮晶晶，方方面面Conversion:一棵大樹(shù)，十年樹(shù)人出售油漆，油漆門(mén)窗雞鴨魚(yú)肉，魚(yú)肉百姓安全第一，不太安全今天真熱，把飯熱一下Derivation:前綴（Prefix）：超—超人，超額，超支，超音速非—非人，非常，非原則，非正式無(wú)—無(wú)視，無(wú)限，無(wú)線電，無(wú)名氏，無(wú)疑漢語(yǔ)中的“非”、“無(wú)”相當(dāng)于英語(yǔ)中的前綴un-,in-,il-和后綴-less反—反動(dòng)，反攻，反駁，反問(wèn)，反腐敗可—可親，可愛(ài)，可口，可調(diào)整，可憐兮兮后綴(Suffix):手—助手，舵手，選手，幫手，一把手年—幼年，晚年，青少年，周年，光年子—金子，票子，耗子，妻子，愛(ài)面子頭—外頭，對(duì)頭，拳頭，風(fēng)頭，枕頭，苗頭SemanticComparisonofChineseandEnglish(詞義對(duì)比)

A.Themeaningsoftheword(詞的意義方面)：1、英語(yǔ)中有些詞所表示的意義，在漢語(yǔ)里可以找到完全對(duì)應(yīng)的詞來(lái)表達(dá)。（semanticcorrespondence）專用名詞、術(shù)語(yǔ)和事物名稱。TheU.S.StateDepartment(美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院)；薩斯SARS（SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome）；Aids(AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome)；直升飛機(jī)；太平洋2、英語(yǔ)中有些詞與漢語(yǔ)中有些詞在詞義上只有部分對(duì)應(yīng)。(partlysemanticcorrespondence)大象、龍gun，uncle，aunt，bother，morning3、英語(yǔ)中有些詞所表示的意義，目前在漢語(yǔ)里還找不到最后確定的對(duì)應(yīng)詞來(lái)表達(dá)。（semanticzero）mascon(massconcentration)（表示月球表層下高密度的）物質(zhì)聚積overkill過(guò)度殺傷力，現(xiàn)又指表示宣傳活動(dòng)等方面不必要的過(guò)度行為，plumber特工，又稱“管子工”（美國(guó)調(diào)查政府雇員泄密事件的特工）。文房四寶：thefourtreasuresofthestudy(writingbrush,inkstick,inkstoneandpaper)烏紗帽：anofficialpost4、英語(yǔ)中有許多詞一詞多義，其所表示的各個(gè)意義，分別與漢語(yǔ)中幾個(gè)不同的詞或詞組對(duì)應(yīng)。1、asoftdrug2、softintelligence3、softmoney4、softdrink5、softfire6、softwater1.毒性較輕的麻醉劑；軟性麻醉毒品2.非百分之百可靠的，不充分的情報(bào)3.紙幣4.軟飲料5.文火6.軟水(不含礦物鹽類而易溶解肥皂的水)B.Thepossiblecollocationoftheword(詞的搭配能力方面)：英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)在詞的搭配能力方面有很大的差異。英語(yǔ)的搭配能力比漢語(yǔ)強(qiáng)。cut(wheat,finger-nails,cake)（英譯漢時(shí)須考慮譯文中詞的搭配必須符合漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣)C.Thewordorder(詞序方面)：英、漢語(yǔ)句子中主要成分主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)的詞序基本上是一致的。但是各種定語(yǔ)的位置和各種狀語(yǔ)的次序在英、漢語(yǔ)中則有同有異，變化較多，所以英漢詞序的比較主要指定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)位置異同的比較。Thepressureisalmostasheavyonstudentswhojustwanttograduateandgetajob.對(duì)于那些只想畢業(yè)后找份工作的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),壓力也一樣不小。ComparisonofChineseandEnglishonsentencestructure（句式對(duì)比）p.381.HypotacticvsParatactic(形合與意合)/(主從結(jié)構(gòu)與并列結(jié)構(gòu))（前一個(gè)詞指英語(yǔ)，后一個(gè)詞指漢語(yǔ)）Englishhypotactic

ChineseparatacticAsE.A.Nidapointsoutinhis“TranslatingMeaning”,…sofarasEnglishandChineseareconcerned,themostimportantdifferencelinguisticallyisthecontrastbetweenhypotaxisandparataxis.漢語(yǔ)重句子意義，不重句子的外表形式，結(jié)構(gòu)松散，有大量的流散型句子（流水句），句式呈散珠式的鋪排，邏輯性不強(qiáng)，只注重句子意義的表達(dá)，常以名詞為核心，可以缺損主語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞、連接詞等，看似無(wú)序，但形散神聚，節(jié)奏感強(qiáng)，很多情況下要靠聽(tīng)者（讀者）通過(guò)語(yǔ)境悟出字里行間的含義；英語(yǔ)相反，重句子結(jié)構(gòu)與形式，以動(dòng)詞為核心，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密緊湊，邏輯性強(qiáng)。Hypotaxis:Thedependentorsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclausesarrangedwithconnectives.E.g.:Ishalldespairifyoudon’tcome.(TheAmericanHeritageDictionary,p.649)Parataxis:Thearrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectivesshowingtherelationbetweenthem.E.g.:Therainfell;theriverflooded;thehouseswerewashedaway.(TheworldBookDictionary,p.1513)

1）漢語(yǔ)句子多成分殘缺，語(yǔ)義模糊,靠讀者悟出字里行間的含義:枯藤老樹(shù)昏鴉,小橋流水人家,古道西風(fēng)瘦馬。夕陽(yáng)西下，斷腸人在天涯。

AutumnThoughtsWitheredvines,oldentree,eveningcrows;Tinybridge,flowingbrook,hamlet(小村)homes;Ancientroad,windfromwest,bonyhorse;Thesunissetting,Brokenman,farfromhome,roamandroams.(tr.趙甄陶)

AutumnCrowshoveringoverrugged(不平的)oldtreeswreathed(環(huán)繞)withrottenvine——thedayisaboutdone.Yonder(遠(yuǎn)處)isatinybridgeoverasparklingstream,andonthefarbank,aprettylittlevillage.Butthetravelerhastogoondownthisancientroad,thewestwindmoaning,hisbonyhorsegroaning,Trudging(跋涉)towardsthesinkingsun,fartherandfartherawayfromhome.(tr.翁顯良)2）漢語(yǔ)句子多無(wú)主語(yǔ)(zerosubject)：要吃有吃，要穿有穿。Wehaveenoughtoeatandsufficienttoputon.不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？Ihavemadeproposals,butinvain;Ihavemadeattempts,butwithoutsuccess.不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？Ifyouhavenevertastedthebitternessofgall,howcanyouknowthesweetnessofhoney?不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢。He

who

has

never

been

to

the

Great

Wall

is

not

a

true

man玩火自焚

。

Whoeverplayswithfirewillperishbyfire.3）無(wú)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：天高云淡。Theskyishighandthecloudsarepale.房間干干凈凈。Theroomisneatandtidy.這箱子八十磅。Thisboxweighseightypounds.他上海人。HeisfromShanghai.我兒子二十歲。Mysonis20yearsold.3）無(wú)賓語(yǔ)：電影很有趣，我一定要去看。Thefilmisinteresting.I’llgoandseeit.蛇在冬天藏起來(lái)。Snakeshidethemselvesinwinter.4）無(wú)連接詞：（因?yàn)椋┧焕蠈?shí)，（所以）我們不相信他。Becauseheisnothonest,wecan’ttrusthim.

人不犯我，我不犯人。Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.

說(shuō)是說(shuō)了，沒(méi)有結(jié)果。Ihavemadeproposals,buttheyprovedfutile.

抓住了主要矛盾，一切問(wèn)題就可以迎刃而解。Oncetheprincipalcontradictionisgrasped,allproblemscanbereadilysolved.他不來(lái)，我不去。Ifhewon’tcomehere,I’llnotgothere.

聰明一世，糊涂一時(shí)。Smartasarule,butthistimeafool.有飯大家吃。Leteverybodysharethefoodifthereisany.不到黃河心不死。Untilallisover,ambitionneverdie.燕子去了，有再來(lái)的時(shí)候；楊柳枯了，有再青的時(shí)候；桃花謝了，有再開(kāi)的時(shí)候。(朱自清《匆匆》)Swallowsmayhavegone，butthereisatimeofreturn；willowtreesmayhavediedback，butthereisatimeofregreening；peachblossomsmayhavefallen，buttheywillbloomagain．5）邏輯矛盾的表達(dá)：曬衣服曬太陽(yáng)tosunone’sclothestobaskinthesun吃蘋(píng)果吃食堂toeatanappletohaveone’smealsinthecanteen打掃房間打掃衛(wèi)生

tocleanaroomtodosomecleaning恢復(fù)健康恢復(fù)疲勞

torecoverone’shealthtogetrefreshed扶貧

poverty

reduction

/poverty

alleviation

6）多余的詞語(yǔ)：不必要的浪費(fèi)unnecessarywaste不切實(shí)際的幻想unpracticalillusion,fancy,fantasy毫無(wú)根據(jù)的毀謗slander他所擔(dān)任的工作hiswork用鼻子聞了一下takeasmellat腦子里想了想thinkover“徹底粉碎”completelysmash“smash”本意就是breakcompletely，已經(jīng)包含了“徹底”的意思，加上completely語(yǔ)氣反而弱化?！巴耆鞣?completelyconquer“conquer”不可能是partly?！皹O為可恥"extremelyshameless，“shameless”已是最高級(jí)?！皞ゴ蟮臍v史性轉(zhuǎn)變"Thisisagreathistoricchange。在英語(yǔ)里，historic已經(jīng)包含了great的意思。2.ComplexvsSimplex（復(fù)雜句式與簡(jiǎn)單句式）AsEnglishishypotactic,moreoftenthannot,syntacticdevicesareemployedintheformationofsentences.Innormalwritingspeopleusemuchmorecomplexsentencesthansimpleones.TheEnglishcomplexsentencesareoftenlikechainswithclauseslinkingclauses.Ontheotherhand,theChinesesentencesorclausestendtobeshortandsimpleinstructure.Theyareflowingandsimplexwithoneclausefollowingtheotherratherinaline.英語(yǔ)多長(zhǎng)句、復(fù)雜句，漢語(yǔ)多短句、流水句。英語(yǔ)句子猶如大樹(shù)，在主干上派生出許多枝條來(lái)，所以長(zhǎng)句多，復(fù)合句多；漢語(yǔ)句子猶如竹子，一節(jié)節(jié)連起來(lái)，因此，漢語(yǔ)短句多、流水句多。英語(yǔ)是語(yǔ)法句，句式繁雜，但主從有序，邏輯性強(qiáng)；漢語(yǔ)是語(yǔ)義句，句式簡(jiǎn)潔，但結(jié)構(gòu)松散，邏輯性差。

翻譯要點(diǎn)：化英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句為漢語(yǔ)的短句。Themoonissofarfromtheearththatevenifhugetreesweregrowingonthemountainsandelephantswerewalkingabout,wecouldnotseethemthroughthemostpowerfultelescopeswhichhaveyetbeeninvented.(treestructure)月球離地球非常遙遠(yuǎn)，即使那邊山上長(zhǎng)著大樹(shù)，有大象在移動(dòng)，我們用當(dāng)今發(fā)明的最高倍率的望遠(yuǎn)鏡，也不能看見(jiàn)它們。(bamboostructure)一個(gè)英國(guó)人，不會(huì)說(shuō)中國(guó)話，有一次在中國(guó)旅行。AnEnglishmanwhocouldnotspeakChinesewasoncetravelinginChina.我有個(gè)問(wèn)題弄不懂，想請(qǐng)教你，你能回答嗎？CanyouansweraquestionwhichIwanttoaskandwhichispuzzlingme?蒲松齡生活在清朝，貪官污吏肆虐，真正有才華的人得不到重用。PuSonglinglivedinatimewhenmostoftheQingofficialsweresounjustandcorruptthattruetalentswithoutmoneytopayabribecouldneverhopetobegiventheopportunitytodemonstratetheirlearning.3.

Top-heavy/Lion-headvsEnd-weight/Peacock-tail（頭重與尾重句型）在表達(dá)多層邏輯思維時(shí)，英語(yǔ)往往是判斷或結(jié)論、表態(tài)等在前，事實(shí)或描寫(xiě)等在后，即重心在前；InanEnglishsentence,theshorterelementsusuallygobeforelongeronesinarrangementorder,andthewholesentencelookslikeapyramid.ThatalsoexplainswhytherearesomanyinvertedsentencesinEnglish.漢語(yǔ)則是由因到果、由假設(shè)到推論、由事實(shí)到結(jié)論，按事情發(fā)生的先后順序進(jìn)行描述,重心在最后。

ThearrangementofaChinesesentenceseemsquitetheopposite,soitlookslikeaninvertedpyramidortriangle.Nothinghashappenedsinceweparted。我們別后沒(méi)發(fā)生什么事情.他因?yàn)椴×?，所以沒(méi)來(lái)上課。Hedidn’tcometoschoolbecausehewasill.Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortune,mustbeinwantofawife.一條舉世公認(rèn)的真理，那就是，凡有錢(qián)的單身漢，總想娶位太太。凡是有錢(qián)的單身漢，總想娶位太太，這是一條舉世公認(rèn)的真理。（更符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣）Soccerisadifficultsport.（1）Aplayermustbeabletorunsteadilywithoutrest.（2）Sometimesaplayermusthittheballwithhisorherhead.（3）Playersmustbewillingtobangintoandbebangedintobyothers.（4）Theymustputupwithachingfeetandsoremuscles.足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員必須能不停地奔跑，有時(shí)得用頭頂球，撞別人或被別人撞，必須忍受雙腳和肌肉疼痛，所以說(shuō)，足球運(yùn)動(dòng)是一項(xiàng)難度大運(yùn)動(dòng)。4.StaticvsDynamic(靜態(tài)與動(dòng)態(tài))EnglishtendstouselessverbsthanChinese.InasimpleEnglishsentenceorinanEnglishclause,onlyoneverbisusedasthepredicateofthesentenceorclause.InaChinesesentence,anumberofverbscanbeusedasitspredicateatthesametime,sowemaysaythattheChineseisrather“dynamic”whiletheEnglishis“static”.AmasteryofChineseandEnglishisessentialforE-CorC-Etranslation.做英漢/漢英翻譯必須掌握好漢語(yǔ)與英語(yǔ)。Engineeringdesignisadecision-makingprocessusedforthedevelopmentofengineeringforwhichthereisahumanneed.工程設(shè)計(jì)是為發(fā)展人類所需工程而作決定的過(guò)程。再走幾步就到實(shí)驗(yàn)大樓了。Afewstepswillbringyoutothelaboratorybuilding./Walkafewstepsandyouwillreachthelabbuilding.我國(guó)科學(xué)研究發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)是理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際。Thedevelopmentofscientificresearchinourcountryischaracterizedbythecombination/linkoftheorywithpractice.5.ImpersonalvsPersonal(InanimatevsAnimate)

（物稱與人稱）英語(yǔ)多用非人稱主語(yǔ)impersonalsubject(又叫無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)inanimatesubject)，漢語(yǔ)多用人稱主語(yǔ)personalsubject（又叫有靈主語(yǔ)animatesubject）。（原因：漢人重人/人倫，西方重物/自然）InanEnglishsentence,thechoiceofitssubjectoftenfallsontheinanimateorthethingthatisnotliving.Forexample,itwouldbepreferabletosay“Thereareeightpeopleinhisfamily.”than“Hehaseightpeopleinhisfamily.”ThisspecialfeatureofEnglishisespeciallyshowninwritingsinformalstylesuchasnewsreportsorscientificessays.Ontheotherhand,weChinesetendtopickupanimatethingsorpersonstofunctionasthesubjectofasentence.

Thereisatouchofroughpoetryabouthim.他這人還有那么點(diǎn)詩(shī)意呢。Themorningsungreetedusaswecameoutondeck.登上甲板，我們便看見(jiàn)了一輪旭日。又過(guò)了幾個(gè)月，我看見(jiàn)他們手上戴了戒指Monthslater,ringsappearedglisteringontheirfingers.黃昏到來(lái)，他仍在街上徘徊。Duskfoundhimwanderinginthestreet.他想起了母親，才鼓足干勁繼續(xù)干下去。Thethoughtofhismothergavehimthestrengthtogoondoingit.我突然產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)可怕的想法。Aterriblethoughtsuddenlystruckme.她獨(dú)處時(shí)感到一種特別的安寧。Astrangepeacecameoverherwhenshewasalone.

2001年中國(guó)成功加入世貿(mào)。Theyear2001sawChina’sentryintoWTO.他（徐霞客）……發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多奇山秀景；他常常選擇不同的時(shí)間和季節(jié)多次重游各地名山……Therewardforhisworkwasthediscoveryofmanyfantasticallybeautifulscenes.Famousmountainsinvariousplaceswouldfindhimcomingbackforrevisitsduringdifferentseasons.Revision:因?yàn)樘鞖馓悖覀兾茨艹尚?。a.*Becauseofthepoorweather,wedidnotgo.b.Badweatherpreventedusfromgoing.一個(gè)小學(xué)女生失蹤了，教師們非常擔(dān)憂。a.*Aschoolgirldisappeared,andalltheteacherswereverymuchworriedabouther.b.Thedisappearanceofaschoolgirlworriedalltheteachers.他通曉多種不常用的外國(guó)語(yǔ)，這使我們感到驚訝。a.*Heisfamiliarwithmanyrarelyusedlanguages;wefeelsurprisedaboutthefact.b.Hisfamiliaritywithmanyrarelyusedlanguagessurprisedusall.6.Passive&Active（被動(dòng)與主動(dòng)）PassivesofvariousformsarefrequentlyusedinEnglish.Bycontrast,activeformsareoftenusedinChinese.必須找到新的能源。Newsourcesofenergymustbefound.這個(gè)問(wèn)題正在研究。Theproblemisnowbeingstudied.據(jù)估計(jì)，今年的股市將會(huì)上揚(yáng)。Itisestimatedthatthestockmarketwillbeontherise.一匹馬騎兩個(gè)人。Twopersonsrodeonehorse.飯做好了。Themealhasbeencooked.7.Substitutive&Repetitive(替代與重復(fù))RepetitionofwordsinEnglishisgenerallymoreorlessabnormalandobjectionableexceptthatitisrhetoricalorsignificant.Toavoidrepetition,Englishoftenemployssubstitution,ellipsis,variation,andsomeotherdevices.英語(yǔ)忌重復(fù)，漢語(yǔ)喜重復(fù)（漢語(yǔ)通過(guò)重復(fù)，形成音韻上的美學(xué)節(jié)奏，英語(yǔ)主張言貴簡(jiǎn)潔Brevityisthesoulofwit）。他喜歡跳舞，我也喜歡跳舞。HelikesdancingandsodoI.(替代)我們的民族將再也不是被人欺負(fù)的民族了。Ourswillnolongerbeanationsubjecttoinsultandhumiliation.(替代)我們能夠去掉不不良作風(fēng)，保持優(yōu)良作風(fēng)。Wecangetridofabadstyleandkeepthegood.(省略)我們要相信群眾，依賴群眾。Wemusthavefaithinandrelyonthemasses.(省略)我們的政策，不光要使領(lǐng)導(dǎo)知道，干部知道，還要使廣大群眾知道。Ourpolicymustbemadeknownnotonlytotheleadersandtothecadresbutalsotothebroadmasses.(省略)Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;writinganexactman.(省略)讀書(shū)使人充實(shí),討論使人機(jī)智,寫(xiě)作使人準(zhǔn)確.Readingexercisesone'seyes;Speaking,one'stongue;whilewriting,one'smind.

(省略)閱讀訓(xùn)練人的眼睛，說(shuō)話訓(xùn)練人的口齒，寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練人的思維。John’sboughthimselfanewFord.Hepracticallylivesinthecar.（變換）約翰給自己買(mǎi)了一部新的福特牌汽車，他幾乎就住在這部汽車?yán)?。Anelectrontubeisgenerallyusedforamplification,andvacuumtubeisanothernameforthisdevice.電子管通常用來(lái)放大，而真空管則是電子管的另一名稱。8.英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)多后置，漢語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)多前置1）副詞：那邊那個(gè)男孩樓上的房間theboytheretheroomupstairs回家的路上onthewayhome2）形容詞：重要的事情somethingimportant

anythingnewnothingspecial完全不含水分的混合物mixturecompletelyfreeofwater

ShebelievesthateverythingfashionablecomesfromFrance.她認(rèn)為時(shí)髦的東西都是來(lái)自法國(guó)的。Whydon’twegosomewherequiet?我們干嗎不去一個(gè)安靜的地方？3）介詞短語(yǔ)：窗子邊的男孩theboynearthewindow

第一組的學(xué)生thepupilsinGroupOnea.SoonotherpeoplewithdifferentformsoftheChristianreligionarrivedinAmerica.b.Tradeamongcountriesallowspeopleineachcountrytousetheirenergiesindoingwhattheydobest.4）不定式短語(yǔ)：thebooktoread

theroomtoliveinthemeetingtobeheld5）現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)：thegirlsittingthere

themantalkingtoMaLiMypointisthatthefrequentcomplaintofonegenerationabouttheoneimmediatelyfollowingitisinevitable.我的觀點(diǎn)是：一代人對(duì)緊跟其后的另一代人的頻繁抱怨是不可避免的。6)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)：theboynamedTom

computersmadeinJapan

allpartiesconcerned有關(guān)各方CarpetswoveninIranandwineproducedinFranceareexamplesofthesespecialgoods.7)定語(yǔ)從句：Somesongsremindusofthepeoplewelove.Videoshavechangedthewaysweplayandlistentomusic.Thesecondreasonwhynationstradewithoneanotheristhatitpaystospecialize. PragmaticComparisonofChineseandEnglishLanguage(語(yǔ)用對(duì)比）中國(guó)人客氣禮貌、謙虛謹(jǐn)慎、體貼關(guān)心；西方人個(gè)性直率、提倡獨(dú)立、尊重隱私。1.打招呼：一路辛苦了。*Youmustbetired./Youmusthavehadatiringjourney.Didyouhaveagoodtrip?/Didyouenjoyyourtri