醫(yī)學專業(yè)英語答案

醫(yī)學專業(yè)英語答案【篇一：醫(yī)學英語（閱讀一分冊）翻譯及答案】passage1humanbodyinthispassageyouwilllearn:1.classificationoforgansystems2.structureandfunctionofeachorgansystem3.associatedmedicaltermstounderstandthehumanbodyitisnecessarytounderstandhowitspartsareputtogetherandhowtheyfunction.thestudyofthebodysstructureiscalledanatomy;thestudyofthebodysfunctionisknownasphysiology.otherstudiesofhumanbodyincludebiology,cytology,embryology,histology,endocrinology,hematology,immunology,psychologyetc.了解人體各部分的組成及其功能，對于認識人體是必需的。研究人體結(jié)構的科學叫解剖學；研究人體功能的科學叫生理學。其他研究人體的科學包括生物學、細胞學、胚胎學、組織學、內(nèi)分泌學、血液學、遺傳學、免疫學、心理學等等。anatomistsfinditusefultodividethehumanbodyintotensystems,thatis,theskeletalsystem,themuscularsystem,thecirculatorysystem,therespiratorysystem,thedigestivesystem,theurinarysystem,theendocrinesystem,thenervoussystem,thereproductivesystemandtheskin.theprincipalpartsofeachofthesesystemsaredescribedinthisarticle.解剖學家發(fā)現(xiàn)把整個人體分成骨骼、肌肉、循環(huán)、呼吸、消化、泌尿、內(nèi)分泌、神經(jīng)、生殖系統(tǒng)以及感覺器官的做法是很有幫助的。本文描繪并闡述了各系統(tǒng)的主要部分。theskeletalsystemismadeofbones,jointsbetweenbones,andcartilage.itsfunctionistoprovidesupportandprotectionforthesofttissuesandtheorgansofthebodyandtoprovidepointsofattachmentforthemusclesthatmovethebody.thereare206bonesinthehumanskeleton.theyhavevariousshapes-long,short,cube-shaped,flat,andirregular.manyofthelongboneshaveaninteriorspacethatisfilledwithbonemarrow,wherebloodcellsaremade.骨骼系統(tǒng)由骨、關節(jié)以及軟骨組成。它對軟組織及人體器官起到支持和保護作用，并牽動骨胳肌，引起各種運動。人體有206根骨頭。骨形態(tài)不一，有長的、短、立方的、扁的及不規(guī)則的。許多長骨里有一個內(nèi)層間隙，里面充填著骨髓,這即是血細胞的制造場所。ajointiswherebonesarejoinedtogether.theconnectioncanbesoclosethatnomovementispossible,asisthecaseintheskull.otherkindsofjointspermitmovement:eitherbackandforthinoneplane-aswiththehingejointoftheelbow-ormovementaroundasingleaxis-aswiththepivotjointthatpermitstheheadtorotate.awiderangeofmovementispossiblewhentheball-shapedendofonebonefitsintoasocketattheendofanotherbone,astheydointheshoulderandhipjoints.關節(jié)把骨與骨連接起來。顱骨不能運動，是由于骨與骨之間的連接太緊密。但其它的關節(jié)可允許活動，如一個平面上的前后屈伸運動,如肘關節(jié)；或是繞軸心旋轉(zhuǎn)運動，如樞軸點允許頭部轉(zhuǎn)動。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大輻度的運動（如肩關節(jié)、髖關節(jié)）即成為可能。cartilageisamoreflexiblematerialthanbone.itservesasaprotective,cushioninglayerwherebonescometogether.italsoconnectstheribstothebreastboneandprovidesastructuralbaseforthenoseandtheexternalear.aninfantsskeletonismadeofcartilagethatisgraduallyreplacedbyboneastheinfantgrowsintoanadult.軟骨是一種比一般骨更具韌性的物質(zhì)。它是骨連結(jié)的保護、緩沖層。它把肋骨與胸骨連結(jié)起來，也是鼻腔與內(nèi)耳的結(jié)構基礎。一個嬰兒的骨骼就是由軟骨組成，然后不斷生長、骨化，使嬰兒長大成人。themuscularsystemallowsthebodytomove,anditscontractionsproduceheat,whichhelpsmaintainaconstantbodytemperature.striatedmusclescanbeconsciouslycontrolled.theendsofthesemusclesareattachedtodifferentbonesbyconnectivetissuebandssothatwhenthemusclecontracts,onebonemovesinrelationtotheother.thismakesitpossibletomovethewholebody,aswhenwalking,ortomovejustonepartofthebody,aswhenbendingafinger.contractionsoftheheartandsmoothmusclesarenotunderconsciouscontrol.smoothmusclesarefoundinthewallsoforganssuchasthestomachandtheintestinesandservetomovethecontentsoftheseorgansthroughthebody.肌肉系統(tǒng)使軀體運動，肌肉收縮產(chǎn)生的熱有助于維持一個恒定的體溫。人體能夠有意識地控制條紋肌。結(jié)締組織使肌肉末端附著于不同的骨面上，所以當肌肉收縮時，兩骨彼此靠近而產(chǎn)生運動。這也就使整個人體可以運動起來，如走路，運動軀體某個部位，如彎曲手指。心臟收縮和平滑肌收縮就不是被意識所控制的。器官壁內(nèi)層的平滑肌，如胃腸壁的平滑肌把胃腸中的物質(zhì)運送到全身。thecirculatorysystem.allpartsofthebodymusthavenourishmentandoxygeninordertofunctionandgrow,andtheirwasteproductsmustberemovedbeforetheyaccumulateandpoisonthebody.thecirculatorysystemdistributesneededmaterialsandremovesunneededones.itismadeupoftheheart,bloodvessels,andblood,whichtogethermakeupthecardiovascularsystem.thebloodisalsopartofthebodysdefensesystem.ithasantibodiesandwhitebloodcellsthatprotectthebodyagainstforeigninvaders.循環(huán)系統(tǒng)：機體的所有部分需要營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和氧氣來使之發(fā)揮功能和生長，也需要在這些器官所產(chǎn)生的廢物積聚而危害生命之前將其排除。循環(huán)系統(tǒng)運送有用物質(zhì)，排泄廢物。心血管系統(tǒng)是循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的組成之一；心血管系統(tǒng)包括心臟、血管及血液。血液也是機體防御系統(tǒng)的一個部分，血液中有抗體及白細胞來防止機體受到外來的侵襲。theheartisamusclethatisdividedintotwonearlyidenticalhalves:onehalfreceivesbloodfromthelungsandsendsittotherestofthebody,theotherhalfsendsbloodthathastraveledthroughthebodybacktothelungs.whentheheartmusclecontracts,thebloodisforcedoutintoarteriesandenterssmallcapillaries.bloodreturnstotheheartthroughveins.心臟是一塊被分為幾乎對等兩半的肌肉。一半吸收來自肺部的血液，并將血液運送到機體的其余部位，另一半使流經(jīng)全身的血液回流人肺。心臟收縮時，動脈把全身血液輸送到毛細血管。靜脈輸送血液返回心臟。alsofunctioningincirculationisthelymphaticsystem.someofthefluidthatsurroundscellsdoesnotreenterthebloodvesselsdirectly.thisfluid,calledlymph,returnstotheheartbywayofanothersystemofchannels-thelymphvessels.lymphnodesalongthesevesselsfilterthefluidbeforeitreenterstheblood.thespleenisalargelymphaticorganthatfiltersthe的體blood.淋巴系統(tǒng)也是循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的一個組成部分。一些細胞周的體液不是直接回流入血管通道，這種體液叫淋巴液，它是流經(jīng)另一個管道系統(tǒng)一一淋巴管而回流人心臟。沿淋巴管的淋巴結(jié)將淋巴液過濾，過濾后再回流人血液。脾是一個過濾血液的大淋巴器官。therespiratorysystemtakesinoxygenfromtheairandexpelscarbondioxideandwatervapor.airentersthenoseandmouthandtravelsthroughthelarynx,andtrachea.thetracheadividestoentereachofthetwolungsandthendividesmorethan20timestoformaverylargenumberofsmallairspaces.oxygenfromtheairentersthebloodthroughcapillariesinthewallsoftheseairspaces,andthebloodreleasecarbondioxideintotheairspacestobeexhaled.呼吸系統(tǒng)從空氣中攝取氧氣，并將二氧化碳、水蒸氣排出體外?？諝饨?jīng)鼻腔、口腔人喉管、氣管。氣管分成左右支氣管，各連結(jié)左右肺，左右支氣管再分枝20多次,在終端形成大量微小的肺泡。從空氣攝取的氧氣流經(jīng)這些肺泡壁內(nèi)的毛細血管流入血液，血液再經(jīng)肺泡把釋放出的二氧化碳排出體外。thedigestivesystemconsistsofatubeextendingfromthemouthtotheanus.init,foodandfluidsaretakenin,movedthroughthebody,andbrokendownintosmallmoleculesthatareabsorbedintothecirculatorysystem.thisbreakdown,knownasdigestion,isbothamechanicalandachemicalprocess.消化系統(tǒng)是一個從口腔直到肛門的管道。食物和液體在消化道里被吸收，在腸道里移動時，被分解成小分子物質(zhì)后再進入循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。這種分解，即消化，是一個機械過程，也是一個化學過程。foodentersthroughthemouth,wherechewingandsalivastarttobreakitupandmakeiteasiertoswallow.next,thefoodtravelsdownthroughtheesophagustothestomach.contractionsofthestomachsmuscularwallcontinuetobreakdownthefoodmechanically,andchemicaldigestioncontinueswhenacidandenzymesaresecretedintothestomachcavity.食物進入口腔里，咀嚼和唾液開始將食物粉碎，使之便于吞咽。接著，食物經(jīng)食管人胃。胃肌壁的收縮繼續(xù)機械化地分解食物，而當魚和酶分泌入胃腔時，化學性消化開始。hefirstpartofthesmallintestine,calledtheduodenum,enzymesfromthepancreasareadded.theseenzymescompletethechemicalbreakdownofthefood.thedigestionoffatisaidedbybile,whichismadeintheliverandstoredinthegallbladder.thesmallintestineofanadultisabout21feet(6.4meters）long.mostofitslengthisdevotedtoabsorbingthenutrientsreleasedduringthesedigestiveactivities.液體化食物逐漸進入小腸。小腸的起始部分叫十二指腸，胰腺分泌的酶輔助食物消化。這些酶完成食物的化學分解。肝臟分泌的膽汁貯存在膽囊內(nèi)，膽汁有助于脂肪消化。一個成年人的小腸有21英尺（6.4米）長。小腸的大部分腸段用來吸收消化過程中釋放的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。theliquidremainderofthefoodentersthelargeintestine,orcolon,whichisabout12feet（3.7meters）helargeintestinemostofthefluidisabsorbed,andtherelativelydryresiduesareexpelled.液狀的剩余食物進入大腸，或結(jié)腸，它大約有12英尺（3.7米）長。大腸是小腸的兩倍多寬。大部分液體在大腸內(nèi)被吸收,相對干化的殘余物被排出體外。theurinarysystemmaintainsnormallevelsofwaterandofcertainsmallmoleculessuchassodiumandpotassiuminthebody.itdoesthisbypassingbloodthroughthekidneys,twoefficientfilteringorgansthatgetridofanyexcessofvariousmoleculesandconservethosemoleculesthatareinshortsupply.泌尿系統(tǒng)維持水分及體內(nèi)某些小分子物質(zhì)，如鈉、鉀的正常水平。身體是通過讓‘腎過濾血液來做到這一點的。腎是兩個有效的過濾器官，它濾出各種多余的小分子物質(zhì)，保留那些供應不足的小分子物質(zhì)。thefluidthatleavesthekidneys,knownasurine,travelsthroughatubecalledtheuretertothebladder.thebladderholdstheurineuntilitisvoidedfromthebodythroughanothertube,theurethra.從腎流出的液體，即尿，通過輸尿管人膀胱。膀胱起貯存尿液的作用，直到尿經(jīng)膀胱另一端的管道排出。theendocrinesystem.thetwosystemsthatcontrolbodyactivitiesaretheendocrinesystemandthenervoussystem.theformerexertsitscontrolbymeansofchemicalmessengerscalledhormones.hormonesareproducedbyavarietyofendocrineglands,whichreleasethehormonesdirectlyintothebloodstream.內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)。內(nèi)分泌和神經(jīng)是調(diào)控機體活動的兩個系統(tǒng)，前者依靠其化學信使一激素發(fā)揮作用。激素是由各種內(nèi)分泌腺體制造，并直接被釋放入血流amajorglandisthepituitary,whichislocatedunderthebraininthemiddleofthehead.itproducesatleasteighthormones,whichaffectgrowth,kidneyfunction,anddevelopmentofthesexorgans.becausesomeofthepituitaryshormonesstimulateotherglandstoproducetheirownhormones,thepituitarycalledthemastergland.腦垂體是一個主要腺體，它位于頭中部腦下方。它至少分泌八種激素，這些激素對人體生長、肝功能及性器官發(fā)育有影響。因為腦垂體分泌的一些激素促進其他腺體分泌激素，所以腦垂體是主要腺體。anothergland,thethyroid,islocatedbetweenthecollarbones.itshormonecontrolstherateofthebodysmetabolism.thesexorgans(ovariesendtestes)makethesexcellsandalsomakehormonesthatcontrolcertaincharacteristicsofmalesandfemales.locatedontopofeachkidneyistheadrenalgland,whichproducescortisoneandadrenaline.thepancreasproducesnotonlydigestiveenzymesbutalso3insulinandglucagon,whichcontrolthebodysuseofsugarandstarches.另一個腺體，甲狀腺，位于鎖骨之間。甲狀腺激素調(diào)控著機體新陳代謝的速度。性器官（卵巢、睪丸）分泌性細胞和性激素，這些激素控制著男性和女性的某些特征。每邊腎上方是腎上腺，它分泌可的松和腎上腺激素。胰腺不僅分泌消化酶，而且分泌胰島素和高血糖素，這兩種激素控制機體的糖分及淀粉的消耗。thenervoussystem.thebrain,thespinalcordandthenerve-alsocontrolsbodyactivities.thelowerpartsofthebraincontrolbasicfunctionssuchasbreathingandheartrateaswellasbodytemperature,hunger,andthirst.abovetheseregionsarethecentersforsight,sound,touch,smell,andtaste,andtheregionsthatdirectvoluntarymuscularactivitiesofthearmsandlegs.performedherearethehigherfunctionsofintegratingandprocessinginformation.神經(jīng)系統(tǒng) 腦、脊髓及神經(jīng)，也調(diào)控機體活動。腦的偏下部位控制著諸如呼吸、心跳、體溫、饑渴的基本活動。而腦的偏上部位則是視覺、聽覺、觸覺、嗅覺及味覺中心，也是指揮臂、腿隨意肌肉運動的區(qū)域。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)更高級的功能是整合、處理信息。thebrainreceivesandsendsinformationbymeansofnerves,manyofwhichliepartlyinthespinalcord.thespinalcordisprotectedbythespinalcolumn.nervesenterandleavethespinalcordateachlevelofthebody,travelingtoandfromthearms,legs,andtrunk.thesenervesbringinformationfromthevarioussenseorgans.theinformationisprocessedbythebrain,andthenmessagesarecarriedbacktomusclesandglandsthroughoutthebody.腦通過神經(jīng)收集并傳送信息，許多神經(jīng)部分地分布在脊髓里。脊髓由脊柱保護。在機體每一級，神經(jīng)傳人、傳出脊髓，往返于臂、腿、軀體。這些神經(jīng)輸送來自各種感覺器官的信息。信息經(jīng)腦處理后輸送回全身及腺體thereproductivesystemisconstructeddifferentlyformalesandfemales.themalereproductivesystemisresponsibleforproducing,transportingandmaintainingviablesperm(themalesexcell).italsoproducesthemalesexhormone,testosterone,whichregulatesthedevelopmentofabeard,pubichair,adeepvoiceandotherbodilycharacteristicsoftheadultmale.男、女性的生殖系統(tǒng)不同。男性生殖系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生、輸送、維持能存活的精子(男性性細胞)。它也分泌男性激素、睪酮，以此調(diào)節(jié)胡須、陰毛、深沉嗓音極其他成年男子身體發(fā)育的特征。thefemaleproductivesystemisresponsibleforproducingandtransportingova(thefemalesexcells),eliminatingovafromthebodywhentheyarenotfertilizedbysperm,nourishingandprovidingaplaceforgrowthofanembryowhenanovumisfertilizedbysperm,andnourishinganewbornchild.thefemalereproductivesystemalsoproducesthefemalesexhormones,estrogenandprogesterone,whichregulatethedevelopmentofbreastsandotherbodilycharacteristicsofthematurefemale.女性生殖系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生、輸送卵子(女性性細胞)，將未受精的卵子排出體外，而當精、卵結(jié)合時，女性生殖系統(tǒng)培養(yǎng)、提供胚胎生長場所，并孕育新生兒。女性生殖系統(tǒng)也分泌女性性激素——雌激素和孕酮，以此調(diào)節(jié)乳房及其他成熟女性身體發(fā)育的特征。cellsandtissues細胞與組織inthispassage,youwilllearn:1.humanbodysystemsasawhole2.vitalpartsofacell3.fourkindsoftissuescellsareorganizedintotissues,andtissuesarearrangedintoorgans,whichinturnaregroupedintosystems.eachbodysystemservesitsspecificfunctions.bearinmindhoweverthatthebodyfunctionsasawhole----nosystemisindependentoftheothers.theyworktogethertomaintainthebody’sstateofinternalstability,termedhomeostasis.nowlet,sbeginourdiscussionwithcells,thesmallestunitoflivingmatterthatcanexistbyitself.細胞構成組織，組織構成器官，器官又進一步構成系統(tǒng)。人體的每個系統(tǒng)都有其特定功能，但是，請記住這里:機體是作為一個整體來發(fā)揮作用的，沒有哪個系統(tǒng)能夠獨立于其他系統(tǒng)而存在，是整體系統(tǒng)共同作用保持了機體內(nèi)部的穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)，即體內(nèi)平衡。現(xiàn)在，我們先討論細胞一能獨立存在活性物質(zhì)的最小單位。thebodycanbestudiedfromitssimplesttoitsmostcomplexlevel,beginningwiththecell.allbodyfunctionsresultfromtheactivitiesofbillionsofthespecializedcells.someplantsandanimalsconsistofonlyasinglecell.othersarecomposedofmanybillionsofcells.從細胞開始，我們能夠從最簡單到最復雜的水平來研究機體。所有人體的功能都來自億萬個特定細胞活動，有的動植物僅由一個細胞構成，其他生物則由億萬個細胞構成。cellsexistinavarietyofshapesandsizes.theymay,forexample,becube-shapedorflat.scientistswhostudycellshavedeterminedthatasinglecellmaybeaslargeasatennisballorsosmallthatthousandswouldfitonthepointofaneedle.theyolkofahen,seggisactuallyaverylargecell.bycontrast,bacteria eachoneofwhichisatinycell areamongthesmallestcells.regardlessofitsshapeorsize,everycellcontainsthe“machinery”neededtomaintainlife.whilenormallycellsfunctionwithgreatefficiency,theyaresubjecttovariousdisordersthatresultindisease.細胞有很多種形狀和大小。列如：有可能是立方形或扁形的?？茖W家的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)單獨一個細胞可以像網(wǎng)球一樣的大小，或小到幾千個細胞才能剛好填滿針頭。雞的蛋黃是一個非常大的單細胞。微小的細菌呢算是最小的細胞。不管是細胞大小或形狀的不同，每個細胞都有“需要存活的機制”。對每個正常的細胞，有效力的細胞，都存在許多問題，能導致疾病。thesizeofcellsisusuallymeasuredinmicrons.amicronisamillionthofameter,andabout25,000micronsequaloneinch.thesmallestbacteriaareabout0.2micronindiameter.theaveragecellinthehumanbody abouttenmicronsindiameter----isaspeckbarelyvisiblewithouttheaidofamicroscope.細胞的大小是以“微米”為長度單位。微米是一米的一百萬分之一，25000微米等于一寸。最小的細菌的圓徑是0.2微米。人體正常細胞的評價圓徑約十【篇二：醫(yī)學專業(yè)英語1-4單元術語解釋、短語和課后習題答案】>humanbodyasawholemedicalterminologylearnthefollowingcombiningforms,prefixesandsuffixesandwritethemeaningofthemedicalterminthespaceprovided.ahormonesecretedfromtheadrenalglandinflammationoftheadrenalglandpertainingtomedicinepertainingtobiologypertainingtochemistrypertainingtothebloodvesselpertainingtocellspertainingtomoleculespertainingtothemedicineofthelivingthingthestudyofthelivingthingpertainingtothephysicsofthelivingthingthestudyoftheheartthediseaseofthehearttherecordoftheheartwavesthestudyofthehumaninnersecretionfromglandspertainingtotheproductionofhormonethestudyofinnerglandsecretiontheredbloodcellthewhitebloodcellthelymphcellthestudyofcellthestudyofchemistryofcellthestudyofbiologyofcellthetumoroftheembryothestudyofthediseaseoftheembryothestudyofthehumaninnersecretionfromglandspertainingtotheinsideoftheheartpertainingtotheinsideofthecellabovetheskinabovetheskininflammationoftheskinredbloodcellsinstrumentofmeasuringredbloodcellstobreatheoutthewastegastodrivesomebodyorsomethingouttospreadoutsidesththatproducesdiseasesthestudyofbloodbloodcellsthestudyoftissuesthestudyoftissuepathologytherapytreatment,hencetissuetreatmentpertainingtothebasepertainingtothetoxinpertainingtosymptomsthestudyofbody’sautoprotectionfromdiseasesprotectedfromdeficiencyintheimmunesystemofthebodysubstancefromtheadrenalglandwaterfromitthestudyofsocietiesthestudyofurinarysystemlymphcellstumorofthelymphaticsystemthestudyofthelymphaticsystemthestudyofphysicalgrowthadoctorofinternalmedicinetreatmentbyphysiologicalmethodsthenewgrowth,tumorthestudyofmindabnormalconditionofthemindthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenpsychologyandbiologyaconditionofoveractivityofthethyroidglandtheconditionofunderactivityofthethyroidglandtheinflammationofthethyroidglandcuttingapartthehumanbodyasabranchofmedicalsciencescutopenthebonetocuttheheartopenpertainingtothebloodvesselinflammationofthebloodvesselpertainingtothelymphaticsystemandthebloodvesselkeytotheexercisesb.(embryo)embryology(process/condition)mechanism(heart)cardiovascular(color)chromatin(secretion)endocrinology(cell)cytology(sth.thatproducesorisproduced)pathogen(lymph)lymphatic(thestudyof)psychology(pertainingto)regularlanguagepoints:puttogether組成knownas叫做jointsbetweenbones關節(jié)toprovidepointsofattachmentforthemusclesthatmovethebody牽動骨骼肌引起各種運動hipjoint髖關節(jié)flexible有韌性的cushioning緩沖replacedbybone骨化onebonemovesinrelationtotheother兩骨彼此靠近產(chǎn)生運動contents物質(zhì)nourishment營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)function發(fā)揮功能wasteproducts廢物accumulate積聚poisonthebody危害生命distributes運送neededmaterials有用的物質(zhì)unneededones廢物ismadeupof包括protect…againstforegninvaders防止外來侵襲(see!powerpoint)identical對等的receives吸收traveledthrough流經(jīng)forcedout壓送reenter流入directly直接地channels管道filters過濾larynx喉管trachea氣管twolungs左右肺verylargenumberof大量的airspaces肺泡release釋放出extending延伸至Ubrokendown分解absorbedinto吸收進chewing咀嚼esophagus食管keytothesectionbpassage1exercisesb.(theskeletalsystemconsistsofbones,jointsandsoftbones.)(heartisgeneratedwhenmusclesarecontracted,whichhelpskeepthebodytemperatureconstant.)(thecirculationofbloodcarriesusefulmaterialstoallbodycellswhileremovingwasteones.)(oxygenisinhaledandcarbondioxideisexhaledintheprocessofrespiration.)(thedigestionoffoodinvolvesbothmechanicalandchemicalprocedures.)(theurinarysystemkeepsnormallevelsofwaterandofcertainchemicalsinthebody.)(thepituitaryisamajorglandlocatedunderthebraininthemiddleofthehead.)(thebraincollectsandprocessesinformationandthensendsinstructionstoallpartsofthebodytobecarriedout.)(themainfunctionofthemalereproductivesystemistogenerate,transportandkeepactivemalesexcells.)(thelargestofthebody’sorgans,theskinprotectstheinnerstructureofthebodywithacompletelayer.)keytothesectionapassagelexercisese.1.cardiovasculardiseases2.functionofthepituitary3.theurinarytract4.molecules5.artery6.endocrinology7.dyspnea/difficultyinrespiration8.saliva9.histology10.bloodcirculation11.hematology12.physiology13.anatomy14.thefemalereproductive15.nervouscells16.immunology17.indigestion/poorindigestion18.voluntarymuscle19.embryology20.psychologysectionb,passage2cellsandtissueslanguagepointsorganized組(構)成arrangedinto構成inturnaregroupedinto又進一步組成servesitsspecific有特定的bearinmind記住resultfrom源于billions億萬determind確立fiton合在一起bycontrast相比之下machinary機構whilenormally在正常情況下functionwithgreatefficiency高效地發(fā)揮作用【篇三：醫(yī)學專業(yè)英語閱讀一分冊第一章】itisnecessarytounderstandhowitspartsareputtogetherandhowtheyfunction.thestudyofthebodysstructureiscalledanatomy;thestudyofthebodysfunctionisknownasphysiology.otherstudiesofhumanbodyincludebiology,cytology,embryology,histology,endocrinology,hematology,immunology,psychologyetc.了解人體各部分的組成及其功能，對于認識人體是必需的。研究人體結(jié)構的科學叫解剖學；研究人體功能的科學叫生理學。其他研究人體的科學包括生物學、細胞學、胚胎學、組織學、內(nèi)分泌學、血液學、遺傳學、免疫學、心理學等等。anatomistsfinditusefultodividethehumanbodyintotensystems,thatis,theskeletalsystem,themuscularsystem,thecirculatorysystem,therespiratorysystem,thedigestivesystem,theurinarysystem,theendocrinesystem,thenervoussystem,thereproductivesystemandtheskin.theprincipalpartsofeachofthesesystemsaredescribedinthisarticle.解剖學家發(fā)現(xiàn)把整個人體分成骨骼、肌肉、循環(huán)、呼吸、消化、泌尿、內(nèi)分泌、神經(jīng)、生殖系統(tǒng)以及感覺器官的做法是很有幫助的。本文描繪并闡述了各系統(tǒng)的主要部分。theskeletalsystemismadeofbones,jointsbetweenbones,andcartilage.itsfunctionistoprovidesupportandprotectionforthesofttissuesandtheorgansofthebodyandtoprovidepointsofattachmentforthemusclesthatmovethebody.thereare206bonesinthehumanskeleton.theyhavevariousshapes-long,short,cube-shaped,flat,andirregular.manyofthelongboneshaveaninteriorspacethatisfilledwithbonemarrow,wherebloodcellsaremade.骨骼系統(tǒng)由骨、關節(jié)以及軟骨組成。它對軟組織及人體器官起到支持和保護作用，并牽動骨胳肌，引起各種運動。人體有206根骨頭。骨形態(tài)不一，有長的、短、立方的、扁的及不規(guī)則的。許多長骨里有一個內(nèi)層間隙，里面充填著骨髓，這即是血細胞的制造場所。ajointiswherebonesarejoinedtogether.theconnectioncanbesoclosethatnomovementispossible,asisthecaseintheskull.otherkindsofjointspermitmovement:eitherbackandforthinoneplane-aswiththehingejointoftheelbow-ormovementaroundasingleaxis-aswiththepivotjointthatpermitstheheadtorotate.awiderangeofmovementispossiblewhentheball-shapedendofonebonefitsintoasocketattheendofanotherbone,astheydointheshoulderandhipjoints.關節(jié)把骨與骨連接起來。顱骨不能運動，是由于骨與骨之間的連接太緊密。但其它的關節(jié)可允許活動，如一個平面上的前后屈伸運動，如肘關節(jié)；或是繞軸心旋轉(zhuǎn)運動，如樞軸點允許頭部轉(zhuǎn)動。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大輻度的運動（如肩關節(jié)、髖關節(jié)）即成為可能。cartilageisamoreflexiblematerialthanbone.itservesasaprotective,cushioninglayerwherebonescometogether.italsoconnectstheribstothebreastboneandprovidesastructuralbaseforthenoseandtheexternalear.aninfantsskeletonismadeofcartilagethatisgraduallyreplacedbyboneastheinfantgrowsintoanadult.軟骨是一種比一般骨更具韌性的物質(zhì)。它是骨連結(jié)的保護、緩沖層。它把肋骨與胸骨連結(jié)起來，也是鼻腔與內(nèi)耳的結(jié)構基礎。一個嬰兒的骨骼就是由軟骨組成，然后不斷生長、骨化，使嬰兒長大成人。themuscularsystemallowsthebodytomove,anditscontractionsproduceheat,whichhelpsmaintainaconstantbodytemperature.striatedmusclescanbeconsciouslycontrolled.theendsofthesemusclesareattachedtodifferentbonesbyconnectivetissuebandssothatwhenthemusclecontracts,onebonemovesinrelationtotheother.thismakesitpossibletomovethewholebody,aswhenwalking,ortomovejustonepartofthebody,aswhenbendingafinger.contractionsoftheheartandsmoothmusclesarenotunderconsciouscontrol.smoothmusclesarefoundinthewallsoforganssuchasthestomachandtheintestinesandservetomovethecontentsoftheseorgansthroughthebody.肌肉系統(tǒng)使軀體運動，肌肉收縮產(chǎn)生的熱有助于維持一個恒定的體溫。人體能夠有意識地控制條紋肌。結(jié)締組織使肌肉末端附著于不同的骨面上，所以當肌肉收縮時，兩骨彼此靠近而產(chǎn)生運動。這也就使整個人體可以運動起來，如走路，運動軀體某個部位，如彎曲手指。心臟收縮和平滑肌收縮就不是被意識所控制的。器官壁內(nèi)層的平滑肌，如胃腸壁的平滑肌把胃腸中的物質(zhì)運送到全身。thecirculatorysystem.allpartsofthebodymusthavenourishmentandoxygeninordertofunctionandgrow,andtheirwasteproductsmustberemovedbeforetheyaccumulateandpoisonthebody.thecirculatorysystemdistributesneededmaterialsandremovesunneededones.itismadeupoftheheart,bloodvessels,andblood,whichtogethermakeupthecardiovascularsystem.thebloodisalsopartofthebodysdefensesystem.ithasantibodiesandwhitebloodcellsthatprotectthebodyagainstforeigninvaders.循環(huán)系統(tǒng)：機體的所有部分需要營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和氧氣來使之發(fā)揮功能和生長，也需要在這些器官所產(chǎn)生的廢物積聚而危害生命之前將其排除。循環(huán)系統(tǒng)運送有用物質(zhì)，排泄廢物。心血管系統(tǒng)是循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的組成之一；心血管系統(tǒng)包括心臟、血管及血液。血液也是機體防御系統(tǒng)的一個部分，血液中有抗體及白細胞來防止機體受到外來的侵襲。theheartisamusclethatisdividedintotwonearlyidenticalhalves:onehalfreceivesbloodfromthelungsandsendsittotherestofthebody,theotherhalfsendsbloodthathastraveledthroughthebodybacktothelungs.whentheheartmusclecontracts,thebloodisforcedoutintoarteriesandenterssmallcapillaries.bloodreturnstotheheartthroughveins.心臟是一塊被分為幾乎對等兩半的肌肉。一半吸收來自肺部的血液，并將血液運送到機體的其余部位，另一半使流經(jīng)全身的血液回流人肺。心臟收縮時，動脈把全身血液輸送到毛細血管。靜脈輸送血液返回心臟。alsofunctioningincirculationisthelymphaticsystem.someofthefluidthatsurroundscellsdoesnotreenterthebloodvesselsdirectly.thisfluid,calledlymph,returnstotheheartbywayofanothersystemofchannels-thelymphvessels.lymphnodesalongthesevesselsfilterthefluidbeforeitreenterstheblood.thespleenisalargelymphaticorganthatfilterstheblood.淋巴系統(tǒng)也是循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的一個組成部分。一些細胞周圍的體液不是直接回流入血管通道，這種體液叫淋巴液，它是流經(jīng)另一個管道系統(tǒng)一一淋巴管而回流人心臟。沿淋巴管的淋巴結(jié)將淋巴液過濾，過濾后再回流人血液。脾是一個過濾血液的大淋巴器官。therespiratorysystemtakesinoxygenfromtheairandexpelscarbondioxideandwatervapor.airentersthenoseandmouthandtravelsthroughthelarynx,andtrachea.thetracheadividestoentereachofthetwolungsandthendividesmorethan20timestoformaverylargenumberofsmallairspaces.oxygenfromtheairentersthebloodthroughcapillariesinthewallsoftheseairspaces,andthebloodreleasecarbondioxideintotheairspacestobeexhaled.呼吸系統(tǒng)從空氣中攝取氧氣，并將二氧化碳、水蒸氣排出體外?？諝饨?jīng)鼻腔、口腔人喉管、氣管。氣管分成左右支氣管，各連結(jié)左右肺，左右支氣管再分枝20多次，在終端形成大量微小的肺泡。從空氣攝取的氧氣流經(jīng)這些肺泡壁內(nèi)的毛細血管流入血液，血液再經(jīng)肺泡把釋放出的二氧化碳排出體外。thedigestivesystemconsistsofatubeextendingfromthemouthtotheanus.init,foodandfluidsaretakenin,movedthroughthebody,andbrokendownintosmallmoleculesthatareabsorbedintothecirculatorysystem.thisbreakdown,knownasdigestion,isbothamechanicalandachemicalprocess.foodentersthroughthemouth,wherechewingandsalivastarttobreakitupandmakeiteasiertoswallow.next,thefoodtravelsdownthroughtheesophagustothestomach.contractionsofthestomachsmuscularwallcontinuetobreakdownthefoodmechanically,andchemicaldigestioncontinueswhenacidandenzymesaresecretedintothestomachcavity.消化系統(tǒng)是一個從口腔直到肛門的管道。食物和液體在消化道里被吸收，在腸道里移動時，被分解成小分子物質(zhì)后再進入循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。這種分解，即消化，是一個機械過程，也是一個化學過程。食物進入口腔里，咀嚼和唾液開始將食物粉碎，使之便于吞咽。接著，食物經(jīng)食管人胃。胃肌壁的收縮繼續(xù)機械化地分解食物，而當酸和酶分泌入胃腔時，化學性消化開始。hefirstpartofthesmallintestine,calledtheduodenum,enzymesfromthepancreasareadded.theseenzymescompletethechemicalbreakdownofthefood.thedigestionoffatisaidedbybile,whichismadeintheliverandstoredinthegallbladder.thesmallintestineofanadultisabout21feet(6.4meters)long.mostofitslengthisdevotedtoabsorbingthenutrientsreleasedduringthesedigestiveactivities.液體化食物逐漸進入小腸。小腸的起始部分叫十二指腸，胰腺分泌的酶輔助食物消化。這些酶完成食物的化學分解。肝臟分泌的膽汁貯存在膽囊內(nèi)，膽汁有助于脂肪消化。一個成年人的小腸有21英尺(6.4米)長。小腸的大部分腸段用來吸收消化過程中釋放的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。theliquidremainderofthefoodentersthelargeintestine,orcolon,whichisabout12feet(3.7meters)helargeintestinemostofthefluidisabsorbed,andtherelativelydryresiduesareexpelled.液狀的剩余食物進入大腸，或結(jié)腸，它大約有12英尺(3.7米)長。大腸是小腸的兩倍多寬。大部分液體在大腸內(nèi)被吸收，相對干化的殘余物被排出體外。theurinarysystemmaintainsnormallevelsofwaterandofcertainsmallmoleculessuchassodiumandpotassiuminthebody.itdoesthisbypassingbloodthroughthekidneys,twoefficientfilteringorgansthatgetridofanyexcessofvariousmoleculesandconservethosemoleculesthatareinshortsupply.泌尿系統(tǒng)維持水分及體內(nèi)某些小分子物質(zhì)，如鈉、鉀的正常水平。身體是通過讓‘腎過濾血液來做到這一點的。腎是兩個有效的過濾器官，它濾出各種多余的小分子物質(zhì)，保留那些供應不足的小分子物質(zhì)。thefluidthatleavesthekidneys,knownasurine,travelsthroughatubecalledtheuretertothebladd