文獻閱讀與翻譯

科技文獻閱讀與翻譯ScientificLiteratureReading&Translation主講人：許寧云博士

副教授公共郵箱：wxydyfy@163.comCourseObjectives:1)Thecourseaimstoprovidethestudentswithcomprehensiveinformationaboutpracticalliteratureanddocumentation,helpthembetterunderstandthebasicfeaturesandlanguagerequirementsofvariousdocumentation,andfurtherdeveloptheirabilityofinformationacquisition.2)Anotheraimofthecourseistoletthestudentsacquireoverallknowledgeandskillsoftranslation,soastoenablethemtotranslateprofessionalmaterialsappropriatelyfromEnglishtoChineseandviceversa.ContentsThecourseconsistsof15units,coveringalmostallthemajoraspectsofindustrialbusinessandacademicexchanges,etc.CourseAssessmentFinalgradewillbegivenonthebasisof:1)eachstudent’sattendanceandtheparticipationinclassroomactivities;2)theunitassignments3)thefinalexaminationofreadingcomprehensionandtranslationpractice.Recommended/OptionalTextbooks1、《文獻閱讀與翻譯》，胡庚生主編，北京：高等教育出版社，2000.2、《實用翻譯教程》(英漢互譯)，馮慶華主編，上海：上海外語教育出版社，2002.3、《英漢翻譯教程》，張培基主編，上海：上海外語教育出版社，1980.UnitIGeneralDescriptionofLiteratureReadingandTranslationTopicalHighlightsDefinitionofLiteratureClassificationofLiteratureLinguisticFeaturesofScientificLiteratureTranslationSkillsontranslationingeneralandtranslationofspecialliteratureSpecialAttention:TheTranslationofDocumentation

DefinitionofLiteratureAsetofworksonaparticularsubject;printedmaterial,esp.givinginformation;thebodyofwritingsonaparticularsubject(scientificliterature)ClassificationofLiteratureTextbooksMonographsPapersEncyclopediasPeriodicalsSpecialDocumentationLinguisticFeaturesofScientificLiteratureStylisticallyGrammaticallyMorphologicallyNon-verbal

TranslationSkillsontranslationingeneralandtranslationofspecialliterature1.NatureandScopeofTranslationWhatistranslation?Translationistheinterpretationofthemeaningofatextinonelanguage(the“sourcetext”<源文本>)andtheproduction,inanotherlanguage,ofanequivalenttext(the“targettext”<目標文本>,or“translation”<譯文>)thatcommunicatesthesamemessage.EugeneA.Nida

(1914-)尤金·奈達Translationconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguage(接受語，譯語）theclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguage（原語、源語）,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.Dynamic-EquivalenceTheorybaptismofrepentancerepentandbebaptizedAlexanderFraserTytlerAtranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal.Atranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.以上是英國著名翻譯理論家泰特勒(1747-1814)于18世紀末在《論翻譯的原則》EssayonthePrinciplesofTranslation(1791)一書中提出的關于翻譯和評判翻譯標準的三條基本原則。2.PrinciplesorCriteriaofTranslation嚴復：信、達、雅faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance.The“threecharacterguide”isregardedasaplumb-lineoflongstandingtomeasuretheprofessionalleveloftranslating.不愛紅妝愛武裝facethepowderandnottopowdertheface.

3.LiteralTranslationandFreeTranslationLiteralTranslation:phonetic,morphological,syntactic武裝到牙齒armedtotheteeth象牙塔”ivorytower趁熱打鐵strikewhiletheironishot血濃于水Bloodisthickerthanwater．鱷魚的眼淚crocodile’stears芳芳、白象Fangfangwhiteelephant

FreeTranslationastimidasahare膽小如鼠wetlikeadrownrat濕如落湯雞asstupidasagoose蠢得像豬asstubbornasamule犟得像牛talkhorse吹牛

drinklikeafish

牛飲Adam’sappleAtsixesandsevensItrainscatsanddogs.Don’tcrossthebridgetillyougettoit.Doyouseeanygreeninmyeye?“l(fā)iteral”doesn’tmean“word-for-word”街道婦女應動員起來打掃衛(wèi)生。Womeninthestreetshouldbecalledontodosomecleaning.她一大早起床，進城，見到了她的公爹Shegotupearly,wenttothetownandsawherpublicfather.句子比較：Littlefishdoesnoteatbigfish小魚不吃大魚胳膊擰不過大腿“free”doesn’tmean“casual”Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.Spring,thesweetspringistheyear’spleasantking.——T.Nash春，甘美之春，一年之中的堯舜?！鬖iteralTranslationorFreeTranslation?Don’ttakethelow-fatlabelasalicensetoeat.不能因為食品標明低脂肪，而敞開食用。別把標有“低脂肪”的標簽看成是可“敞開食用”的許可證。Whatprinciplesshouldatranslatorabidebyinapplyingliteralandfreetranslation?4.TranslationTechniquesDiction(選詞用字）Amplification（增益）Omission（省略）Repetition（重復）Conversion（轉(zhuǎn)換）Rearrangement（詞序調(diào)整）Negation（正說反譯、反說正譯）Division（長句拆譯）SpecialAttention:TheTranslationofDocumentationTreatthetranslationofeachkindofdocumentaryworksdiscriminatingly.StandardsStrictwording,stylisticformalityPatentdocumentsStereotypedexpression,formalpatternsTrademarksNovelty,uniquenessCopyrightworksRigidgrammarLegaldocuments,contract,agreementsStrictgrammar,syntaxProposals,reportsThematter-of-factattitudeGeneralknowledgeandknowledgeofthesubjectmatterPracticeItwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes,itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity,itwastheseasonofLight,itwastheseasonofDarkness,itwasthespringofhope,itwasthewinterofdespair,wehadeverythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus,wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheother.

Agreetingcardcanwarmaheart,holdahand,lendanear,pataback,lightupaface,tickleafunnybone,dryaneye,surpriseachild,caressasweetheart,toastabride,welcomeastranger,waveagoodbye,shoutabravo,blowakiss,mendaquarrel,easeapain,boostamorale,stopaworryandstartatradition.Asanimportantmeansforpreservingknowledge,variousliteratureshavebecomepreciousresourcesforthemankind,whichhavegreatlycontributedtothesocialprogressofhumanrace.

Professionalliteratureshavebeenregardedasintangibleassetsofthewholeworldbecausetheyare,ononehand,thesummary,generalization,anddevelopmentoftheachievementobtainedonthebasisofpreviousexperiencesorstudies,andontheotherhand,theyhavebeenaccumulatedandhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Inthissense,therefore,allkindsofliteraturesarerecordsofpreviousresearchfindingsandacademicachievements,andcrystallizationofhumancivilization.Asanimportantmeansforpreservingknowledge,variousliteratureshavebecomepreciousresourcesforthemankind,whichhavegreatlycontributedtothesocialprogressofhumanrace.Professionalliteratureshavebeenregardedasintangibleassetsofthewholeworldbecausetheyare,ononehand,thesummary,generalization,anddevelopmentoftheachievementobtainedonthebasisofpreviousexperiencesorstudies,andontheotherhand,theyhavebeenaccumulatedandhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Inthissense,therefore,allkindsofliteraturesarerecordsofpreviousresearchfindingsandacademicachievements,andcrystallizationofhumancivilization.Unit2StandardsLinguisticfeaturesof“standard”1)FormattedStructure2)FormalWording3)LegalTerm“shall”4)FrequentUseofAbbreviations5)MixedwithDrawingsandTablesStandard,inrelationtocomputers,isasetofdetailedtechnicalguidelinesusedasameansofestablishinguniformityinanareaofhardwareorsoftwaredevelopment.Computerstandardshavetraditionallydevelopedineitheroftwoways.Thefirst,ahighlyinformalprocess,occurswhenaproductorphilosophyisdevelopedbyasinglecompanyand,throughsuccessandimitation,becomessowidelyusedthatdeviationfromthenormcausescompatibilityproblemsorlimitsmarketability.ThistypeofdefactostandardsettingistypifiedbysuchproductsasHayesmodemsandIBMPCs.Thesecondtypeofstandardsettingisafarmoreformalprocessinwhichspecificationsaredraftedbyacooperativegrouporcommitteeafteranintensivestudyofexistingmethods,approaches,andtechnologicaltrendsanddevelopments.Theproposedstandardsarelaterratifiedorapprovedbyarecognizedorganizationandareadoptedovertimebyconsensusasproductsbasedonthestandardsbecomeincreasinglyprevalentinthemarket.Standardsofthismoreformaltypearenumerous,includingtheASCIIcharacterset,theRS-232-Cstandard,theSCSIinterface,andANSI-standardprogramminglanguages,suchasCandFORTRAN.ReflectionsandPractice1.Topicsforgroupdiscussion1)Whatdoesthepassagetellusabout?2)Whatisthedefactostandardsetting?2.Fillineachspacewithoneproperword.Standard,inrelation

computers,isasetofdetailedtechnicalguidelinesusedasa

ofestablishinguniformityinanareaofhardwareorsoftwaredevelopment.Computerstandardshavetraditionallydevelopedin

oftwoways.Thefirst,ahighlyinformalprocess,occurswhenaproductorphilosophyisdevelopedbyasinglecompanyand,throughsuccessandimitation,becomes

widelyusedthatdeviationfromthenormcausescompatibilityproblemsorlimitsmarketability.Thistypeofdefactostandardsettingistypifiedbysuchproducts

HayesmodemsandIBMPCs.Thesecondtypeofstandardsettingisafarmoreformalprocess

whichspecificationsaredraftedbyacooperativegrouporcommitteeafteranintensivestudyofexistingmethods,approaches,andtechnologicaltrendsanddevelopments.Theproposedstandardsarelaterratifiedor

byarecognizedorganizationandareadoptedovertimebyconsensus

productsbasedonthestandardsbecomeincreasinglyprevalentinthemarket.Standardsofthismoreformaltypearenumerous,includingtheASCIIcharacterset,theRS-232-Cstandard,theSCSIinterface,andANSI-standardprogramminglanguages,suchasCandFORTRAN.TranslationSkillsDiction

用字遣詞maritalstatus;immigrationstatus;cognitivestatus;socialstatusTensionisbuildingup.形勢緊張起來張力在增大電壓在增加壓力在增強…………SomeTechniquesEmployedinTranslatingaGivenEnglishWord1)DeductionStopoutn.(U.S.)Astudentwhointerruptshiseducationtopursuesomeotheractivityforabriefperiod.輟學學生Challenge

Toquestionthelawfulnessorrightnessof(sth.Orsb.)對…表示懷疑，質(zhì)疑；對…提出異議2）TransplantSupermarketMicrowaveSplashdown3)ExtensionBottleneckItismorethantransienteverydayness.遠非一時的柴米油鹽問題。日常狀態(tài)柴米油鹽4）SubstitutionTokillsb.asanexample殺一儆百5）ExplanationMindlessness思想上的渾濁狀態(tài)Athrowawaysociety一個大手大腳、浪費成風的社會6)CombinationSosubtleandcarefulanobserver一位如此精細的觀察者AgrimandtragicChristmas一個慘淡的圣誕節(jié)7）PictographicTranslationH-beam工字梁O-ring環(huán)形圈U-steel槽鋼V-belt三角皮帶8）TransliterationWallStreetPentiumCloneTranslatethePassageStandard,inrelationtocomputers,isasetofdetailedtechnicalguidelinesusedasameansofestablishinguniformityinanareaofhardwareorsoftwaredevelopment.對于計算機來說，標準即是一套詳盡的技術指標。它作為一種手段，用來在硬件或軟件開發(fā)領域建立起統(tǒng)一的模式。Computerstandardshavetraditionallydevelopedineitheroftwoways.Thefirst,ahighlyinformalprocess,occurswhenaproductorphilosophyisdevelopedbyasinglecompanyand,throughsuccessandimitation,becomessowidelyusedthatdeviationfromthenormcausescompatibilityproblemsorlimitsmarketability.從傳統(tǒng)觀點來看，計算機標準從兩個方面分別得到了發(fā)展。第一類，它作為一種極其非正式的工藝過程，出現(xiàn)在個別公司生產(chǎn)某種產(chǎn)品或形成某種理念的時候。由于它的成功和模仿，其標準得到了廣泛的利用，其結果是任何背離該標準的行為都會造成兼容性方面的問題，影響其市場銷售。ThistypeofdefactostandardsettingistypifiedbysuchproductsasHayesmodemsandIBMPCs.Thesecondtypeofstandardsettingisafarmoreformalprocessinwhichspecificationsaredraftedbyacooperativegrouporcommitteeafteranintensivestudyofexistingmethods,approaches,andtechnologicaltrendsanddevelopments.這種事實上的標準設置在諸如Hayes調(diào)制解調(diào)器和IBMPCs之類的產(chǎn)品上最具有典型性。標準設置的第二種類型是一種要正式得多的過程。在該過程中，由一個合作小組或委員會對現(xiàn)有的各種方法、技術發(fā)展及趨勢等方面進行仔細研究之后，草擬出一套詳細的規(guī)格。Theproposedstandardsarelaterratifiedorapprovedbyarecognizedorganizationandareadoptedovertimebyconsensusasproductsbasedonthestandardsbecomeincreasinglyprevalentinthemarket.Standardsofthismoreformaltypearenumerous,includingtheASCIIcharacterset,theRS-232-Cstandard,theSCSIinterface,andANSI-standardprogramminglanguages,suchasCandFORTRAN.隨后，所提出的標準由公認的機構批準或認可，隨著依照標準生產(chǎn)出來的產(chǎn)品在市場上日益流行，逐漸為公眾所一致接受。這種更為正式的標準類型為數(shù)眾多，包括ASCII字符集，RS-232-C標準、SCSI接口，以及諸如C語言和FORTRAN語言之類的ANSI-標準編程語言。Unit3PatentsQuestions1.Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?2.Whyshouldpatentedarticlesbemarkedwithpatentnumber?3.Whatdoes“patentpending”mean?4.Whatcanbefoundinanissuedpatent?TranslationSkill:Amplification=additionAmatterofprinciple:×Add/subtractmeaning1.Supplyingomittedwordstoconveytheoriginalmeaning

（1）Mattercanbechangedintoenergy,andenergyintomatter.物質(zhì)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為能，能也可以轉(zhuǎn)化為物質(zhì)。（2）Thebestconductorhastheleastresistanceandthepoorestthegreatest.最好的導體電阻最小，最差的導體電阻最大。2.Supplyingnecessaryconnectives（1）Heated,waterwillchangeintovapor.水如受熱，就會氣化。（2）Howevercarefullyboilercasingsandsteampipesaresealed,someheatescapesandislost.盡管鍋爐殼與蒸汽管嚴密封閉，還是有一部分熱會損耗掉。3.Supplyingwordstoconveytheconceptofpluralnouns

（1）Notethatthewords“velocity”and“speed”requireexplanation.請注意，“速度”和“速率”這兩個詞需要解釋。

（2）Themountainsbegantothrowtheirlongblueshadowsoverthevalley.群山開始向山谷投下一道道蔚藍色長影。4.Supplyingwordstomakeanabstractconceptclear(1)Oxidationwillmakeironandsteelrusty.氧化作用會使鋼鐵生銹。（2）Thislackofresistanceinverycoldmetalsmaybecomeusefulinelectroniccomputers.這種在甚低溫金屬中沒有電阻的現(xiàn)象可能對計算機很有好處。5.Dictatedbylogic

(1)Airpressuredecreaseswithaltitude.氣壓隨海拔高度的增加而下降。（2）Thisshowsthattheresistanceofanelectricconductorisinverselyproportionaltoitscross-sectionarea.這表明，導體電阻的大小與導體橫切面的大小成反比。6.Supplyingwordsofgeneralization(1)Thethesissummedupthenewachievementsmadeinelectroniccomputers,artificialsatellitesandrockets.論文總結了計算機、人造衛(wèi)星和火箭三方面的新成就。（2）Theprincipalfunctionsthatmaybeperformedbyvacuumtubesarerectification,amplification,oscillation,modulation,anddetection.真空管的五大主要功能是：整流、放大、振蕩、調(diào)制和檢波。7.Forpurposesofrhetoricorcoherence(1)Thiscomputerisindeedcheapandfine.這臺電腦真是價廉物美。（2）Heatfromthesunstirsuptheatmosphere,generatingwinds.太陽發(fā)出的熱能攪動大氣，于是產(chǎn)生了風。8.Repetition(1)Avoidusingthiscomputerinextremecold,heat,dustorhumidity.不要在過冷、過熱、灰塵過重、濕度過大的情況下使用此計算機。（2）Ihadexperiencedoxygenand/orenginetrouble.我曾經(jīng)遇到過，不是氧氣設備出故障，就是引擎出故障，或兩者都出故障。AmplificationusedinChinese-EnglishTranslation1.Addingnecessaryconnectives虛心使人進步，驕傲使人落后。Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.2.Addingnecessarypronouns交出譯文之前，必須讀幾遍，看看有沒有要修改的地方。Beforehandinginyourtranslation,youhavetoreaditoverandoveragainandseeifthereisanythinginittobecorrectedorimproved.3.AddingnecessarybackgroundinformationtomaketheEnglishversionclear三個臭皮匠，賽過諸葛亮。ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedequalZhugeLiangthemastermind.Translationpractice1.PutthefollowingsentencesintoChinese,usingthetechniqueofamplificationHistoriesmakemenwise;poetswitty;mathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.讀史使人明智，讀詩使人靈秀，數(shù)學使人周密，科學使人深刻，倫理使人莊重，邏輯修辭之學使人善變。2.PutthefollowingpassageintoChineseOurpresentinventionrelatestoacircuitarrangementforcompensatingtemperature-dependentfrequencyvariationsofanoscillatorofthecrystal-controlledtypewhichgeneratesacarrierforthetranslationofmessagesbyfrequencymodulation.本發(fā)明涉及一種補償電路，用以補償晶體振蕩器的頻率隨溫度而發(fā)生的變化。這種振蕩器產(chǎn)生的載波是用調(diào)頻方式發(fā)送信息的。3.PutthefollowingpassageintoEnglish美洲第一批發(fā)明專利是于1642年由殖民政府發(fā)布的。1790年美國的首批專利法根據(jù)憲法第一條第八款在國會獲得通過，這項法令由一個三人委員會監(jiān)督實施，這三人分別為美國國務卿、陸軍部長和司法總長。InAmerica,thefirstpatentsforinventionswereissuedin1642bythecolonialgovernments.ThefirstU.S.patentlawswereenactedbyCongressin1790undertheauthorityofArticle1,Section8,oftheConstitution.ThePatentActof1790wasadministeredbyacommissioncomposedofthesecretaryofstate,thesecretaryofwar,andtheattorneygeneraloftheU.S.Unit4TrademarksTrademarksoriginatedfromtherulethatnoonehastherighttohaveproductsforsaleunderthepretensethattheyarethegoodsofanotherpersonbyeitherdirectorindirectmisrepresentation.Thiskindofunfaircompetitionhasbecomewidespread.Somegoodsthathaveeitherlargeorexclusivemarketshavebeencounterfeitedandsoldwithtrademarkssimilartotheoriginals,suchastheimprintedgoldinitialsofL(ouis)V(uitton).Thelawrecognizestrademarksaspropertyandgrantstothetraderanexclusiverighttouseanindividualmark.Thusthetrademarkhasthecharacteristicofaspecialmonopolyrightinthatitpreventsitsuseforanotherperson’sorcompany’sgoodsinthesamewayitprotectsotherformsofprivateproperty.Therighttoatrademarkhastraditionallyarisenoutofactualuseofthemark.Mostcountries,however,demandinadditiontoitsusethatitberegisteredwiththepropergovernmentagency.Theeasiestwaytolosetherighttoatrademarkisbyabandoningtheuseofthetrademarkorbyfailingtorenewregistration.Incountrieswhereanunregisteredtrademarkhasbeenacquiredbyuse,therightcontinuessolongasusehasnotbeenabandoned.Lossofatrademarkrightalsooccurswhenitistransformedorwhenitdegeneratesintoahouseholdterm.Thishashappenedwithsuchwell-knownformertrademarknamesasaspirin,cellophane,dryice,shreddedwheat,thermos,andothers.Questions1.Whatarethemainpointsofthispassage?2.Whyatrademarkisneeded?3.Inwhatcases,thetrademarkrightislost?Trademarksoriginated_____therulethatnoonehastherighttohaveproductsforsale______thepretensethattheyarethegoodsofanotherpersonbyeitherdirectorindirectmisrepresentation.Thiskindofunfaircompetitionhasbecomewidespread.Somegoodsthathaveeitherlargeorexclusivemarketshavebeen______andsoldwithtrademarkssimilartotheoriginals,suchastheimprintedgoldinitialsofL(ouis)V(uitton).Thelawrecognizestrademarks______propertyandgrantstothetraderanexclusiverighttouseanindividualmark.Thusthetrademarkhasthecharacteristicofaspecialmonopolyrightin______itpreventsitsuseforanotherperson’sorcompany’sgoodsinthesamewayitprotectsotherformsofprivateproperty.Therighttoatrademarkhastraditionallyarisenoutofactualuseofthemark.Mostcountries,however,demandinaddition_____itsusethatit_____registeredwiththepropergovernmentagency.Theeasiestwaytolosetherighttoatrademarkisbyabandoningtheuseofthetrademarkorbyfailingtorenewregistration.Incountries______anunregisteredtrademarkhasbeenacquiredbyuse,therightcontinuessolong______usehasnotbeenabandoned.Lossofatrademarkrightalsooccurswhenitis_______orwhenitdegeneratesintoahouseholdterm.Thishashappenedwithsuchwell-knownformertrademarknamesasaspirin,cellophane,dryice,shreddedwheat,thermos,andothers.TranslationSkill:Omission1.OmissionofthePronounHeputhishandsintohispocketsandthenshruggedhisshoulders.他將雙手放進口袋，然后聳了聳肩。2.OmissionoftheArticleAnysubstanceismadeofatomswhetheritisasolid,aliquid,oragas.任何物質(zhì)，不論是固體、液體或氣體，都由原子組成。3.OmissionofthePrepositionThedifferencebetweenthetwomachinesconsistsinpower.這兩臺機器的差別在于功率不同。4.OmissionoftheConjunctionIfIhadknowntherisk,Iwouldnothavejoinedinit.早知危險，我就不參加了。Likechargesrepeleachotherwhileoppositechargesattract.同性電荷相斥，異性電荷相吸。5.OmissionoftheVerbWhenthepressuregetslow,theboiling-pointbecomeslow.氣壓低，沸點就低。6.OmissionoftheImpersonalPronoun“It”Thisformulamakesiteasytodeterminethewavelengthofsounds.這一公式簡化了聲音波長的測定。C-ETranslation質(zhì)子帶正電，電子帶負電，而中子既不帶正電也不帶負電。Aprotonhaspositivechargeandanelectronanegativecharge,butaneutronhasneither.她的朋友聽到她家中的困難情況后，都主動伸出援助之手。Afterherfriendsheardaboutherfamilydifficulties,theyofferedheranhelpinghand.花園里面是人間的樂園，有的是吃不完的大米白面，穿不完的綾羅綢緞，花不完的金銀財寶。Thegardenwasaparadiseonearth,withmorefoodandclothesthancouldbeconsumedandmoremoneythancouldbespent.TranslationPractice1.PutthefollowingsentencesintoChinese,usingthetechniqueofomission.(1)Thetruejoyofjoysisthejoythatjoysinthejoyofothers.與人同樂，才是真樂。(2)Thesedevelopingcountriescovervastterritories,encompassalargepopulationandaboundinnaturalresources.這些發(fā)展中國家土地遼闊，人口眾多，資源豐富。這些發(fā)展中國家地大物博，人口眾多。

(3)TheKODAKFichereader321Aiseasytooperate,versatile,compactandhasapleasingmoderndesign.柯達321A型微膠片閱讀器操作簡便，功能齊全，結構緊湊，造型美觀。(4)Scientificexploration,thesearchforknowledgehasgivenmanthepracticalresultofbeingabletoshieldhimselffromthecalamitiesofnatureandthecalamitiesimposedbyotherman.人類對科學的探索，對知識的尋求，其結果是使自己具有了躲避天災人禍的能力。(5)Therewasnohasteorrestlessnessinhismannerbutapoisedfriendliness.他從容不迫，和藹可親。（他舉止不慌不忙，十分友好。）2.PutthefollowingpassageintoChineseAnyonewhousesamarksosimilartoaregisteredtrademarkthatitislikelytocausecustomerconfusionisaninfringerandcanbesuedinastateorfederalcourt.Indecidingwhetherthereisinfringement,thecourtcomparestheconflictingtrademarksastosimilarityinsound,appearance,andmeaning,andcomparesthesimilarityofthegoodsandservices.Anyonewhousesamarksosimilartoaregisteredtrademarkthatitislikelytocausecustomerconfusionisaninfringerandcanbesuedinastateorfederalcourt.如何人使用與注冊商標類似的標記，并由此可能會混淆顧客識別力的做法叫做侵權，會受到州法院或聯(lián)邦法院的起訴。Indecidingwhetherthereisinfringement,thecourtcomparestheconflictingtrademarksastosimilarityinsound,appearance,andmeaning,andcomparesthesimilarityofthegoodsandservices.法院在確定是否有侵權行為時，要對相關商標從聲音、外形，以及意義等方面進行比較，還要比較其商品及服務的相似性。

3.PutthefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

商標通常是銷售商或廠家的一種有價財產(chǎn)，因為它一方面象征著經(jīng)銷公司的聲望，另一方面又是產(chǎn)品及服務的標志。因此，當某一公司及其資產(chǎn)被出售時，其商標既可以出售，又可以轉(zhuǎn)讓他人。只要具有有效的質(zhì)量監(jiān)控措施，商標亦可特許他人使用。絕大多數(shù)快餐店，如肯德基炸雞或其它一些特許經(jīng)營店，只要得到總公司的許可，都可使用總公司的商標。商標通常是銷售商或廠家的一種有價財產(chǎn)，因為它一方面象征著經(jīng)銷公司的聲望，另一方面又是產(chǎn)品及服務的標志。Atrademarkisoftenavaluablepropertyofasellerormanufacturer,becauseitisthesymbolofthecompany’sgoodwillandofitsproductsandservices.因此，當某一公司及其資產(chǎn)被出售時，其商標既可以出售，又可以轉(zhuǎn)讓他人。只要具有有效的質(zhì)量監(jiān)控措施，商標亦可特許他人使用。Thus,atrademarkcanbesoldorassignedwhenacompanyanditsassetsaresold.Itcanalsobelicensedtootherstouseaslongasqualitycontrolprovisionsareineffect.絕大多數(shù)快餐店，如肯德基炸雞或其它一些特許經(jīng)營店，只要得到總公司的許可，都可使用總公司的商標。Mostfast-foodoutlets,suchasKentuckyFriedChicken,orotherfranchisedbusinessesarelicensedtousethetrademarkoftheparentcompany.Unit5CopyrightsCopyrightregistrationisalegalformalityintendedtomakeapublicrecordofthebasicfactsofaparticularcopyright.Exceptinspecificsituations,registrationisnotaconditionforprotection,butthecopyrightlawprovidesseveralinducementsoradvantagestoencouragecopyrightownerstoregister.Amongthesearethefollowing:Registrationestablishesapublicrecordofthecopyrightclaim.Beforeaninfringementsuitmaybefiledincourt,registrationisnecessaryforworksofU.S.originandforforeignworksnotoriginatinginaBerneUnioncountry.Ifmadebeforeorwithin5yearsofpublication,registrationwillestablishprimafacieevidenceincourtofthevalidityofthecopyrightandofthefactsstatedinthecertificate.Ifregistrationismadewithin3monthsafterpublicationoftheworkorpriortoaninfringementofthework,statutorydamagesandattorney’sfeeswillbeavailabletothecopyrightownerincourtactions.Otherwise,onlyanawardofactualdamagesandprofitsisavailabletothecopyrightowner.CopyrightregistrationallowstheownerofthecopyrighttorecordtheregistrationwiththeU.S.CustomsServiceforprotectionagainsttheimportationofinfringingcopies.Registrationmaybemadeatanytimewithinthelifeofthecopyright.Whenaworkhasbeenregisteredinunpublishedform,makinganotherregistrationwhentheworkbecomespublishedisunnecessary(althoughthecopyrightownermayregisterthepublishededition,ifdesired).Questions1.What’sthetopicofthepassage?2.Whatarethemainpointsofthepassage?3.What’sthepurposeofcopyrightregistration?4.Afteranunpublishedworkisregistered,isitnecessarytogetthepublishededitionregistered?5.Whatdoes“primafacie”possiblymean?6.HowdoestheU.S.preventpeoplefromcarryinginfringingcopiesoutofthecountry?Copyrightregistrationisalegalformalityintendedtomakeapublicrecordofthebasicfactsofaparticularcopyright.Except____specificsituations,registrationisnotaconditionforprotection,butthecopyrightlawprovidesseveral____oradvantagestoencouragecopyrightownerstoregister.Amongthesearethefollowing:Registrationestablishesapublicrecordofthecopyrightclaim.Beforeaninfringementsuitmaybe____incourt,registrationisnecessaryforworksofU.S.originand____foreignworksnotoriginatinginaBerneUnioncountry.Ifmadebeforeorwithin5yearsofpublication,registrationwillestablishprimafacieevidenceincourt____thevalidityofthecopyrightandofthefactsstatedinthecertificate.Ifregistrationis____within3monthsafterpublicationoftheworkorpriortoaninfringementofthework,statutorydamagesandattorney’sfeeswillbe____tothecopyrightownerincourtactions.____,onlyanawardofactualdamagesandprofitsisavailabletothecopyrightowner.CopyrightregistrationallowstheownerofthecopyrighttorecordtheregistrationwiththeU.S.CustomsServiceforprotection____theimportationofinfringingcopies.Registrationmaybemadeatanytimewithinthelifeofthecopyright.Whenaworkhasbeenregisteredinunpublished____,makinganotherregistrationwhentheworkbecomespublishedisunnecessary(althoughthecopyrightownermayregisterthepublishededition,ifdesired).TranslationSkill:ConversionFamiliesupstairshavetocarrypailsto