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第1章金屬切削的基本定義Contents1.1切削運(yùn)動(dòng)與切削用量1.2刀具結(jié)構(gòu)及幾何參數(shù)1.4旋轉(zhuǎn)刀具的幾何角度1.5切削層參數(shù)與切削方式(BASICDEFINITIONOFMETALCUTTING(Cuttingmotionandcuttingregime)(Cuttingtoolangles)(Rotatingcuttingangles)(Parametersofcuttinglayerandcuttingmode)1.3刀具角度的換算(Toolangleconversion

)1.1切削運(yùn)動(dòng)與切削用量一、切削加工的概念通過(guò)機(jī)床提供的切削運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力,使刀具和工件產(chǎn)生相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng),從而切除工件上多余的材料,以獲得合格零件的加工過(guò)程。Themetalcuttingistheprocessinwhichtheexcessmetalonablankiscutoffbyacuttingtool,andformedintoarequiredpart.

在現(xiàn)代機(jī)械制造中,除少量零件采用精密鑄造、精密鍛造、粉末冶金等到方法直接獲得零件外,大部分零件都要經(jīng)過(guò)切削加工才能獲得所需要的加工精度和表面粗糙度。Inmodernmanufacturingindustrial,mostofpartswhichmachinedprecisionandroughnessofmachinedsurfaceareformedbycutting,lestofthatareformedbyprecisioncasting,precisionforging,andpowdermetallurgyetc.·(Cuttingmotionandcuttingregime)(Whatismetalcutting?)機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)

1)刀具和工件間要有形成零件結(jié)構(gòu)要素所需的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)(cuttingmotion)。2)刀具材料的性能能夠滿足切削加工的需要(cuttingtoolmaterials)。

3)刀具必須具有一定的幾何角度(cuttingtoolangles)。切削加工必須具備的基本條件

(basicrequirementsofmetalcutting)機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)二、零件表面的形成(Formationofpartsurface)1.工件表面的形狀(Shapeofpartsurface)零件的表面平面(plane)圓柱面(cylindricalsurface)特殊表面(specialsurface)成型表面(formedsurface)圓錐面(circularconicalsurface)Surfaceshapeofpart圖1-1所示表面都屬于線性表面,該表面是由一條線(母線)沿著另一條線(導(dǎo)線)運(yùn)動(dòng)而形成的軌跡。母線和導(dǎo)線統(tǒng)稱(chēng)發(fā)生線。母線與導(dǎo)線可互換的表面稱(chēng)為可逆表面,反之為不可逆表面。AsshowninFigure1-1,therearesomesimilarfeaturesthatthesurfacesofthepartsarelinealsurfaceformedbyarelativemotionthataline(generatrix)movesalonganotherline(lead).Thegeneratrixandtheleadarecalledgenerantline.Ifthegeneratrixandtheleadareinterconvert,theformedsurfacebythemiscalledreversiblesurface,onthecontrary,iscalledirreversiblesurface.2.工件表面的形成方法及所需運(yùn)動(dòng)(Formingofsurfaceoftheworkpieceanditsrequiredmotion)

圖1-1構(gòu)成機(jī)械零件外形廓形的常用表面1—平面2—圓柱面3—圓錐面4—螺旋面5—回轉(zhuǎn)體平行面6—漸開(kāi)線柱面Fig.1-1thesurfaceofpartinthemachine1—plane2—cylindricalsurface3—circularconicalsurface4—helicoid5—spheroid6—involute圖1-2零件表面的形成(Formationofsurfaceofparts)1—母線(generatrix)2—導(dǎo)線(lead)Fig.1-3母線原始位置變化時(shí)形成的不同表面Thesurfaceformedbythepositionchangeofgenertrix1—母線與軸線平行(thegenertrixisparalleltotheaxis)

2—母線與軸線相交(thegenertrixintersectstheaxesatapoint)

3—母線與軸線異面(thegenertrixandtheaxesarenotinsameplane)(1)軌跡法(tracing)切削刃與被加工表面為點(diǎn)接觸,接觸點(diǎn)按一定規(guī)律的軌跡運(yùn)動(dòng)形成發(fā)生線(一般為母線),采用軌跡法形成發(fā)生線需要一個(gè)獨(dú)立的成形運(yùn)動(dòng)。Intracing,thecuttingedgetouchestheworkingsurfaceatapointmovingalongthegeneratrix,whichneedsaindependentformingmotion.

機(jī)床上形成發(fā)生線的方法主要有四種:

Therearefourmethodsofformingthegenerantline.(2)成形法(Forming)切削刃為一條切削線,與要形成的發(fā)生線完全一致,不需要專(zhuān)門(mén)的成形運(yùn)動(dòng)。Informing,thecuttingedgeaccordswiththegeneratrix,thespecialformationmotionisunnecessary.

(3)相切法(tangency)采用旋轉(zhuǎn)刀具加工時(shí),在垂直于刀具軸線的端面內(nèi),切削刃可以看成一個(gè)切削點(diǎn),切削時(shí)刀具除了繞自身軸線的旋轉(zhuǎn)外,它的軸線還需要按一定的規(guī)律作軌跡運(yùn)動(dòng),此時(shí)切削點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡的下包絡(luò)線就形成了發(fā)生線,用相切法形成發(fā)生線需要兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的成形運(yùn)動(dòng)。Intangency,thecuttingtoolrevolvesarounditsaxesandmovesalongthegeneratrix,thegenerantlineistheenvelopinglineofthetraceofapointoncuttingedge,thetangencyneedstwoindependentformationmotions.

(4)展成法

(generating)刀具切削刃的形狀為一條切削線,它與需要形成的發(fā)生線不吻合,切削時(shí),刀具切削線與發(fā)生線相切觸,切削線包絡(luò)出發(fā)生線,需要一個(gè)復(fù)合運(yùn)動(dòng)。

Ingenerating,thecuttingedgeisnotaccordwiththegenerantlinebutistangentialtothegenerantline,thegenerantlineistheenvelopinglineofcuttingedge,thegeneratingneedsacombinationmotion.Schoolofmechanicalengineering

第1章金屬切削的基本定義

三、工件加工表面(Surfaceonworkpiece)

待加工表面——

工件上即將切除的表面.Workpiecesurfacetobecut——thesurfacefromwhichtheexcessmetalwillbecutoff.2.已加工表面——工件上已經(jīng)切除而形成的新表面.Machinedsurface——surface—thenewsurfacefromwhichtheexcessmetalhasalreadybeencutoff.3.過(guò)渡表面——工件上正在切削的表面,介于已加工表面和待加工表面之間.Cuttingsurface——thesurfacethatisbeingcut.workpiecesurfacetobecut

cuttingsurface

machinedsurface

四、切削運(yùn)動(dòng)

(cuttingmotion)

1.主運(yùn)動(dòng)

(mainmotion)由機(jī)床提供的刀具與工件間主要的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng),使刀具切削刃切入工件材料的運(yùn)動(dòng)。速度最高、消耗功率大、通常只有一個(gè),不考慮進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)的條件下,切削刃上選定點(diǎn)相對(duì)于工件的瞬時(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)方向.Itisthemostnecessaryandimportantmotionintheprocessofremovingtheexcessmetalfromtheworkpiece.Ingeneral,itistakenasthemaximumcuttingspeedontheworkpieceorcutterandutilizesthemostmachinepower.Thereisonlyonemainmotioninacuttingprocess.Forturningandboring,themainmotionisrelativerotationbetweenworkpieceandcuttingtool.

2.進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)

(feedmotion)使主運(yùn)動(dòng)能夠連續(xù)進(jìn)行,切除工件上多余材料,形成滿足一定要求的已加工表面的運(yùn)動(dòng),或者定義為保證切削加工過(guò)程得以持續(xù)進(jìn)行所需的運(yùn)動(dòng)。進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)可以是連續(xù)的運(yùn)動(dòng),也可以是間歇的運(yùn)動(dòng)。Feedistheratewhichthecuttingtooladvancesintotheworkpiece.Itmakesthecuttingprocesscontinuesothatthemachinedsurfaceisproduced.Feedmotionmaybecontinuousmotionorintermittentmotion.3.合成切削運(yùn)動(dòng)(Combinationofcuttingmotionandcombinedspeed)當(dāng)主運(yùn)動(dòng)與進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)同時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí),由主運(yùn)動(dòng)和進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)合成的運(yùn)動(dòng)。刀具切削刃上選定點(diǎn)相對(duì)于工件的瞬時(shí)合成運(yùn)動(dòng)方向,其速度為合成切削速度,該速度方向與過(guò)渡表面相切。Whenthemainmotionandthefeedingmotionarecarriedoutsimultaneously,therelativemotionofacertainpointonthecuttingedgeagainsttheworkpieceisreferredtoasthecombinationofcuttingmotions.Thecombinedspeedisequaltothevectorsumofthemainmotionplusthefeedingspeed,namely.Fig.1-4(1)Cuttingmotionsinturning,planning

Fig.1-4(2)Cuttingmotionsindrilling,milling,grinding(e)Drilling(e)Grinding(e)Endmilling(e)Slabmilling1.切削速度

【定義】刀具切削刃上選定點(diǎn)相對(duì)于工件主運(yùn)動(dòng)的速度(Therelativespeedbetweenthemainmotionandthecertainpointoncuttingedge)?!居?jì)算方法】由于切削刃上各點(diǎn)的切削速度可能是不同,主運(yùn)動(dòng)為旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)常用最大切削速度代表刀具的切削速度。(Inmostcuttingprocessesthemainmotioniscircularmotion.Forcircularmotionthecuttingspeedis)(Cuttingspeed)(m/sorm/min)(1-1)——diameterofworkpieceorcutter(mm);

——thenumberofrevolutionpersecondorperminute(r/sorr/min).Where:五、切削用量

(cuttingregime)2.進(jìn)給量

在主運(yùn)動(dòng)每轉(zhuǎn)一轉(zhuǎn)或每一行程時(shí),刀具在進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)方向上相對(duì)于工件的位移量,單位是mm/r(用于車(chē)削、鏜削等)或mm/d。str(毫米/雙行程)(用于刨削、磨削等),進(jìn)給量表示進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)的速度。進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)速度還可以用進(jìn)給速度(單位mm/s)或每齒進(jìn)給量(用于銑刀、鉸刀等多刃刀具,單位是mm/齒)表示。Feedistherelativedisplacementbetweentheworkpieceandthecutteralongthedirectionoffeedingmotionperrevolutionorperstock.mm/r(Thetoolortheworkpiecereciprocates,suchasplanning)ormm/d.str.(doublestroke)(Thetoolortheworkpiecerotates,suchasturning,grinding,drillingetc.).Formultipleteethcuttingtoolssuchasmillingcutterreamer,broach,gearhobetc.feedmaybemeasuredinmillimeterspertooltooth.Obviously

(feed)——Speedofmainmotion(mm/s);——thenumberoftoolteeth.

where

3.背吃刀量

在垂直于主運(yùn)動(dòng)方向和進(jìn)給方向的工作平面內(nèi)測(cè)量的刀具切削刃與工件切削表面的接觸長(zhǎng)度。它是主切削刃的工作長(zhǎng)度在包含主運(yùn)動(dòng)和進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)速度的平面的垂線上的投影長(zhǎng)度。對(duì)于外圓車(chē)削,背吃刀量為工件上已加工表面和待加工表面間的垂直距離,單位為mm。Blackengagementofthecuttingedgeisthelengthofinterfaceofthecuttingedgeandworkpiece,whichismeasuredintheplanethatisperpendiculartothedirectionofmainmotionandfeeding.Forturningandplanning,theblackengagementofthecuttingedgeisequaltothenormaldistancebetweenthemachinedsurfaceandtheworkpiecetobecut.(Blackengagementofthecuttingedge)Forcylindricalturning(1-3)

——Diameterofworkpiecesurfacetobecut(mm);

——diameterofmachinedsurface(mm)。

WhereFordrilling(1-4)

1.2

刀具結(jié)構(gòu)及幾何參數(shù)一、刀具結(jié)構(gòu)(Theelementsofturningcuttingtool)42635171——前刀面(rakeface)2——主后刀面(majorflank)3——副后刀面(minorflank

)4——主切削刃(majorcuttingedge)5——副切削刃(minorcuttingedge)6——刀尖(toolnose)7——刀柄(toolarbor)Figure1-5workingpartoftypicalturningtool二、刀具靜止參考系(Referencesystemforthemarkedanglesofcuttingtool)用于定義刀具設(shè)計(jì)、制造、刃磨和測(cè)量時(shí)刀具幾何參數(shù)的參考系。該參考系基于以下假設(shè):

(Thereferencesystemformarkedanglesofcuttingtoolisthereferencesystemwhichisusedfordesigning,manufacturing,sharpening,andmeasuringthegeometricparametersofcuttingtool)。Foranycuttingtoolsomeworkingconditionscanbepredeterminedinadvance:(1)運(yùn)動(dòng)條件假設(shè)(Predeterminedconditionformotion)

只考慮主切削速度及進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)的方向,不考慮大小;(Assumethedirectionofmainmotionisthedirectionofcuttingspeed,feedingmotionisnottakenintoconsideration.)(2)安裝條件假設(shè)(Predeterminedconditionforsetup)

假定切削刃上任意點(diǎn)都與工件中心等高,且刀具的安裝基面水平并垂直于進(jìn)給方向。(Assumethebaseplaneoftoolforgrindingandsetuptobenormaltothecuttingedgeplaneorparalleltothereferenceplane.)

【基面Pr】(Toolreferenceplane)

過(guò)定點(diǎn)垂直于合成切削速度向量的平面。車(chē)刀基面是車(chē)刀的安裝面。【切削平面Ps】(Toolcuttingedgeplane)在刀刃上選定點(diǎn)與工件的過(guò)渡表面相切的平面。此時(shí)的Ps包含了刀刃在其選定點(diǎn)的切線和切削速度向量。或者定義為:過(guò)定點(diǎn)的切削刃的切線與切削速度向量組成的平面。【正交平面Po】(Mainsectionormainsectionreferencesystem

)過(guò)主切削刃上選定點(diǎn)并垂直于切削平面和基面的平面?;蜻^(guò)主切削刃上選定點(diǎn)并垂直于切削刃在基面上投影的平面?!痉ㄆ矫鍼n】(Normalsectionandnormalsectionreferencesystem)過(guò)主切削刃上選定點(diǎn)并垂直于切削刃或主切削刃在該點(diǎn)的切線的平面?!颈称矫鍼p、假定工作平面Pf】(Transversesection,longitudinalsection)過(guò)主切削刃上選定點(diǎn)平行于刀桿軸線并垂直于基面的平面。過(guò)主切削刃上選定點(diǎn)同時(shí)垂直于刀桿軸線和基面的平面。正交平面、法平面、假定工作平面和背平面又統(tǒng)稱(chēng)為測(cè)量平面,用不同的測(cè)量平面分別與基面、切削平面組合就形成不同的參考坐標(biāo)系,包括正交平面參考系、法平面參考系、假定工作平面和背平面參考系。各參考坐標(biāo)平面的位置及相互關(guān)系如下頁(yè)表所示。(a)mainsectionsystemandnormalsectionsystem(正交平面與法平面參考系)(a)transversesectionorlongitudinalsectionsystem(假定工作平面與背平面參考系)BaseplaneoftoolarborDesignatedpointoncuttingedgeBaseplaneoftoolarborDesignatedpointoncuttingedge

Pn

Po

Ps

vf

v

90°

90°

Pr

切削刃上選定點(diǎn)

安裝基面

90°

vf

v

Pf

Pp

Pr

刀刃上選定點(diǎn)

安裝基面

90°

90°

90°

90°

90°

90°

ReferenceSystem(參考系)Mainsectionsystem(正交平面系)

Normalsectionsystem(法平面系)transversesectionorlongitudinalsectionsystem(假定工作平面及背平面系)Composition(基本組成)Toolreferenceplane(基面Pr)Toolcuttingedgeplane(切削平面Ps)longitudinalsection(背平面Pp)Mainsection(正交平面Po)Normalsection(法平面Pn)transversesection(假定工作平面Pf)Relation-Ship(相互關(guān)系)(1)Pr⊥v(2)visinPs(3)Psistangentialtothecuttingedgeonthedesignatedpoint(4)Pr⊥Ps(5)Po⊥PrPo⊥Ps(6)Poisperpendiculartotheprojectionofthecuttingedgetnthetoolreferenceplane(垂直于主切削刃在基面內(nèi)的投影)(5)WhenPn⊥

Ps,Pn⊥Pr,thePnandPoareinaplanePn⊥PsPn⊥Pr(Pn和Po重合為同一平面)(5)Pr、Pp、Pfareperpendiculartooneanother.(Pr、Pp、Pf組成空間直角坐標(biāo)系)(6)WhenPf⊥Ps,PsandPpareinaplane.(Pf⊥Ps時(shí),Ps與Pp重合為同一平面)三、刀具標(biāo)注角度(markedanglesofthecuttingtool)刀具的標(biāo)注角度是指刀具上的切削刃、刀面與參考系中各參考平面間的夾角,用以確定切削刃、刀面的空間位置。下面根據(jù)刀具幾何角度的作用給予介紹:Markedanglesofthecuttingtoolaretheazimuthanglesbetweenthecuttingedgeandthetoolsurfacedeterminedinthereferencesystemformarkedangles,whichcandeterminethepositionofthecuttingedgeandtoolsurfaceinthereferencesystem.Basedontherollofthemarkedangles,somemarkedanglesinthemainreferencesystemaredescribed.

Schoolofmechanicalengineering

第1章金屬切削的基本定義

1.確定刀具主切削刃空間位置的幾何角度Toolcuttingedgeinclinationangle—theincludedanglebetweenthemajorcuttingedgeandthetoolreferenceplane,whichismeasuredinthetoolcuttingedgeplane.

Cuttingedgeangle—theincludedanglebetweentheprojectionofthemajorcuttingedgeonthetoolreferenceplaneandthedirectionoffeeding.Itisnegativeifthetoolnoseisthelowestpointonthecuttingedge.Anditispositiveifthetoolnoseisthehighestpointonthecuttingedge.Itiscalledorthogonalcuttingifthecuttingedgeisparalleltothetoolreferenceplane.2.確定刀具主前刀面Aγ和主后刀面Aα空間位置的幾何角度Rakeangle——theincludedanglebetweentherakefaceandthetoolreferenceplane,whichismeasuredinmainsectionwhichpassesthoughthedesignatedpointonmajorcuttingedge.Clearanceangle——theincludedanglebetweenthemajorflankandthetoolcuttingedgeplane,whichismeasuredinmainsectionwhichpassesthoughthedesignatedpointonmajorcuttingedge.

3.確定刀具副切削刃空間位置的幾何角度4.確定副后刀面Aα空間位置的幾何角度

Minorcuttingedgeangle—theincludedanglebetweentheprojectionoftheminorcuttingedgeonthetoolreferenceplaneandthedirectionoffeeding.Minorclearanceangle——theincludedanglebetweentheminorflankandthetoolcuttingedgeplane,whichismeasuredinminorsectionwhichpassesthoughthedesignatedpointonminorcuttingedge.

5.派生角度(Derivativeangles

)Wedgeangle——theincludedanglebetweentherakefaceandthemajorflank,whichismeasuredinmainsectionwhichpassesthoughthedesignatedpointonmajorcuttingedge.Toolincludedangle——theincludedanglebetweentheprojectionofmajorcuttingedgeandminorcuttingedge,whichismeasuredintoolreferenceplane.

Toolapproachangle——theincludedanglebetweentheprojectionofmajorcuttingedgeontoolreferenceplaneandthenormallineoffeedingdirection.一般情況下,刀具工作圖上需要標(biāo)注的基本角度有6個(gè):其他角度可以通過(guò)上述角度派生出來(lái)特殊刀具(銑刀、成形車(chē)刀)角度的標(biāo)注可規(guī)定采用法平面、假定工作平面、背平面中標(biāo)注前后角。車(chē)刀的角度如前所述,刀具的標(biāo)注角度是在忽略進(jìn)給速度的影響,且刀具安裝在理想工作位置的情況下確定的。當(dāng)?shù)毒哌M(jìn)入工作狀態(tài)后,選定點(diǎn)的實(shí)際切削速度的方向以及刀具的實(shí)際安裝位置相對(duì)于假定的理想狀態(tài)發(fā)生了變化,由此而建立的工作參考系(動(dòng)態(tài)參考系)相對(duì)于標(biāo)注參考系(靜態(tài)參考系)在空間位置上也相應(yīng)改變,因此刀具的實(shí)際切削角度(即刀具的工作角度)和標(biāo)注角度不一樣。

Asstatedabove,allthemarkedanglesforcuttingtoolsaretheanglesunderthepredeterminedconditionsthatthefeedingmotionisnottakenintoconsiderat-ionandthepositiontosetupisideal.Whenthepredeterminedconditionsarechanged,thereferencesystemforcuttingwillalsobechanged.Theanglesdeterminedbythereferencesystemincuttingarecalledworkingangles.四、刀具的工作角度(workinganglesofcuttingtool)(1)橫向進(jìn)給的影響(Influenceoftransversefeedingmotion)。如圖1.8所示,橫向走刀車(chē)槽或切斷時(shí),切削刃上選定點(diǎn)A的實(shí)際切削速度為。在假定工作平面(進(jìn)給平面)內(nèi),相對(duì)于偏轉(zhuǎn)角度;A點(diǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡為阿基米德螺旋線。由于方向的偏轉(zhuǎn),故其工作前、后角分別為:1.進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)的影響(Influenceoffeedingmotiononworkingangles)

圖1-8橫向進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)工作角度的影響

Influenceoftransversefeedingmotiononworkingangles結(jié)論(conclusion)

在橫進(jìn)給車(chē)削中,當(dāng)進(jìn)給量一定時(shí),隨著切削刃不斷趨近工件中心(即不斷減小),其工作前角不斷增大,工作后角不斷減小。當(dāng)?shù)都饨咏ぜ行臅r(shí),工作后角迅速減小,最容易因后面和工件過(guò)渡表面劇烈摩擦而崩刃,應(yīng)當(dāng)引起充分重視。以橫進(jìn)給為主工作的刀具(如切斷刀、車(chē)槽刀和徑向成形車(chē)刀等),應(yīng)當(dāng)適當(dāng)加大標(biāo)注后角。

(2)縱向進(jìn)給的影響(Influenceoflongitudinalfeedingmotion

)

如下頁(yè)圖示,縱向走刀車(chē)外圓時(shí),主切削刃上選定點(diǎn)A的合成切削速度。在假定工作平面(進(jìn)給平面)Pf內(nèi),相對(duì)于偏轉(zhuǎn)角度,因此,選定點(diǎn)A處的工作側(cè)前角和工作側(cè)后角分別為Fig.1-5workinganglesinturning換算到正交平面內(nèi):結(jié)論:

縱向車(chē)削時(shí),主切削刃的工作前角比標(biāo)注前角增大,工作后角比標(biāo)注后角減小(副切削刃情況剛好相反)。在縱車(chē)外圓時(shí),由于工件進(jìn)給量相對(duì)于直徑很小,故因縱向進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)而引起的刀具角度變化也很小,可忽略不計(jì);在車(chē)螺紋(尤其是車(chē)多頭螺紋)時(shí),由于工件直徑相對(duì)于進(jìn)給量較大,縱向進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)刀具角度的影響就不容忽視,應(yīng)該適當(dāng)加大主切削刃后角和副切削刃前角,或者采用斜刀墊使刀具后面偏離工件過(guò)渡表面。Conclusions:Thesmallerthediameterd,thegreaterthevaluechangedintheangle.Inpractice,thevalueofuf

isnomorethan30’~40’,andcanbeneglected.Inscrewcutting,especiallyinscrewcuttingofmultiplethreads,thevalueofufisquitelarge,itsworkinganglesmustbecalculated.2.安裝位置的影響(Influenceofsetupforcuttingtoolonworkingangles)

(1)刀尖高低的影響(influencelocatingpositionfortoolnoseonworkingangles)。安裝位置高于(或低于)工件中心(如圖l.7所示為安裝位置偏高的情況,0°)時(shí),即使不考慮進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)的影響,該點(diǎn)主運(yùn)動(dòng)速度方向也將在背平面內(nèi)相對(duì)于工件中心高處偏轉(zhuǎn)角度,從而導(dǎo)致工作參考系相對(duì)于靜參考系在內(nèi)相應(yīng)偏轉(zhuǎn)角度.

Whenthetoolnoseishigherthanthecenterlineofworkpiece,thelongitudinalworkingrakeanglewillbeincreasedandthelongitudinalclearanceanglewillbedecreased.

Fig1-10Influenceoflocatingpositionfortoolnoseonworkingangles則選定點(diǎn)的工作背前角和工作背后角為:注:當(dāng)安裝位置偏高時(shí),用上邊符號(hào);當(dāng)安裝位置偏低時(shí),用下邊符號(hào)。

選定點(diǎn)背平面內(nèi)的前、后角變化量轉(zhuǎn)換到起正交平面內(nèi)時(shí),前、后角變化量為

式中:H——刀桿高度(mm)。如右圖所示,刀桿安裝傾斜將直接引起車(chē)刀的工作主偏角和工作副偏角變化。whenthecenterlineofthetoolbarisnotperpendiculartothedirectionoffeeding,themajorandminorcuttingedgeangleswillvarywiththeincludedanglebetweenthenormallineofthefeedingdirectionandthecenterlineofthetoolbar.(2)刀桿位置的影響(Influenceofthedirectionforthecenterofthetoolbaronworkingangles)Fig.1-11Influenceofthedirectionforthecenterofthetoolbaronworkingangles一.刀具角度換算的目的(whydoweconvertthetoolangle)(1)為了刀具設(shè)計(jì)、制造和刃磨的需要,常常要知道正交平面內(nèi)刀具標(biāo)注角度與法平面以及假定工作平面、背平面參考系內(nèi)的標(biāo)注角度之間的換算關(guān)系。(2)特別是螺旋刃銑刀以及其它切削刃為曲線的復(fù)雜刀具,它們的標(biāo)注角度不再正交平面內(nèi),其國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的參考角度卻是在正交平面內(nèi)的角度。1.3刀具角度的換算(Toolangleconversionindifferentsystem

)Itisnecessarytoconvertthemarkedanglefromonesystemtoanothersystemintooldesignandmanufacturing.i.e,amongmainsectionsystem,normalsectionsystem,transversesystemandlongitudinalsystem二、刀具角度換算的方法(Methodofconversionoftoolangle)1.立體幾何的線面法(Solidgeometry)(1)正交平面和法平面間的換算(toolangleconversionfrommainsectiontonormalsection)

(圖1)(2)任意剖面和正交平面間的換算(toolangleconversionfrommainsectiontoanysection)(圖2)(1)(2)圖1正交平面和法平面角度的關(guān)系Conversionoftoolanglesbetweeninmainsectionandinnormalsection

圖2任意剖面內(nèi)的角度關(guān)系Conversionoftoolanglesbetweeninthemainsectionandinarbitrarysection機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)(3)(4)(5)(6)2.矢量法(vectoranalysis)(圖3)圖3刀具角度的矢量計(jì)算(7)機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)化簡(jiǎn)得:(8)(9)(10)1.4旋轉(zhuǎn)刀具的幾何角度Theanglesofrotatingcuttingtool旋轉(zhuǎn)刀具主要包括銑刀、孔加工刀具兩大類(lèi),本節(jié)主要介紹螺旋圓柱銑刀及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)麻花鉆的結(jié)構(gòu)及幾何角度。Thetypeoftherotatingcuttingtoolsincludesmillingcuttersandcuttingtoolsformachining,thissectionmainlydiscussestheanglesofhelicalmillingcutterandstandardtwistdrill.切削刃上各點(diǎn)的切削速度向量,都垂直于過(guò)該點(diǎn)并包含刀具旋轉(zhuǎn)軸線的平面,因此切削刃上選定點(diǎn)的基面就是過(guò)該點(diǎn)并包含刀具旋轉(zhuǎn)軸線的平面。Thecuttingspeedofcertainpointofcuttingedgeisperpendiculartotheplanethatpassesthroughthepointandtheaxisofthecutter.So

thecuttingtoolreferenceplane

istheplanethatpassesthroughthedesignatedpointofcuttingedgeandincludestheaxisofthecuttingtool.旋轉(zhuǎn)刀具的結(jié)構(gòu)具有以下特征:一、圓柱螺旋銑刀的幾何角度(Theanglesofhelicalmillingcutter

)銑刀的標(biāo)注角度參考系(Thereferencesystem)1)基面:通過(guò)切削刃上選定點(diǎn)包括銑刀軸線的平面。Toolreferenceplane:itistheplanewhichpassesthroughthedesignatedpointofcuttingedgeand

includestheaxisofthecuttingtool.2)切削平面:通過(guò)切削刃上選定點(diǎn)的圓柱切平面。Toolcuttingedgeplane:

itistheplanewhichpassesthedesignatedpointofcuttingedgeandis

tangentialtothecylindricalsurface.3)端剖面:通過(guò)切削刃上選定點(diǎn)垂直于軸線的剖面。Orthodoxsection:

itistheplanewhichpassesthroughthedesignatedpointofcuttingedgeand

isperpendiculartotheaxisline.

4)法剖面:通過(guò)切削刃上選定點(diǎn)垂直于該點(diǎn)切削刃切向矢量的平面Normalsection:

itistheplanewhichpassesthroughthedesignatedpointofcuttingedgeand

isperpendiculartothetangentline.圖1.8圓柱銑刀的幾何角度圖1.10圓柱銑刀的靜止參考系Thereferencesystemofhelicalmillingcutter2.銑刀的幾何角度(Theanglesofhelicalmillingcutter

)1)前角:過(guò)切削刃上選定點(diǎn)的端剖面內(nèi)測(cè)量的前刀面與基面的夾角。Rakeangle:theincludedanglebetweentherakefaceandthetoolreferenceplane,whichismeasuredinmainsectionwhichpassesthoughthedesignatedpointonmajorcuttingedge.2)后角:過(guò)切削刃上選定點(diǎn)的端剖面內(nèi)測(cè)量的后刀面與切削平面的夾角。Clearanceangle:

theincludedanglebetweentheflankfaceandthecuttingplane,whichismeasuredinmainsectionwhichpassesthoughthedesignatedpointonmajorcuttingedge.3)法前角:過(guò)切削刃上選定點(diǎn)的法剖面內(nèi)測(cè)量的前刀面與基面的夾角。Normalrakeangle:

theincludedanglebetweentherakefaceandthetoolreferenceplane,whichismeasuredinnormalsectionwhichpassesthoughthedesignatedpointonmajorcuttingedge.4)法后角:過(guò)切削刃上選定點(diǎn)的法剖面內(nèi)測(cè)量的后刀面與切削平面的夾角。Normalclearanceangle:theincludedanglebetweentheflankfaceandthecuttingplane,whichismeasuredinnormalsectionwhichpassesthoughthedesignatedpointonmajorcutting5)刃傾角:Toolcuttingedgeinclinationangle:itequaltotheβ圖1-11圓柱銑刀的角度Fig.1.11Theanglesofhelicalmillingcutter二、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)麻花鉆的幾何角度(Thestructureandangleofstandardtwistdrill

)1.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)麻花鉆的結(jié)構(gòu)(Thestructureofstandardtwistdrill

)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)高速鋼麻花鉆由工作部分(body)、頸部(neck)及柄部(shank)三部分組成。(1)工作部分(workingpart)——刀體(body)分切削部分(cuttingpart)和導(dǎo)向部分(guidingpart),兩個(gè)前刀面、兩個(gè)后刀面、兩個(gè)副后刀面、兩個(gè)主刃、兩個(gè)副刃、一個(gè)橫刃,鉆芯直徑朝柄部方向遞增。(2)柄部(theshank)夾持部分,有直柄(straightshank)和錐柄(tapshank)。(3)頸部(theneck)用于磨柄部時(shí)砂輪的退刀。圖1-13麻花鉆的結(jié)構(gòu)和切削部分Standardtwistdrillelementstangshankneck2.麻花鉆的靜止參考系(Referencesystemforthemarkedanglesoftwistdrills

)基面:主切削刃上選定點(diǎn)的基面就是過(guò)該點(diǎn)并包含鉆頭軸線的平面切削平面:過(guò)主切削刃上選定點(diǎn)作主切削刃的切線與該點(diǎn)切削速度向量組成的平面。

正交平面:過(guò)定點(diǎn)同時(shí)垂直于切削平面和基面的平面。ToolreferenceplanePr:itisaplanewhichpassthroughadesignatedpointonthecuttingedgeandincorporatetheaxisofthetwistdrill.

ToolcuttingedgeplanePs:

itisaplanewhichpassthroughadesignatedpointonthecuttingedgeandistangentialtothecuttingsurface.Orthodoxsection

Po:

itisaplanewhichpassthroughadesignatedpointonthecuttingedgeandisperpendiculartothetoolreferenceplanePrandthetoolcuttingedgeplanePssimultaneously.機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)端剖面:與麻花鉆軸線垂直的平面,也是切削刃上任意點(diǎn)的假定工作平面,并垂直與該點(diǎn)的基面。Crosssection

Pt:

itisaplanewhichpassthroughadesignatedpointonthecuttingedgeandisperpendiculartotheaxisoftwistdrill,namely,theplaneisequaltothetransverseplanePfandisperpendiculartothetoolreferenceplane.機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)3.麻花鉆的角度(Anglesoftwistdrills)1)螺旋角:鉆頭外螺旋面與螺旋槽的交線上任意一點(diǎn)的切線與鉆頭軸線之間的夾角。

helixangle:itistheincludedanglebetweentheaxesandthetangencyofacertainpointoftheintersectedlinebetweentheoutfluteandtheinnerflute.

2)主切削刃上任一點(diǎn)m的螺旋角thehelixangleofacertainpointonmajorcuttingedge3)頂角

:兩主切削刃在與他們平行的平面上投影的夾角.coneangle——itistheincludedanglebetweentheprojectionoftwomajorcuttingedgeintheplaneisparalleltothemajorcuttingedges.

4)主偏角

:主切削刃上選定點(diǎn)的基面上切削刃的投影與進(jìn)給方向之間的夾角。

Cuttingedgeangle——theincludedanglebetweentheprojectionofthemajorcuttingedgeonthetoolreferenceplaneandthedirectionoffeeding.

5)前角:

主切削刃上選定點(diǎn)的正交平面上前刀面與基面的夾角。Rakeangle——theincludedanglebetweentherakefaceandthetoolreferenceplane,whichismeasuredinmainsectionwhichpassesthoughthedesignatedpointonmajorcuttingedge.6)后角:主切削刃上選定點(diǎn)的柱剖面的切平面(假定工作平面)內(nèi)切削平面與后刀面的夾角。Clearanceangle——theincludedanglebetweenthemajorflankandthetoolcuttingedgeplane,whichismeasuredinmainsectionwhichpassesthoughthedesignatedpointonmajorcuttingedge.圖1-14麻花鉆的角度1.5切削層參數(shù)與切削方式Parametersofthecuttinglayerandcuttingmode切削層:

在各種切削加工中,刀具相對(duì)工件沿進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)方向每移動(dòng)一個(gè)進(jìn)給量或移動(dòng)一個(gè)每齒進(jìn)給量,一個(gè)刀齒正在切削的金屬層稱(chēng)為切削層,也就是相鄰兩個(gè)過(guò)渡表面之間所夾著的一層金屬。Cuttinglayer:invariousmetalcuttingmethod,thecuttinglayeristhelayerofmetalofbeingcutbyateethwhenthecuttingtoolisdisplacedadistancealongthefeedingdirection,whichisfeedf(mm/rormm/d.str.),namely,thecuttinglayerisalayerofmetalbetweenthesurfaceIandII.切削層的形狀和尺寸直接決定了刀具切削部分所承受的載荷大小及切屑的形狀和尺寸,所以必須研究切削層界面的形狀和參數(shù)。Itisnecessarytosearchtheshapeandmeasurementsofcuttinglayer,becausetheloadofworkingpartdecidedbywhich.一、切削層參數(shù)(parametersofthecuttinglayer)圖1-15外圓

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