第七講;倒裝,語(yǔ)篇

英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法EnglishGrammar2016TasksforTodayPostponement,FrontingandInversion(后置，前置，倒裝)Sentence:aninformationunit.句子：傳遞信息的單位Howtoimproveyourreadingspeed?Mr.Smithisafriendofmyfather’s.

舊信息新信息新信息關(guān)鍵部分通常出現(xiàn)在句尾，又稱(chēng)信息焦點(diǎn)（informationFocus),句尾焦點(diǎn)(endfocus)正常語(yǔ)序：主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)舊信息+新信息(given

information+newinformation)試觀察：Whichsentenceisbetter?a.Hesmokes.b.Hesmokesacigarette.a.Herested.b.Hetookarest.a.Theypushedthecar.b.Theygavethecarapush.主語(yǔ)：通常較短，簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：信息傳遞的重點(diǎn)，通常較長(zhǎng)，復(fù)雜。Tips句尾重心endweight，結(jié)構(gòu)勻稱(chēng)，避免頭大尾小1.Postponement:后置將說(shuō)話(huà)人認(rèn)為重要的信息放于句尾Whichanswerisbetter?Whatdidhegiveyou?1)Hegavemeabook.2)Hegaveabooktome.practice:combineeachsetofsentencesintoonesentence.Thecross-examinationwasexpertlyhandled.Itlastedonlyhalfanhour.Howlongdidthecross-examinationlast?Howwasthecross-examinationhandled?Seekeysonpage448.Finish3,6inExercise39Aonpage449Keys3.a)Whentheirhousewasransackedbyajuvenilegang,themayorandhiswifewereattendingaconference…/Themayorandhiswife,whosehousewasransackedbyajuvenilegang,wereattendingaconference…b)Whenthemayorandhiswifewereattending…,theirhousewasransackedbyajuvenilegang.6.a)Provided(that)theycanovercomeseriousproblemslikecrimeandpollution,citieslikeNewYorkandDetroitcansurvive.b)CitieslikeNewYorkandDetroitcansurviveiftheycanovercomeseriousproblemslikecrimeandpollution.2.Frontingandinversion前置與倒裝1）Frontingwithoutinversion不引起倒裝的前置通常為賓語(yǔ)，主補(bǔ)，賓補(bǔ)Ahorriblemessyou’vemadeofit.Verystrangeitseemed.Reason(P450)Fortextualcoherence上下文緊密銜接Foracontrastivemeaningandtoensurebalanceinsentencestructure.意義對(duì)比和結(jié)構(gòu)的勻稱(chēng)2）Frontingwithinversion引起倒裝的前置試觀察，并總結(jié)規(guī)律：a.)Happyindeedarethosewhoreceivemarvelousnewsafteralongsilence.主補(bǔ)前置時(shí)，若主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)或結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，則倒裝b)IlostafortuneatRoyalAscot.NotasinglewinnerdidIbackthewholemeeting.前置賓語(yǔ)為Nota+名詞或notasingle+名詞構(gòu)成，則倒裝c）Thedoorburstopenandinrushedthecrowd.句首狀語(yǔ)為方位詞，擬聲詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為go,come,表位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞，全倒裝但：主語(yǔ)是代詞不必倒裝:Lowerandlowerhebent.d)Inthischapterwillbefoundapartialanswer.句首狀語(yǔ)為表地點(diǎn)的介詞詞組，全倒裝e)NeverhaveIfoundhiminsuchagoodmood.句首狀語(yǔ)為否定詞，或帶

否定意義的詞語(yǔ)，局部倒裝否定詞有？Nolonger,rarely,seldom,nowhere,hardly…f)Onlyyesterdaydidhefindoutthathiswatchwasmissing.Notonlydidhecomplainaboutthefood,healsorefusedtopayforit.句首狀語(yǔ)由only+副詞，only+介詞詞組，only+狀語(yǔ)分句構(gòu)成，notony…(butalso)開(kāi)頭的分句，局部倒裝g)SosmallwasthemarkthatIcouldhardlyseeit.Soquicklydidtheworkmenfinishtheirworkthattheyweregivenabonus.關(guān)聯(lián)詞so…that開(kāi)頭的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，so+形容詞是主補(bǔ)前置，全倒裝；so+副詞，狀語(yǔ)前置，局部倒裝。h)ManyatimehasMikegivenmegoodadvice.方式狀語(yǔ)，頻度狀語(yǔ)放句首，有時(shí)，局部倒裝。(p452)主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)，全倒裝方式狀語(yǔ)前置，也可不倒裝。Exercise39BFromsentencetoText

（Chapter40）sentence:thehighestrankofgrammaticalunitandthebasiclinguisticunitconstitutingatextText：Atext,spokenorwritten,isastructurallycohesiveandsemanticallycoherentunitrealizedbyastringofsentencesforcommunicativepurposes.FromsentencetoText（Chapter40）1.Sentencemeaningandcommunicationfunction基于句法結(jié)構(gòu)，句子交際功能為：陳述句statement，疑問(wèn)句question，祈使句command，感嘆句exclamation事實(shí)上，同一句子結(jié)構(gòu)，不同上下文語(yǔ)境，交際功能不同：Whatdoesthesentencemean?Hewillreportthistotheauthoritiesconcerned?Whatdoesthesentencemean?Hewillreportthistotheauthoritiesconcerned?Hementionedinpassingthathewill…Itissupposedthathewill…Hewarnedthathewill...Hethreatenedthathewill…Seemoreexamplesonpage4562.correctnessandappropriacy句子結(jié)構(gòu)的正確性和適合性Whatdoesyourbrotherdo?*Heworkinfactory.correctnessWhatisyourbrotherdo??Heworksinafactory.appropriacyWhathappenedtothecrops??Thestormdestroyedthecrops.theplaceofthenewinformation

Text:

結(jié)構(gòu)上

cohesion(粘著性）意義上coherence(連慣性)Textualconnectors語(yǔ)篇紐帶1.logicalconnectors邏輯紐帶(p458)Logicsequencebetweenclausesorsentences.Thelogicalrelationshipsindicatedbytheseexpressionsincludetimeandspace(時(shí)間與空間),enumerationandexemplification（列舉與例證）,amplificationandcontrast（引申與轉(zhuǎn)折）,inferenceandsummation（推論與歸納）,causeandeffect（原因與結(jié)果）.Eg:Firstly,but,afterwards,accordingly…2.grammaticalconnectors語(yǔ)法紐帶(p459)Sometense-aspectcollocations(動(dòng)詞時(shí)體形式的搭配),pronounreference（人稱(chēng)照應(yīng)）andcomparativereference（比較照應(yīng)）,substitutionandellipse（替代、省略）,andtheuseofparallelconstructions（平行結(jié)構(gòu)）.3.Lexicalconnectors詞匯紐帶(p462)Repetitionofkeywords,theuseofsynonyms,near-synonymsandantonyms詞匯的重復(fù)，同義詞，反義詞的使用Exercise40B(p464)Textbuilding:Sentence句子Sentencegroup語(yǔ)段rItameaningfulunitcomposedofagroupofsentencesorganizedinanorderlysequence.Seeexamplesonpage466.Text語(yǔ)篇Fromsentencegrouptotext:Ascomponentsofatext,sentencegroupsareorganizedinvariousways.Itmustfocusonacentralideawhichiscloselyrelatedto,notdivorcedfromthetopicofthetext.Topicsentencegroupsandsupportingsentencegroup主題句和輔助句Topicsentence:t