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ChapterEleven
Agency國際貿(mào)易業(yè)務(wù)知識
Agency代理
Whenanexporterwantstostartdirectbusinessrelationswiththecustomerabroad,hecanappointarepresentativewhoresidesabroadbymeansofcontract.Theremunerationoftheagentiscommissionbasedonthepriceofgoodssoldbyhim.Beforeplacinghistrustinaself-employedagent,theexportershouldtakecareinthefollowingtwoaspects在委任代理人之前,出口商需要弄清下面兩種情況:
First,inquiriesshouldbemadethroughbank,andiftheyresultinsatisfactoryreply,theexportercanarrangeashortprobationaryperiodbeforethelong-termcontract.
Second,theexportershouldmeettheagentinperson,developmutualunderstandingandconfidencebeforereachingimportantagencyagreement.Incommercialcircles,agencyisusuallycontractedbetweentwoparties,aprincipal委托人
andanagent代理人,thelatterbeingauthorizedtoactunderthecontrolandonbehalfoftheformeronacommissionbasisinbusinesstransactionswithathirdparty.
Everyagencycontracthastodealwiththreerelationships
一份代理協(xié)議所涉及到的當(dāng)事人:
thatbetweenprincipalandtheagent,
thatbetweentheagentandthecustomer,
andthatbetweentheprincipalandthecustomer.
Oncetheagency/agentagreementisconcluded,boththeprincipalandtheagenthavesomeduties.
Fortheprincipal,hehastopaytheagreedremuneration(報酬)basedonthepurchasepriceactuallysoldbytheagent.Fortheagent'spart,hehastorevealallimportantfactstohisprincipal.Hehastousehisskill,intelligencetoactonthebehalfofhisprincipal.Hemustnotacceptbribesormakesecretprofitsfromhisuniqueposition.Hemustnotdivulge(泄露)confidentialmaterialorinformationtoathirdpartybothduringandafterhisemployment.Besides,anagenthastokeepproperaccountsandprovidetheprincipalwiththeaccountsuponrequest.Acommissionisgenerallybasedonacertainpercentageofthesalesinvolved.Thefactorsthatdeterminetherateofacommissiondependlargelyonthekindsofcommodities,prevailingmarketconditions,andtotalamountofthesales.Thegreaterdifficultiesinpushingsales,thehigherrateofcommission.
AcommissionmaybebasedonthetotalamountoftheinvoiceoronFOBvalue.Itmaybepaidatthetimeeachtransactionisaccomplishedorpaidperiodically.Inoneword,italldependsonhowthetermsconcerningcommissionaremadeintheagencyagreement.
Agencyinforeigntradeisgeneralofthreekinds:
國際貿(mào)易代理的類型:
soleagency/exclusiveagency獨家代理
agency一般代理
generalagency總代理SoleAgency
Undersoleagency,asoleagentisappointed.Heisentitledtoanexclusiverighttosellthedesignatedgoodsfortheprincipalinaspecifiedareawithinastatedperiodoftime.
Anagentwithexclusivetradingrightscanobtaincommissiononallsalesconductedinhisregion,whetheritisthroughhisownorothers'efforts.Agency
Undersuchagency,anagentdoesnotenjoythesameexclusiverightasasoleagent.Hemerelyactsonbehalfoftheprincipal,pushingsalesofhisgoodsinacertainareawithinacertainperiodandreceivingduecommission.Inthisway,unlikesoleagency,theprincipalcanappointothersinthesameareaashisagentstosellthesamekindofhisgoodsinthesameperiod.Hecanalsodirectlyorindirectlysellthegoodstootherbuyerswithoutpayinganycommissiontotheagentoragents.
GeneralAgency
Ageneralagentundergeneralagencyisempoweredwithgreaterrightbyaprincipaltopushsalesofhiscommodities,signcontractsandengageinotherbusinessandnon-businessactivitiesonbehalfofhim.Theprincipalislegallyboundtowhatthegeneralagenthasdoneonaccountofhim,and,innature,thegeneralagentservesasarepresentativesentabroadbytheprincipal.ExclusiveSales包銷
Exclusivesalesareestablishedbetweenasellerandexclusivedistributorbymeansofanexclusivesalesagreement,underwhichtheexclusivedistributorisauthorizedbythesellerwithanexclusiverighttobuyand,thensellthedesignatedgoodsinthespecifiedareaorregionwithinaspecifiedperiodoftime.Aexclusivedistributordoesnotactonbehalfofthesupplierandisnotaccountabletohim(不對供貨商負(fù)責(zé)).Hebuysgoodsandresellsthemtohiscustomersforhisownprofit.Theprofitoftheexclusivedistributorisnormallythedifferencebetweenthebuyingandsellingprice.Exclusivesalesdiffergreatlyfromagencyinmanyways
包銷和代理的區(qū)別:
Underexclusivesales,thetransactionisbothasaleandpurchase,andtherelationshipbetweenthepartiesconcernedisofaprincipaltoaprincipal.Theexclusivedistributorengagesinthepurchaseandsaleofgoodsathisowncostandrisks.
Inthecaseofagencyarrangements,therelationshipbetweenthepartiesisthatofaprincipaltoanagent,who,whenengagedintrade,investsnocapital,bearsnorisksofoperation,butactsmerelyonbehalfoftheprincipalsimplyonacommissionbasis.辨析:contract,compact,pact,treaty和convention
contract正式書面契約經(jīng),經(jīng)常是商業(yè)性質(zhì)的,而且條款表達(dá)清楚,可由法律保證其實施。
compact
指認(rèn)真、嚴(yán)肅的協(xié)定交換??蓳Q兩個人之間的,政治派別間的或國家集團(tuán)間的決定。該協(xié)定可能不是書面文件,惟有依靠互相間的信任來保證其有效性或?qū)嵤⑶野凳緟⑴c各方具有強(qiáng)烈的責(zé)任感。
afive-nationcompacttocontrolopiumtraffic管制鴉片運輸?shù)奈鍑鴧f(xié)定
UNGlobalCompact
聯(lián)合國全球協(xié)議/盟約
pact可與compact互換用于越來越多的國家間非官方協(xié)定的名稱。
StabilityPactforSouthEasternEurope東南歐穩(wěn)定公約
WarsawPact華沙協(xié)定
treaty
國家間經(jīng)過談判或外交途徑達(dá)成的協(xié)議或條約。用于終止戰(zhàn)爭、領(lǐng)土的購買,或含有保障和平的條款。
TheTreatyofVersailles凡爾賽和約(于1919年6月第一次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束時簽定)
convention不太正式,但所指的是更具體,指幾個國家間就涉及他們各國的問題如郵政、版權(quán)或戰(zhàn)爭行為締結(jié)的協(xié)議,或指軍事指揮官們就軍事行動所簽定的協(xié)議。
UnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約LetterOne
關(guān)鍵詞:appoint
v.委派,委任
appointsb.apost/appointsb.forapost
…appointedher(for)thechiefoperatingofficerofthecompany.
關(guān)鍵詞:doubt
n.懷疑,疑慮,未確定,不信任,不相信
有關(guān)doubt的句式:
Thereisnodoubtthatheisguilty.毫無疑問,…
Ihave(my)doubtsaboutwhetherheisthebestmanforthejob.我懷疑…
Wehavenodoubtofhisability.我們相信…
Thereisnotmuchdoubtaboutit.這是沒什么可懷疑的。
Thereislittledoubtthat…毫無疑問,…
Pleasedismissalldoubtsaboutit.請打消對此事的一切顧慮。關(guān)鍵詞:principaladj.主要的,首要的Theprincipalcauseofmostsuccessishardwork,notluckortalent.ThequeenofEnglandhasnorealpower.TheprincipalleaderofEnglandistheprimeminister.辨析:principal和principleprinciplen.原理,原則,主義,信念Theyhaveagreedtotheproposalinprinciplebutwestillhavetonegotiatetheterms.關(guān)鍵詞:primary
adj.主要的,首要的TheprimaryreasonforthefamilyreunionistocelebrateGrandma’sninetiethbirthday.Mybrother’sprimaryinterestinlifeseemstobeplayingbasketball-hepracticesdayandnight.詞匯擴(kuò)展記憶primary,primarily和primeprimarilyadv.首要地primeadj.最好的,首要的,典型的
Inmyhome,weprimarilyspeakSpanish,unlesswehaveEnglish-speakingvisitors.Then,ofcourse,wecommunicateinEnglish.TVbroadcasterscanchargethemostofadsthatappearduringprimetime,whenmostpeoplearewatching.LetterTwo
辨析:remove,eliminate,dismiss,expel
這些動詞均有“開除,驅(qū)出,去掉”之意。
Remove普通用詞,不帶任何感情色彩。
Eliminate通常指例行的、有步驟地去掉某物或某人。
Dismiss既可指突然地迅速地排除,也可指解雇或開除。
Expel多指強(qiáng)行解除公職或驅(qū)出住地。
Thelosingteamwaseliminatedfromfurthercompetition.
YesterdaymyhusbandremovedthegateandRexgotsoannoyedwehavenotseenhimsince.
“Thebossthreatenedtodismissalltheemployeeswhohadexpressedtheirsympathyforthestrike,butit‘sallbluff.”
Thepupilwasexpelledfromschoolforcheating
Ifyouhangupclothesrightafterthedryerstops,youcaneliminatetheneedtoironmanytimes.Becausemyfatherhashighbloodpressure,he’ssupposedtoeliminatesaltfromhisdiet.Peopletakeaspirintoeliminateheadaches.Theprincipaldecidedtodismiss
下課thestudentsearlysotheycouldgethomebeforethestorm.Thejudgewouldnotdismiss
使(或讓)離開theangryneighborsuntiltheyshookhands.WhenJonsprained扭傷hisankleatwork,hisbossdismissed使(或讓)離開himsohecouldgotothedoctor.Topreventanybodyfromgettinghurtwhenthefirebrokeout,Mrs.Browndismissed使(或讓)離開herworkersandtoldthemtogohome.LetterThree
辨析:動詞approve,confirm,sanction
approve普通用詞,常指正式或官方的批準(zhǔn)
endorse以公開聲明的形式批準(zhǔn)或背書于
sanction語氣最強(qiáng),常指官方的同意或批準(zhǔn),是書面用詞
Thecitycouncil
approved
thebuildingplan.
He'shadhislicense
endorsed
fordangerousdriving.
Thechurchwouldnot
sanction
theking'ssecondmarriage.辨析:批準(zhǔn)approvaln.和endorsementn.
Myparentsdon’tapproveofmesmokingcigarettes.
Congressapprovedthebudget.
Theprivilegeofvoting選舉權(quán)isarightsanctionedbylaw.
Societydoesnotsanctionchildlabor.
Theapplicationwasendorsedbythegovernors’board.
LetterFour
句型:用于證明文件的開頭語
Thisis(hereby)toinformyouthat…茲通知/通告…..
Thisis(hereby)tocertifythat…茲證明…..
Thisis(hereby)toannouncethat…茲宣布/宣告…..詞匯的擴(kuò)展記憶
exclusiveadj.排外的,獨占的,唯一的exclusionn.排除,除外,被排除在外的事物excludevt.拒絕接納,把...排除在外,排斥exclusivelyadv.排外地,專有地exclusivityn.排他性Inmakingpickles腌漬品,泡菜thatwillbestoredforalongtime,airmustbeexcludedfromthejars.Thelittleboyrancryingtohisteacherafterotherchildrenexcludedhimfromtheirgame.Myauntisavegetarianandexcludesallmeatfromherhouse.Whenmyunclehadasevereillness,thedoctorexcludedeveryonefromhishospitalroomexceptmyaunt.TheHonorClubatourschoolissoexclusivethatonly5percentofthestudentbodyisqualifiedtojoin.Becomingavegetarianmeansmorethantheexclusionofmeatfromthediet.Italsomeanscreatingabalanceddietthatdoesn’tinvolvemeat.
LetterFive短語:
tryout試用Wewouldliketoexpressouropinionontheplanuntilithasbeentriedout.Hisbrother'sexampleinspiredhimto
tryout
forthefootballteam.
關(guān)鍵詞:turnover
n.
營業(yè)額、成交量、周轉(zhuǎn)率
annualturnover每年營業(yè)額
turnoverrate周轉(zhuǎn)率
turnovertax流轉(zhuǎn)稅、營業(yè)稅
Thisproducthasafastturnover,threeshipmentsgoingoutperday.
Theshophasaturnoverof500,000dollarsaweek.
Thatcompanyhasafastturnoverbecauseofthepoorworkingconditions.
Theyhaveaveryhighturnoverofstaff.
Six
SoleAgencyAgreement獨家代理協(xié)議
在合同中,使用shall這個詞不是單純的情態(tài)動詞。shall在合同中出現(xiàn),是個法律詞匯,表示合同中要履行的義務(wù),如不能履行,就構(gòu)成違約。常見的句式有:
PartyBshallundertaketo…
PartyBshallhavetheobligationto…
PartyBshallbeobligedto…
表示“在合同的有效期之內(nèi)”的句式有:
inthedurationoftheAgreement
duringthelifetimeoftheAgreement
duringtheeffectiveperiodofthisAgreement
duringthecontracted/contractualtime
合同中常見的條件狀語從句AdverbialClausesofConditions,有以下這些連詞引出:
if…
intheeventthat…
intheeventof…
incaseof…
inthecaseof…
should…
unless
providedthat…
provided…IftheForceMajeureeventlastsover60days,theBuyershallhavetherighttocanceltheContractortheundeliveredpartoftheContract.
Claims,ifany(Ifthereisany),shallbesubmittedbyFaxwithinfourteendaysafterthearrivalofthegoodsatdestination.這個句子中的ifany是個省略句,完整的句式是Ifthereisany.但合同中常出現(xiàn)的是它的縮略形式,如ifrequired,ifpossible,ifnecessary,ifagreeable。
incase在表示條件時,往往一種thepossibilityofsthhappening,其條件成熟的可能性比“if從句”要小。
IncasethattheBuyerfailstocarryoutanyofthetermsorconditionstothisContractwiththeSeller,theSellershallhavetherighttoterminatealloranypartofthisContractwiththeBuyerorpostponeshipmentorstopanygoodsintransitandtheBuyershallineverysuchcasebeliabletotheSellerforalllosses,damagesandexpensestherebyincurred.在合同中,should+S+V這種結(jié)構(gòu)表明,發(fā)生條件句中所述情況的可能性很小,如果該條件句所述的情況發(fā)生了,那么主句所設(shè)的事宜必須完成。
ShouldanyofthestipulationstotheContractbealtered,amended,supplementedordeleted,thesameshallbenegotiatedbetweenandagreeduponbybothpartiesandwrittendocumentsshallbesignedbytherepresentativesofbothparties.在合同中,連詞unless相當(dāng)于ifnot,exceptiforexceptwhen。它引出的從句現(xiàn)在時表示將來,一般不用虛擬條件句。
Youwillnevermakeprogressunlessyoustudyhard.
特殊句式:unlessotherwise+p.p.(過去分詞)表示“除非另有……者外”
Unlessexpresslyagreedto,theportofshipmentisattheSeller’soption.
Unlessotherwisestatedthereafter,theaccountingprinciplesemployedshallbethesameasthoseappliedintheprecedingyears.
Neitherpartyshallhavetherighttorepresenttheotherpartyunlessotherwisearranged.在條件狀語從句中,連詞provided(that)表示“當(dāng)事人所希望的條件”。
Wecansellalotofgarmentsprovidedthatyourpriceishighlycompetitive.關(guān)鍵詞:bound
adj.
必定的,有義務(wù)的,受約束的
beboundtodosth.
You’vedonesomuchworkthatyou’reboundtopasstheexam.
IamboundtosayIdisagreewithyouonthispoint.Seven
SoleDistributorshipAgreement包銷協(xié)議
在合同中,有些特殊的副詞,如whereby,它在句子中的含義相當(dāng)于定于從句bywhich。
關(guān)鍵詞:whereas
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