經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)國際貿(mào)易

InternationalEconomics

TenthEditionEconomiesofScale,ImperfectCompetition,andInternationalTradeDominickSalvatoreJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.CHAPTER

SIX6Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Inthischapter:6.1Introduction

引言6.2TheHeckscher-OhlinModelandNewTradeTheories

赫克歇爾—俄林模型與新貿(mào)易理論6.3EconomiesofScaleandInternationalTrade

規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與國際貿(mào)易6.4ImperfectCompetitionandInternationalTrade不完全競爭與國際貿(mào)易Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Inthischapter:6.5TradeBasedonDynamicTechnologicalDifferences

基于動態(tài)技術(shù)差異的貿(mào)易6.6CostsofTransportation,EnvironmentalStandards,andInternationalTrade

運(yùn)輸成本﹑環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國際貿(mào)易Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.1

Introduction

引言

Heckscher-Ohlintheorybasedcomparativeadvantageondifferencesinfactorendowmentsamongnations.

赫克歇爾—俄林理論是建立在各國要素稟賦差異引起比較優(yōu)勢的基礎(chǔ)上的。Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.1

Introduction

引言

Leavessignificantportionofinternationaltradeunexplained.

但是該理論未能解釋當(dāng)今很大一部分的國際貿(mào)易問題。

Needcomplementarytradetheoriestofillinthegaps.

需要用一些新的貿(mào)易理論來彌補(bǔ)這一缺陷。Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.2

TheHeckscher-OhlinModelandNew

TradeTheories

赫克歇爾—俄林模型與新貿(mào)易理論RelaxingmostassumptionsofH-Otheorymodifiesbutdoesnotinvalidatethetheory.放棄赫克歇爾—俄林模型的一些假設(shè)并不影響赫—俄理論的正確性Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.2

TheHeckscher-OhlinModelandNew

TradeTheories

赫克歇爾—俄林模型與新貿(mào)易理論However,relaxingassumptionsofperfectcompetitionandconstanteconomiesofscalerequirecomplementarytheoriestoexplaintrade.然而，去掉規(guī)模報(bào)酬不變和完全競爭的假設(shè)之后，我們需要新的貿(mào)易理論來解釋赫—俄理論所不能解釋的一部分國際貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生的原因。Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.2

TheHeckscher-OhlinModelandNew

TradeTheories

赫克歇爾—俄林模型與新貿(mào)易理論Additionaltrademodelrequiredtoexplaintradebasedondifferencesintechnologicalchangesovertime.另外基于各國技術(shù)進(jìn)步差異的國際貿(mào)易也需要新的理論。Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.3

EconomiesofScaleandInternationalTrade

規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與國際貿(mào)易Increasingreturnstoscale

規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞增Productionsituationwhereoutputgrowsproportionatelymorethantheincreaseininputs(doublinginputsmorethandoublesoutput).指產(chǎn)出水平增長比例高于要素投入增長比例的生產(chǎn)狀況（所有要素投入增加一倍產(chǎn)出將增加一倍以上）Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.3

EconomiesofScaleandInternationalTrade

規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與國際貿(mào)易Withincreasingreturnstoscale,mutuallybeneficialtradecanoccurevenifnationsareidenticalineveryway.在規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞增的條件下，即使兩個(gè)國家在各方面完全相同的情況下互利貿(mào)易也可以發(fā)生。FIGURE6-1TradeBasedonEconomiesofScale.Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.3

EconomiesofScaleandInternationalTrade

規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與國際貿(mào)易Significantinternationaleconomiesofscalefrom:新的重要的國際規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)：Outsourcing–purchasebyfirmofpartsandcomponentsabroadinordertokeepcostsdown.外包—指企業(yè)為了削減成本，在海外采購零部件Offshoring–firmproducinginitsownplantsabroadsomeofthepartsandcomponentsusedinitsproducts.離岸外包—指企業(yè)在自己設(shè)在海外的工廠生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品所使用的部分零件Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.4

ImperfectCompetitionandInternationalTrade

不完全競爭與國際貿(mào)易6.4A基于產(chǎn)品差別的貿(mào)易Internationaltradecaninvolvetheexchangeofdifferentiatedproductsofthesameindustryorbroadproductgroup.國際貿(mào)易中有很大一部分包含了同一產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)或同一類商品組中差別產(chǎn)品Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.4

ImperfectCompetitionandInternationalTrade

不完全競爭與國際貿(mào)易Leadstointra-industrytradeindifferentiatedproducts,asopposedtointer-industrytradeincompletelydifferentproducts.與完全不同的商品之間的國際貿(mào)易相對，很大一部分國際貿(mào)易是差別商品的產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.4

ImperfectCompetitionandInternationalTrade

不完全競爭與國際貿(mào)易Allowseconomiesofscaleinproduction產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的產(chǎn)生完全是為了利用生產(chǎn)的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.4

ImperfectCompetitionandInternationalTrade

不完全競爭與國際貿(mào)易ContraststoH-OModel

與赫—俄模型對比1.TradeinH-Omodelbasedonfactorendowmentdifferentials,butintra-industrytradeisbasedonproductdifferentiationandeconomiesofscale,andwilllikelybelargerfornationsofsimilarsizeandfactor

赫—俄模型中的貿(mào)易是基于各國比較優(yōu)勢或要素稟賦差別的，而產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易是基于產(chǎn)品差別和規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的，而且發(fā)生在在具有相同的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模和要素比例的國家之間較大Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.4

ImperfectCompetitionandInternationalTrade

不完全競爭與國際貿(mào)易2.Withdifferentiatedproductsproducedunder

economiesofscale,pretrade-relativecommoditypricesmaynotaccuratelypredictpatternsoftradeastheydounderH-Omodel.

在規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下進(jìn)行差別產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)，貿(mào)易前相對商品的價(jià)格將不再能準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測貿(mào)易模式Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.4

ImperfectCompetitionandInternationalTrade

不完全競爭與國際貿(mào)易3.H-Omodelpredictstradewilllowerreturnsofnation’sscarcefactor.Withintra-industrytradebasedoneconomiesofscale,itispossibleforallfactorstogain.赫—俄模型預(yù)測貿(mào)易會降低一國稀缺資源的收入，與之相比較的，基于規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易可以使所有要素都獲得收入Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.4

ImperfectCompetitionandInternationalTrade

不完全競爭與國際貿(mào)易4.Intra-industrytradeisrelatedtosharpincreasesininternationaltradeinpartsandcomponentsofaproduct,oroutsourcing.

產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易與產(chǎn)品零部件的國際貿(mào)易或稱外包的飛速發(fā)展密切相關(guān)

Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.4

ImperfectCompetitionandInternationalTrade

不完全競爭與國際貿(mào)易Comparativeadvantageseemstodeterminepatternsofinter-industrytrade.Morelikelywithdissimilarfactorendowments.比較優(yōu)勢確定產(chǎn)業(yè)間貿(mào)易模式要素稟賦的差別越大，產(chǎn)業(yè)間貿(mào)易就約占主導(dǎo)地位Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.4

ImperfectCompetitionandInternationalTrade

不完全競爭與國際貿(mào)易Economiesofscaleindifferentiatedproductsgivesrisetointra-industrytrade.Morelikelywithsimilarfactorendowments.差別產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)中的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易當(dāng)要素稟賦比較相似時(shí)，產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易就會占主導(dǎo)地位Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.4

ImperfectCompetitionandInternationalTrade

不完全競爭與國際貿(mào)易6.4B

Intra-industryTradeIndex(T):

產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易測度指數(shù)：T=1-|X-M|X+MX=exports

出口額M=imports

進(jìn)口額Numeratorisabsolutevalue

分子表示差的絕對值Trangesfrom0to1

T取值范圍0~1T=0whennationonlyimportsorexportsthegoodT=0時(shí)表示只有進(jìn)口或者出口T=1whenexports=imports.

T=1時(shí)表示對某一商品進(jìn)口額等于出口額FIGURE6-2ProductionandPricingUnderMonopolisticCompetition.6.4C產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的正規(guī)模型FIGURE6-3MonopolisticCompetitionandIntra-IndustryTrade.6.4D產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易模型的另一種形式Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.5TradeBasedonDynamicTechnologicalDifferences

基于動態(tài)技術(shù)差異的貿(mào)易6.5AProductCycleModel(Vernon,1966)

產(chǎn)品生命周期模型（弗農(nóng)，1966）Advancedindustrializedcountriesdevelopandintroducenewproducts,withtemporarymonopolypowerasthesoleexporteroftheproduct.發(fā)達(dá)的工業(yè)國家開發(fā)出新產(chǎn)品，使得廠商或者國家作為唯一的該產(chǎn)品出口者獲得暫時(shí)的壟斷地位Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.5TradeBasedonDynamicTechnologicalDifferences

基于動態(tài)技術(shù)差異的貿(mào)易Asthetechnologyproducingtheproductesmorewidespread,productionwillspreadtoothernations.隨著該產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)變得越來越普及，產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)也將向其他國家開始轉(zhuǎn)移Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.5TradeBasedonDynamicTechnologicalDifferences

基于動態(tài)技術(shù)差異的貿(mào)易Asproductionesstandardized,theoriginalintroduceroftheproductlosesitstechnologicallybasedcomparativeadvantageintheproductionoftheproductandesanimporteroftheproduct.隨著產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)變得標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，對于該產(chǎn)品的最早發(fā)明者會失去它的以生產(chǎn)技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)的比較優(yōu)勢，轉(zhuǎn)而變成該產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)口者FIGURE6-4TheProductCycleModel.6.5B

對產(chǎn)品周期模型的說明Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.6CostsofTransportation,EnvironmentalStandardsandInternationalTrade

運(yùn)輸成本﹑環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國際貿(mào)易6.6ATransportationcosts

運(yùn)輸成本Transport,orlogistics,costsarethefreightcharges,warehousingcosts,costsofloadingandunloading,insurancepremiums,andinterestchargesincurredwhilegoodsareintransitbetweennations.運(yùn)輸成本或物流成本包括運(yùn)費(fèi)﹑儲藏費(fèi)﹑裝卸費(fèi)﹑保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)及貨物在運(yùn)輸期間的利息費(fèi)用Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.6CostsofTransportation,EnvironmentalStandardsandInternationalTrade

運(yùn)輸成本﹑環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國際貿(mào)易Homogeneousgoodswillbetradeinternationallyonlyifthepretradepricedifferenceexceedstransportcosts.同質(zhì)商品要想進(jìn)入國際貿(mào)易流通，它在兩國貿(mào)易前的價(jià)格差必須大于把該商品從一國運(yùn)至另一國的運(yùn)輸成本Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.6CostsofTransportation,EnvironmentalStandardsandInternationalTrade

運(yùn)輸成本﹑環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國際貿(mào)易

Nontradedgoodsandservicesaregoodsforwhichtransportcostsexceedpricedifferencesacrossnations.

非貿(mào)易商品與勞務(wù)就是那些運(yùn)輸成本超過其在國家間價(jià)格差的商品或服務(wù)

Examples

例如AveragepeopledonottravelfromNewYorktoLondonforahaircut.大多數(shù)人不會選擇從倫敦飛到紐約去理發(fā)Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.6CostsofTransportation,EnvironmentalStandardsandInternationalTrade

運(yùn)輸成本﹑環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國際貿(mào)易Twowaystoanalyzetransportcosts兩種分析運(yùn)輸成本的方法Generalequilibriumanalysis

Usesproductionfrontiersoroffercurves,andexpressestransportcostsintermsofrelativecommodityprices.一般均衡分析利用一國的生產(chǎn)可能性曲線或者提供曲線，用相對商品價(jià)格來表示運(yùn)輸成本Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.6CostsofTransportation,EnvironmentalStandardsandInternationalTrade

運(yùn)輸成本﹑環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國際貿(mào)易PartialequilibriumanalysisAnalyzeabsolutecostbyholdingconstantexchangerates,e,andallelseinthetwonationsexceptamountofgoodproduced,consumedandtraded.Morestraightforwardmethodthangeneralequilibriumanalysis.局部均衡分析分析運(yùn)輸成本的絕對價(jià)值或者貨幣價(jià)值，除了兩國間某一商品的生產(chǎn)消費(fèi)﹑貿(mào)易量之外的貨幣匯率﹑收入水平以及其他變量為常數(shù)比一般均衡分析更為直接的一種方法.FIGURE6-5PartialEquilibriumAnalysisofTransportCosts.Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.6CostsofTransportation,EnvironmentalStandardsandInternationalTrade

運(yùn)輸成本﹑環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國際貿(mào)易6.6B

Transportcostsinfluencelocationofproductionandindustry：

運(yùn)輸成本與產(chǎn)業(yè)選址：Resource-orientedindustrieslocatenearthesourceofrawmaterialsusedbytheindustry.資源定向型產(chǎn)業(yè)指傾向于靠近其生產(chǎn)所需原材料產(chǎn)地的產(chǎn)業(yè)Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition?2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.6.6CostsofTransportation,EnvironmentalStandardsandInternationalTrade

運(yùn)輸成本﹑環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國際貿(mào)易Market-orientedindustriesproducegoodsthateheavierormoredifficulttotransportduringproduction,sotheylocatenearthemarketsfortheirproducts.市場定向型產(chǎn)業(yè)指靠近該產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)品的市場的產(chǎn)業(yè)Footlooseindustriesfaceneit